List of spaceflight records explained

Records and firsts in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.

The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight follows a long tradition of firsts in aviation, but is also closely tied to the Space Race. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to be the first countries to accomplish various feats. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969 American Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon. No human has traveled beyond low Earth orbit since 1972, when the Apollo program ended.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union directed its energies to human habitation of space stations of increasingly long durations. In the 1980s, the United States began launching its Space Shuttles, which carried larger crews and thus could increase the number of people in space at a given time. Following their first mission of détente on the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Soviet Union and the United States again collaborated with each other on the Shuttle-Mir initiative, efforts which led to the International Space Station (ISS), which has been continuously inhabited by humans for over 20 years.

Other firsts in spaceflight involve demographics, private enterprise, and distance. Dozens of countries have sent at least one traveler to space. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6. In the early 21st century, private companies joined government agencies in crewed spaceflight: in 2004, the sub-orbital spaceplane SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded crewed craft to enter space; in 2020, SpaceX's Dragon 2 became the first privately developed crewed vehicle to reach orbit when it ferried a crew to the ISS. As of, the uncrewed probe Voyager 1 is the most distant artificial object from the Earth, part of a small class of vehicles that are leaving the Solar System.

First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Country	Mission	Crew	Spacecraft	Launch vehicle	Date	Type
USSR^[1]	Vostok 1	Yuri Gagarin	Vostok 3KA	Vostok-K	12 April 1961	Orbital
USA^[2]	Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)	Alan Shepard	Mercury Spacecraft No.7	Mercury-Redstone	5 May 1961	Sub-orbital
USA^[3]	Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)	John Glenn	Mercury Spacecraft No.13	Atlas LV-3B	20 February 1962	Orbital
USSR	Soyuz 18A	Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 7K-T	Soyuz 11A511	5 April 1975	Sub-orbital
Russia	Soyuz TM-14	Aleksandr Viktorenko, Aleksandr Kaleri, Klaus-Dietrich Flade	Soyuz-TM	Soyuz-U2	17 March 1992	Orbital
China^[4]	Shenzhou 5	Yang Liwei	Shenzhou spacecraft	Long March 2F	15 October 2003	Orbital
Russia	Soyuz MS-10	Aleksey Ovchinin, Nick Hague	Soyuz-MS	Soyuz-FG	11 October 2018	Sub-orbital

Human spaceflight firsts

Note: Some space records are disputed as a result of ambiguities surrounding the border of space. Most records follow the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, US agencies define the border of space at 50 mi (80.47 km).

First	Person(s)	Mission	Country	Date
		Vostok 1^[5]	USSR	12 April 1961
	Alan Shepard	Freedom 7	USA	5 May 1961
	Gherman Titov	Vostok 2	USSR	6 August 1961 – 7 August 1961
			USSR	12 August 1962 – 15 August 1962
	Valentina Tereshkova	Vostok 6^[6]	USSR	16 June 1963 – 19 June 1963
	Joe Walker	X-15 Flight 90	USA	19 July 1963
Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100km (100miles))	Joe Walker	X-15 Flights 90 and 91	USA	22 August 1963
		Voskhod 1	USSR	12 October 1964 – 13 October 1964
Spacewalk	Alexei Leonov	Voskhod 2	USSR	18 March 1965
Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)	Gus Grissom, John W. Young	Gemini 3	USA	23 March 1965
Person to fly two orbital spaceflights	Gordon Cooper		USA
Persons to spend one week in space		Gemini 5	USA	21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965
			USA	15 December 1965 – 16 December 1965
Civilian in orbit (at the time of flight)	Neil Armstrong	Gemini 8	USA	16 March 1966 – 17 March 1966
Space docking		Gemini 8 and Agena	USA	16 March 1966
Multiple (dual) rendezvous (with Agena 10, then Agena 8)^[7]		Gemini 10	USA
Persons to exceed 1,000 km above Earth		Gemini 11	USA	12 September 1966 –15 September 1966
Spaceflight death (during landing)	Vladimir Komarov	Soyuz 1	USSR	23 April 1967 – 24 April 1967
	Walter Schirra		USA	22 October 1968
		Apollo 8	USA	24 December 1968 – 25 December 1968
			USSR	16 January 1969
Solo flight around the Moon	John Young	Apollo 10	USA	22 May 1969
		Apollo 11	USA	20 July 1969
Five people in space at the same time			USSR	12 October 1969 – 13 October 1969
			USSR	13 October 1969 – 16 October 1969
Person to complete four spaceflights	James A. Lovell		USA	17 April 1970
	James A. Lovell		USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
			USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
		Soyuz 9	USSR	1 June 1970 – 19 June 1970
People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft		Apollo 14	USA	6 February 1971
			USSR	22 April 1971 – 24 April 1971
			USSR	7 June 1971 – 29 June 1971
People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth		Apollo 15	USA	31 July 1971– 2 August 1971
Deep space EVA (trans-Earth trajectory)	Al Worden	Apollo 15	USA	5 August 1971
Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions)	John W. Young		USA	16 April 1972 – 27 April 1972
People in orbit for four weeks		Skylab 2	USA	25 May 1973 – 22 June 1973
People in orbit for eight weeks		Skylab 3	USA	28 July 1973 – 25 September 1973
People in orbit for 12 weeks		Skylab 4	USA	16 November 1973 – 8 February 1974
	Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 18a	USSR	5 April 1975
International docking	Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. Slayton – USAAlexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov – USSR	Apollo CSM, Soyuz 19	USAUSSR	17 July 1975
Crew to visit occupied space station	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew	USSR	10 January 1978 – 16 January 1978
People in orbit 19 weeks (4 months)	Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov	Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31	USSR	15 June 1978 – 2 November 1978
People in orbit 26 weeks (6 months)	Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin	Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37	USSR	9 April 1980 – 11 October 1980
Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft First, and only, crew launched on a rocket's maiden flight		STS-1	USA	12 April 1981
Person to fly four different types of spacecraft	John W. Young		USA	12 April 1981
Person to complete five spaceflights	John W. Young		USA	14 April 1981
Re-use of previously flown spacecraft (orbital)		STS-2	USA	12 November 1981
Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft		STS-5	USA	11 November 1982 – 16 November 1982
Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft		STS-7	USA	18 June 1983 – 24 June 1983
Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft		STS-9		28 November 1983 – 8 December 1983
Person to complete six spaceflights	John W. Young		USA	8 December 1983
Untethered spacewalk	Bruce McCandless II	STS-41-B^[8]	USA	7 February 1984
Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)		Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B		8 February 1984 – 11 February 1984
11 people in space at the same time (no docking)		STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11		6 April 1984 – 11 April 1984
People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov	Salyut 7	USSR	26 April – 18 May 1984
Spacewalk by a woman	Svetlana Savitskaya	Soyuz T-12	USSR	25 July 1984
Welding in space	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya	Salyut 7, Soyuz T-12	USSR	25 July 1984
People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months)	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov	Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11	USSR	8 February 1984 – 2 October 1984
Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft		STS-41-G		5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Two women in space at the same time	Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride	STS-41-G	USA	5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Partial crew exchange at a space station	Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov	Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7	USSR	17 September 1985 – 26 September 1985
Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft		STS-61-A		30 October 1985 – 6 November 1985
Deaths during launch		STS-51-L	USA	28 January 1986
		Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir^[9]	USSR	15 March 1986 – 16 July 1986
Complete crew exchange at a space station	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov	Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir	USSR	21 December 1987 – 29 December 1987
People in orbit 52 weeks (one year)	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov	Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6	USSR	21 December 1987 – 21 December 1988
12 people in space at the same time (no docking)		STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10Soyuz TM-11		2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990
Civilian to use a commercial space flight, and journalist to report on space from outer space	Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan	Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11	Japan	2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990
Three women in space at the same time	Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon	STS-40	USA	5 June 1991 – 14 June 1991
Three-person spacewalk		STS-49	USA	13 May 1992
13 people in space at the same time (no docking)		STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21		14 March 1995 – 18 March 1995
Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)		STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21		29 June 1995 – 4 July 1995
Space tourist	Dennis Tito	Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1		April 28, 2001 – May 6, 2001
Person to complete seven trips to space	Jerry L. Ross		USA	19 April 2002
Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)	Mike Melvill	SpaceShipOne flight 15P	USA	21 June 2004
13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)		ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127		17 July 2009
Four women in space at the same time (docking)				5 April 2010 – 20 April 2010
Six spacecraft docked to a space station				9 July 2018
				18 October 2019
^[10] ^[11]				30 May 2020 – 31 May 2020
16 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)				11 July 2021
14 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)				20 July 2021
		Inspiration4	USA	16 September 2021 – 18 September 2021
		Inspiration4	USA	16 September 2021 – 18 September 2021
		Inspiration4	USA	16 September 2021 – 18 September 2021
14 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)				16 September 2021 – 17 September 2021
19 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)				11 December 2021
		Axiom Mission 1 To ISS		8 April 2022 – 18 April 2022
				5 June 2022 –
5 women in space at the same time (no docking)				5 October 2022 - 14 October 2022
20 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)				25 May 2023
17 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)				30 May 2023 - 31 May 2023
Seven spacecraft docked to a space station^[12]				25 March 2024
First person to accumulate 1000 days in space	Oleg Kononenko	Expedition 71	Russia	5 June 2024
First woman to fly on the maiden crewed flight of an orbital spacecraft	Sunita Williams	Boeing CFT	USA	5 June 2024

Most spaceflights

Most launches from Earth

• 10 launches
  • Frederick W. Sturckow (USA), Space Shuttle and SpaceShipTwo (1998–2024)

Note: The six SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (502NaN2), but fall short of the Kármán line (1002NaN2), the definition used for FAI space recordkeeping.

Most orbital launches from Earth

• 7 launches
  • Jerry L. Ross (USA), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
  • Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Most orbital launches overall

• 7 launches
  • John W. Young (USA^[13]) launched from Earth 6 times (two Gemini, two Apollo Command Module, two Space Shuttle) and from the Moon once (Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage) (1965–1983)
  • Jerry L. Ross (USA), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
  • Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA*), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

• 3 spacecraft
  • Walter Schirra (USA) – launched aboard a Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (1962–1968)
  • John W. Young (USA) – launched aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (1965–1983)
  • Soichi Noguchi (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2005–2020)
  • Shane Kimbrough (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
  • Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
  • Thomas Marshburn (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2007–2021)
  • Koichi Wakata (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1996–2022)
  • Peggy Whitson (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2002–2023)
  • Michael López-Alegría (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1995–2024)
  • Michael Barratt (USA) – launched aboard a Soyuz, Space Shuttle, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2009–2024)
  • Barry Wilmore (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2009–2024)
  • Sunita Williams (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2006–2024)

Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

• 4 launch vehicles
  • John W. Young (USA) – launched from Earth aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and launched from the Moon aboard the Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage

Largest number of different launch sites

• 3 sites
  • Sunita Williams (USA) - Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2006), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2012), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
  • Barry E. Wilmore (USA) - Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2009), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2014), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
  • Frederick W. Sturckow (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (four times aboard a Space Shuttle 1998–2010), Mojave Air and Space Port (aboard a Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo in 2018), and Spaceport America (also aboard a SpaceShipTwo, five times 2021-2024).
  • John Young (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (now Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (four times, twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971, twice aboard a Space Shuttle 1981-1983), Descartes Highlands (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
  • Neil Armstrong (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
  • Buzz Aldrin (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
  • Pete Conrad (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1973), Ocean of Storms (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
  • Alan Shepard (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Mercury capsule in 1961), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1971), Fra Mauro (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
  • David Scott (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971), Hadley Rille (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
  • Gene Cernan (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1972), Taurus-Littrow (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1972).

Note: SpaceShipTwo flights are suborbital. SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (502NaN2), but fall short of the Kármán line (1002NaN2), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

Duration records

Most time in space

The record for most time in space is held by Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, who has spent days in space over five missions and is currently in space onboard Soyuz MS-24/25's one year long-duration mission on ISS. If this mission lasts 300–365 days, Kononenko will have spent a total of 1,036-1,101 days in space. Oleg Kononenko broke the record of Gennady Padalka on 4 February 2024 at 07:30:08 UTC.^[14] He later became the first person to stay 900 and 1,000 days in space on 25 February 2024 and 4 June 2024 respectively.^{[15] [16]} Gennady Padalka is currently second, having spent 878 days in space. He himself had broken the all-time duration record on 28 June 2015 when he surpassed the previous record holder, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) during six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station.^{[17] [18] [19]}

,^[20] the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space are:

Color key:

Rank	Person	Days	Flights	Status	Nationality
1	Oleg Kononenko		5	Active
2	Gennady Padalka	878.480	5	Retired
3		827.389	6	Retired
4	Sergei Krikalev	803.371	6	Retired	/
5	Aleksandr Kaleri	769.276	5	Retired
6	Sergei Avdeyev	747.593	3	Retired	/
7	Anton Shkaplerov	709.336	4	Retired
8	Valeri Polyakov	678.690	2	Deceased	/
9	Peggy Whitson	675.158	4	Active
10	Fyodor Yurchikhin	672.860	5	Retired
11	Anatoly Solovyev	651.117	5	Retired	/
12	Sergey Prokopyev	567.633	2	Active
13	Oleg Artemyev	560.614	3	Active
14	Viktor Afanasyev	555.772	4	Retired	/
15	Yury Usachov	552.773	4	Retired
16	Sergey Volkov	547.931	3	Retired
17	Pavel Vinogradov	546.939	3	Retired
18	Aleksandr Skvortsov	545.964	3	Retired
19	Oleg Novitsky	545.068	4	Active
20	Musa Manarov	541.021	2	Retired
21	Oleg Skripochka	536.159	3	Retired
22	Jeffrey Williams	534.116	4	Retired
23	Mikhail Tyurin	532.118	3	Retired
24	Oleg Kotov	526.211	3	Retired
25	Mark T. Vande Hei	523.374	2	Active
26	Scott Kelly	520.440	4	Retired^[21]
27	Mikhail Kornienko	516.417	2	Retired
28	Koichi Wakata	504.773	5	Active
29	Aleksandr Viktorenko	489.066	4	Deceased	/
30	Anatoli Ivanishin	476.195	3	Retired
31	Nikolai Budarin	444.060	3	Retired
32	Yuri Romanenko	430.765	3	Retired
33	Sunita Williams		3	Active
34	Thomas Pesquet	396.482	2	Active
35	Aleksandr Volkov	391.495	3	Retired	/
36	Yury Onufriyenko	389.282	2	Retired
37	Shane Kimbrough	388.728	3	Retired
38	Vladimir Titov	387.036	4	Retired	/
39	Vasily Tsibliyev	381.662	2	Retired
40	Valery Korzun	381.653	2	Retired
41	Michael Fincke	381.633	3	Active
42	Michael Barratt		3	Active
43	Christopher Cassidy	377.742	3	Retired
44	Aleksey Ovchinin	374.813	2	Active
45	Leonid Kizim	374.749	3	Deceased
46	Michael Foale	373.763	6	Retired	/ ^[22]
47	Aleksandr Serebrov	372.954	4	Deceased	/
48	Valery Ryumin	371.725	4	Deceased	/
49	Dmitry Petelin	370.890	1	Active
Francisco Rubio	370.890	1	Active

Ten longest human spaceflights

	Time in space	Crew	Country	Launch date (Launch craft)	Landing date (Landing craft)	Space station or mission type
1	437.7 days^[23]	Valeri Polyakov		1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18)	1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)	Mir
2	379.6 days	Sergey Avdeev		1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)	1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)	Mir
3	370.9 days	Sergey Prokopyev		2022-09-21 (Soyuz MS-22)	2023-09-27 (Soyuz MS-23)	International Space Station
		Dmitry Petelin
		Francisco Rubio
4	365.9 days^[24]	Vladimir Titov		1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)	1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)	Mir
		Musa Manarov
5	355.2 days^[25]	Pyotr Dubrov		2021-04-09 (Soyuz MS-18)	2022-03-30 (Soyuz MS-19)	International Space Station
		Mark T. Vande Hei
6	days	Oleg Kononenko		2023-09-15 (Soyuz MS-24)	Ongoing	International Space Station
		Nikolai Chub
7	340.4 days	Mikhail Kornienko		2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)	2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)	International Space Station, ISS year-long mission
		Scott Kelly
8	328.6 days^[26]	Christina Koch^[27]		2019-03-15 (Soyuz MS-12)	2020-02-06 (Soyuz MS-13)	International Space Station
9	326.5 days^[28]	Yuri Romanenko		1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)	1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)	Mir
10	311.8 days^[29]	Sergei Krikalev	/	1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)	1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)	Mir

Longest single flight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020.^[27] During Expedition 61, she surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days from 2016-17. In third place is American astronaut Anne McClain with 204 days.^[30]

Longest continuous occupation of space

An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later, it docked with the International Space Station.^[31] Since then space has been continuously occupied for .

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by a Russian and US crew member since 2 November 2000 .^[31] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.^[31]

Longest solo flight

Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.^[32] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, Ken Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

Longest time on the lunar surface

Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.^[33] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds. As Apollo commanders were the first to leave the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer.^[33]

Longest time in lunar orbit

Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours)^[34] along with five mice. For the solo portion of a flight around the Moon, Ken Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

Speed and altitude records

Farthest humans from Earth

The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254km (158miles) from the lunar surface, were 400171km (248,655miles) from Earth.^[35] This record-breaking distance was reached at 00:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.^[35]

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2nmi.

Fastest

The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11,082 meters per second or 24,791 miles per hour, about 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light).^[36] The record was set 26 May 1969.^[36]

The record for uncrewed spacecraft is held by the Parker Solar Probe at 176 km/s, about 1/1700 (or 0.06%) the speed of light, relative to the Sun. This speed was first reached in September 2023.

Age records

Earliest-born to reach space

Suborbital flight

• Man - Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 (about 12 minutes.)
• Woman - Wally Funk (born 1 February 1939), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

• Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 (81 orbits in about 4 days.)
• Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

Youngest

Suborbital flight

• Man - Oliver Daemen (aged), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)
• Woman - Anastatia Mayers (aged), on Galactic 02, on 10 August 2023 (about 5 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

• Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 (17.5 orbits, about 1 day.)^[36]
• Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

Oldest

Suborbital flight

• Man: Ed Dwight (aged), on Blue Origin NS-25, on 19 May 2024 (about 10 minutes).
• Woman: Wally Funk (aged), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes).

Orbital spaceflight

• Man: John Glenn (aged 77 years and 103 days), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998 (about 9 days, 20 hours).^[37]
• Woman: Peggy Whitson (aged 63 years and 101 days), on Axiom Mission 2 on 21 May 2023 (9 days, 5 hours and 27 minutes).^[38]

Spacewalk records

See also: List of cumulative spacewalk records.

Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.

• Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes.^[39]
• Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.^{[40] [41] [42]}

Most spacewalks during a single mission

• 7: Anatoly Solovyev, during Expedition 24 on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
• 7: Andrew Morgan, during his first spaceflight on board the ISS for Expedition 60/61/62 in 2019–2020, he spent 45 hours and 48 minutes outside the station.

Longest single spacewalk

• 8 hrs 56 min, by James Voss and Susan Helms, 11 March 2001 on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102. The space walkers were delayed early in their excursion when a device to help hold an astronaut's feet to the shuttle's robot arm became untethered,^[43] and Voss had to retrieve a spare from storage on the exterior of the station's Unity module. After about six hours of work, the pair reentered Space Shuttle Discovery’s airlock.

Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

• All-time (and while on a planetary body^[44]): 7.6 kilometers^[45] (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet^[46]), Apollo 17, Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, EVA-2, December 12, 1972. During their second of three moonwalks, Cernan and Schmitt rode the Lunar Roving Vehicle to geological station 2, Nansen Crater, at the foot of the South Massif. As all spacewalks not occurring on a planetary body (the Moon) have involved short maximum distances from the spacecraft (see below), this remains the furthest distance that humans have traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft, during an EVA of any type.
• Orbital flight: about 100 meters (or 330 feet), Bruce McCandless, STS-41-B, February 7, 1984. With the exception of six Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) sorties in 1984 and a test of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) in 1994, all other orbital spacewalks have involved a safety tether, anchoring the spacefarer to the spacecraft at a short distance. Among the former untethered spacewalks, Bruce McCandless' first test of the MMU established an orbital EVA distance record from a spacecraft which remained unbroken by later untethered EVAs.^[47]

Oldest person to perform a spacewalk

• Man – Thomas Marshburn (aged 61), during ISS Expedition 66.^[48]
• Woman – Peggy Whitson, (aged 56), during ISS Expedition 50.^[49]

Animal records

First animals in space

The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of . They were also the first animals to safely return from space.^[50] Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of and safely parachuted back to Earth. This flight preceded the first American canine space mission by two weeks.^[51]

First animal in orbit

Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

First Hominidae in space

On 31 January 1961, through NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2 mission the chimpanzee Ham became the first great ape in space.^[52]

Longest canine single flight

Soviet space dogs Russian: [[Soviet space dogs#Veterok and Ugolyok|Veterok]] (Russian: Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Russian: Ugolyok (Russian: Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

First animals beyond low Earth orbit

An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms flew around the Moon with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 18 September 1968. It had been launched by a Proton-K rocket on 14 September.

Zond 5 came within 2000km (1,000miles) of the Moon and then successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.

Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights

In reference to:	Spacecraft	Event	Origin	Date
Earth	MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))	First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).	Germany	20 June 1944
Earth	V-2 No. 20	First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	USA	20 February 1947
Earth	V-2 No. 47	First mammal in space, Albert II, a rhesus monkey (suborbital flight). Died in capsule parachute failure.	USA	14 June 1949
Earth	R-1V^[53]	First dogs in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	USSR	22 July 1951
Earth	Sputnik 1	First satellite in orbit.	USSR	4 October 1957
Earth	Sputnik 2	First animal in orbit, Laika, a dog.	USSR	3 November 1957
Earth	Vanguard 1	Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.	USA	17 March 1958
Earth	Pioneer 1	Failed to reach the Moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113800km (70,700miles) from Earth.	USA	11 October 1958
Earth	Luna 1	First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity.	USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 1	First flyby. Distance of 5995km (3,725miles).	USSR	4 January 1959
Sun	Luna 1	First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.	USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 2	First impact on another celestial body.	USSR	14 September 1959
Moon	Luna 3	First image of lunar far-side.	USSR	7 October 1959
Earth	Discoverer 13	First satellite recovered from orbit.	USA	11 August 1960
Earth	Korabl-Sputnik 2	First living beings recovered from orbit.^[54]	USSR	19 August 1960
Earth	Mercury-Redstone 2	First great ape or Hominidae in space, Ham, a chimpanzee (suborbital flight).	USA	31 January 1961
Venus	Venera 1	First flyby. Distance of 100000km (100,000miles) (lost communication contact before).	USSR	19 May 1961
Moon	Ranger 4	First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.^[55]	USA	26 April 1962
Earth	Alouette 1	First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).^[56]	Canada	29 September 1962
Venus	Mariner 2	First planetary flyby with communication contact. Distance of 34762km (21,600miles).	USA	14 December 1962
Earth	Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1	Oldest spacecraft still in use (59 years).	USA	6 May 1965
Mars	Mariner 4	First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9846km (6,118miles).	USA	14 July 1965
Earth	Astérix	First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).	France	26 November 1965
Moon	Luna 9	First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.	USSR	3 February 1966
Earth	Kosmos 110	First seeds to germinate in space.	USSR	22 February 1966
Venus	Venera 3	First impact.	USSR	1 March 1966
Moon	Luna 10	First orbiter.	USSR	3 April 1966
Docking	Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188	First automated docking of uncrewed spacecraft.	USSR	30 October 1967
Moon	Surveyor 6	First planned, controlled, powered flight from the surface of another body.	USA	17 November 1967
Moon	Zond 5		USSR	15 September 1968
Moon	Luna 16	First automated sample return.	USSR	24 September 1970
Moon	Luna 17	First robotic roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1.	USSR	17 November 1970
Venus	Venera 7	First soft landing on another planet.	USSR	15 December 1970
Earth	Salyut 1	First space station.	USSR	19 April 1971
Mars	Mariner 9	First orbiter.	USA	14 November 1971
Mars	Mars 2	First impact.	USSR	27 November 1971
Mars	Mars 3	First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased.	USSR	2 December 1971
Sun	Pioneer 10	First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity.	USA	3 March 1972
Jupiter	Pioneer 10	First flyby. Distance of 132000km (82,000miles).	USA	4 December 1973
Mercury	Mariner 10	First flyby. Distance of 703km (437miles).	USA	29 March 1974
Venus	Venera 9		USSR	22 October 1975
Mars	Viking 1	First surface-level imaging of Mars.	USA	20 July 1976
Saturn	Pioneer 11	First flyby. Distance of 21000km (13,000miles).	USA	1 September 1979
Venus	Venera 13	First sound recording made on another planet.	USSR	1 March 1982
Orbital Space Station	Soyuz T-5, Salyut 7	First species of plant to flower in space.^[57] Arabidopsis thaliana Valentin Lebedev.	USSR	1 July 1982
Trans-Neptunian region	Pioneer 10	First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the Sun.	USA	13 June 1983
Venus	Vega 1	First helium balloon atmospheric probe. First flight (as opposed to atmospheric entry) in another planet's atmosphere.	USSR	11 June 1985
Comet Giacobini-Zinner	International Cometary Explorer (ICE)	First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7800km (4,800miles).	USA	11 September 1985
Uranus	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 81500km (50,600miles).	USA	24 January 1986
Comet Halley	Vega 1	First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8890km (5,520miles).	USSR	6 March 1986
Earth	Mir Core Module, Kvant-1	First modular space station.	USSR	9 April 1987
Orbital Spaceplane	Buran	First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).	USSR	15 November 1988
Phobos	Phobos 2	First flyby. Distance of 860km (530miles).	USSR	21 February 1989
Neptune	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 40000km (20,000miles).	USA	25 August 1989
Moon	Hiten	First lunar probe launched by a country other than the USA or USSR.	Japan	18 March 1990
951 Gaspra	Galileo	First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1600km (1,000miles).	USA	29 October 1991
Jupiter	Galileo probe	First impact.	USA	7 December 1995
Jupiter	Galileo	First orbiter.	USA	8 December 1995
Mars	Mars Pathfinder	First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner.	USA	4 July 1997
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid orbiter.	USA	14 February 2000
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid soft landing.	USA	12 February 2001
Saturn	Cassini orbiter	First orbiter.		1 July 2004
Solar wind	Genesis	First sample return from farther than the Moon.	USA	8 September 2004
Titan	Huygens probe	First soft landing.		14 January 2005
Comet Tempel 1	Deep Impact	First comet impact.	USA	4 July 2005
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa		Japan	19 November 2005
81P/Wild	Stardust	First sample return from comet.	USA	15 January 2006
Earth	Voyager 1		USA	^[58]
Longest time in operation	Voyager 2	Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977).	USA
Moon	Moon Impact Probe	First impact on Lunar south pole and discovery of water on Moon.^[59]	India	14 November 2008
Earth to Venus trajectory	IKAROS	First interplanetary solar sail.	Japan	Set sail on 10 June 2010
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	First sample return from an asteroid.	Japan	13 June 2010
Mercury	MESSENGER	First orbiter.	USA	17 March 2011
Earth–Sun L2 Lagrange point	Chang'e 2	First spacecraft to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.^[60]	China	25 August 2011
International Space Station	SpaceX Dragon 1	First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.	USA	25 May 2012
Interstellar medium	Voyager 1	First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space.	USA	25 August 2012
4179 Toutatis	Chang'e 2		China	13 December 2012
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Rosetta	First comet orbiter.^[61]	ESA	6 August 2014
Mars	MOM	First Asian nation to achieve Mars orbit and first in the world to do so in first attempt.^[62]	India	24 September 2014
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Philae	First comet soft landing.^[63]	ESA	12 November 2014
Ceres	Dawn	First dwarf planet orbiter.^[64]	USA	6 March 2015
Mars	Opportunity	Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219miles, marathon-length).^[65]	USA	23 March 2015
Mercury	MESSENGER	First impact.^[66]	USA	30 April 2015
Pluto	New Horizons		USA	14 July 2015
All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System	All United States spacecraft including New Horizons	With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all nine planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.	USA	14 July 2015
Earth	Falcon 9 (B1021)	First re-flight of an orbital class rocket stage.^[67]	USA	30 March 2017
Earth		Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72^[68] ^[69] ^[70] ^[71] ^[72] seconds apart).		23 December 2017
1.66 au heliocentric orbit	Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster on Falcon Heavy Test Flight	First successful Deep Space mission launched successfully on a rocket's maiden flight	USA	6 February 2018
Moon	Chang'e 4	First soft landing at the far side of the Moon.	China	3 January 2019
Moon	Yutu-2	First lunar rover traversing the far side of the Moon.	China	3 January 2019
101955 Bennu	OSIRIS-REx	Smallest body to be orbited by spacecraft (diameter) and closest ever orbit (altitude).^[73] ^[74]	USA	12 June 2019
Moon	Yutu-2	Longest operational lunar rover after breaking the longevity record of 321 Earth days held by Soviet Union's Lunokhod 1 rover.^[75]	China	20 November 2019
Moon	Chang'e 5	First robotic rendezvous and docking by two spacecraft (lunar orbiter attached with reentry-capsule and lunar ascent vehicle) in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.^[76]	China	5 December 2020
Moon	Chang'e 5	First robotic transfer of payload (lunar samples from lunar ascent vehicle to reentry capsule) between two docked spacecraft in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.^[77]	China	5 December 2020
Mars	Ingenuity	First controlled, powered flight by a rotary wing aircraft on another planet.^[78]	USA	19 April 2021
Moon	Chandrayaan-3	First soft landing at Lunar south polar region.	India	23 August 2023
Sun	Parker Solar Probe	Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 176 km/s (635,000 km/h; 395,000 mph). Closest approach to the Sun: distance of 0.049 AU (7,260,000 kilometres; 4,510,000 mi).^[79] Spacecraft will continue to lower its perihelion with one more Venus gravity assist before its closest approach in 2024, which is expected to bring the probe within 9.86 solar radii (6,900,000 km; 4,300,000 mi) of the Sun's surface at a velocity of 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph),^[80] by which point it will have become the fastest object in the Solar System apart from comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).		27 September 2023
Moon	IM-1 Odysseus	First successful commercial and first cryogenic propelled lunar landing.	USA	22 February 2024
Moon		First sample collection and return from the far side of the Moon.	China	3 June, 25 June 2024
Earth	Falcon 9 (B1062)	Most flights, and landings, of a single orbital rocket stage: 22.	USA	27 June 2024

See also

• First images of Earth from space
• Human presence in space
• List of crewed spacecraft
• List of cumulative spacewalk records
• List of International Space Station spacewalks
• List of Mir spacewalks
• List of spacewalkers
• List of spacewalks 2000–2014
• List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
• List of spacewalks since 2015
• Manned Maneuvering Unit
• Omega Speedmaster
• Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue
• Space suit
• Suitport
• Timeline of space exploration, list of firsts in space exploration

External links

• Russia's unmanned Moon missions

Notes and References

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2. Web site: Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7). 1 November 2011. NASA. 22 June 2015.
3. Web site: Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7). 20 November 2006. NASA. 22 June 2015.
4. Web site: Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight. 28 September 2005. Space.com. 22 June 2015.
5. MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT. Flight. 1967-03-23. 91. 3028. 459. PDF. 2009-04-15 .
6. Book: Rooney, Anne . Space Record Breakers . 2014 . Carlton . 9781783120727 . 60–61.
7. Neal et al., p. 235
8. Rooney, pp. 42–43.
9. Web site: Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies. Pearlman. Robert. 17 June 2010. Space.com. 13 April 2015.
10. Web site: SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission. Sheetz. Michael. 2020-05-30. CNBC. en. 2020-05-31.
11. Web site: NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon. Potter. Sean. 2020-05-30. NASA. 2020-05-31.
12. Web site: International Space Station Visiting Vehicles - NASA . 2024-03-27 . en-US.
13. Web site: Astronaut Biography. 11 February 2015. NASA.
14. Web site: Госкорпорация «Роскосмос» . 2023-12-16 . Telegram.
15. Web site: ISS Expedition Reports . 2023-12-15 . www.spacefacts.de.
16. Web site: 2023-09-15 . One American, Two Russians Blast Off in Russian Spacecraft to International Space Station . 2023-12-15 . Voice of America . en.
17. Web site: Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record . 2007-10-04 . NASA . 2005 . NASA .
18. News: Thompson. Curtiss. Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space. 1 July 2015. Penny4NASA. 29 June 2015. 9. 28 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828073528/http://www.penny4nasa.org/2015/06/29/russian-cosmonaut-sets-record-for-most-time-spent-in-space/. dead.
19. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34231700 Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth
20. Web site: Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space"). spacefacts.de. The current missions are listed but not included in day count.
21. Web site: Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April. Northon. Karen. 2016-03-11. NASA. 2016-06-01.
22. Michael Foale holds dual U.S./British citizenship.
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33. Web site: Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition. https://web.archive.org/web/20060930204141/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/documents/apollo17_overview.pdf. dead. 30 September 2006. NASA. 21 June 2015.
34. Web site: Ronal Evans Biographical Data. April 1990. NASA. 21 June 2015. longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes.
35. Web site: Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970 . NASA . 7 November 2015.
36. Web site: The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records. Wall. Mike. 11 March 2015. Space.com. 26 June 2015.
37. News: Sawyer . Kathy . 8 October 1998 . John Glenn: The Second Time Around . The Washington Post.
38. Ax-2 Mission Successfully Launches, Four Private Astronauts Headed to Space Station . . 21 May 2023.
39. Web site: GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. 2017-10-31. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070920155646/http://www.gctc.ru/eng/biogr/default.htm. 2007-09-20.
40. News: Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs. May 23, 2017. Los Angeles Daily News. February 8, 2023.
41. Web site: ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks. NASASpaceflight.com. 13 May 2017. 12 May 2017.
42. Web site: Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time") . May 13, 2017. Spacefacts. 2017. Spacefacts.
43. Web site: Spaceflight Now STS-102 Mission Report Grueling marathon spacewalk sets new record . 2022-10-31 . spaceflightnow.com.
44. Book: Swift, Earl . Across the Airless Wilds . 2021 . Custom House . 280–281 . 9780062986535.
45. Web site: Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription . NASA.
46. Web site: Extravehicular Activity . NASA.
47. Web site: Chaikin . Andrew . Untethered . October 2014 . Air and Space Magazine .
48. Web site: April 2021 . Astronaut Bio: Thomas H. Marshburn . July 6, 2021 . NASA.
49. Web site: January 6, 2017 . Whitson Becomes World's Oldest Female Spacewalker, as EVA-38 Replaces Aging Space Station Batteries . January 10, 2017.
50. Web site: Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic). Tate. Karl. 17 April 2013. Space.com. infographic. June 28, 2014.
51. Book: Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Brian Harvey. Olga Zakutnyaya. 2011. Springer Praxis Books. Chichester, UK. 1316077842.
52. Web site: My steps for Bataan . United States Marine Corps Flagship . 13 April 2022.
53. Web site: R-1V. 30 September 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140805141542/http://astronautix.com/lvs/r1v.htm. 5 August 2014.
54. Web site: Challenge to Apollo. Asif A. Siddiqi. NASA.

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56. Web site: Alouette I and II. Canadian Space Agency. 5 March 2012. Government of Canada. 6 December 2017. en.
57. Web site: Guinness World Record: First species of plant to flower in space.
58. News: Where are the Voyagers?. 2023-07-03. Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year..
59. Web site: Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe: Impact Location Refined. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205173542/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf. 5 February 2021. 16 August 2021.
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61. Web site: Rosetta arrives at comet destination. esa.
62. News: India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite . The Guardian . Jason . Burke . 24 September 2014 . 24 September 2014 . India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so..
63. News: Philae probe makes historic comet landing. BBC News. 12 November 2014.
64. Web site: NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres. Amanda . Barnett. 6 March 2015. CNN.
65. Web site: Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone. Euan . McKirdy. 25 March 2015. CNN.
66. News: Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury. Jonathan. Corum. The New York Times. 30 April 2015.
67. Web site: Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight. Space.com. 30 March 2017 .
68. Web site: TMRO:Space – Looking forward to 2018 – Orbit 11.01 . live . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/bHGw8cD5EYw . 2021-12-22 . YouTube. 6 January 2018 .
69. Web site: 2017-12-23 . Falcon 9 Closes Record Year with 4th Iridium Launch, 1st Stage Disposal Gathers Flight Data – Falcon 9 – Iridium 4 . 2023-06-22 . en-US.
70. Web site: 2017-12-23 . Japanese H-IIA Rocket Fires Into Orbit with Climate Change Satellite & Super-Low Altitude Testbed – H-IIA – GCOM-C1 Spaceflight101 . 2023-06-22 . en-US.
71. Web site: SpaceX launch dazzles, delivering 10 more satellites for Iridium – Spaceflight Now . 2023-06-22 . en-US.
72. Web site: JAXA Successful Launch, H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 37 Encapsulating SHIKISAI and TSUBAME . 2023-06-22 . JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency . en.
73. Web site: NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu . NASA . 2018-12-03 . 2018-12-20.
74. Web site: NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record . NASA . 2019-06-13 . 2019-06-22.
75. Web site: China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record. Leonard. David. Space.com. 18 December 2019.
76. Web site: 2nd LD-Writethru-Xinhua Headlines: China completes first spacecraft rendezvous, docking in lunar orbit, The Star. 2020-12-05. www.thestar.com.my.
77. News: Jones. Andrew. 7 December 2020. China's Chang'e 5 aces lunar orbit docking needed to bring moon samples home. Space News. 17 August 2022.
78. News: Palca. Joe. 19 April 2021. Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars. National Public Radio. 19 April 2021.
79. News: Buckley . Michael . 28 September 2023 . Parker Solar Probe Sets Distance, Speed Marks on 17th Swing by the Sun - Space Coast Daily . Space Coast Daily . 28 September 2023.
80. Web site: Parker Solar Probe Presskit . nasa.gov . 14 December 2018.