Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 explained

The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed the "Great American Eclipse" by some media,[1] was a total solar eclipse visible within a band that spanned the contiguous United States from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. It was also visible as a partial solar eclipse from as far north as Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In northeastern Asia, it was partially visible at sunrise.

Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entirety of the United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States.[2] The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse.[2] The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States,[3] with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:05 p.m. UTC (9:05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5:16 p.m. UTC (10:16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT).[2] Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4:20 p.m. UTC (6:20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5:25 p.m. UTC (7:25 a.m. HST).[4]

This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in the United States. Information, personal communication, and photography were widely available as never before, capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience.The event was received with much enthusiasm across the nation; people gathered outside their homes to watch it, and many parties were set up in the path of the eclipse. Many people left their homes and traveled hundreds of miles just to get a glimpse of totality, which few ever get to experience. Marriage proposals were timed to coincide with the eclipse, as was at least one wedding.[5] [6] Logistical problems arose with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities. The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries.

The next solar eclipse that crossed the United States occurred on April 8, 2024 (12 states). Future solar eclipses that cross the United States will occur on August 23, 2044 (3 states), and on August 12, 2045 (10 states). Annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—occurred in October 2023 (9 states) and will occur in June 2048 (9 states).

Visibility

The total eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit and had a magnitude of 1.0306. Occurring about 3.2 days after perigee (on August 18, 2017, at 14:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger during this eclipse.[7] It was visible within a narrow corridor 70mile wide, crossing 14 of the contiguous United States: Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[8] [9] It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10:15 am PDT (17:15 UTC) at Oregon's Pacific coast, and then it progressed eastward through Salem, Oregon; Idaho Falls, Idaho; Casper, Wyoming; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Hopkinsville, Kentucky; and Nashville, Tennessee; before reaching Columbia, South Carolina about 2:41 pm;[10] and finally Charleston, South Carolina. A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9:00 am PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon. Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states, but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast.[11]

The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37.5833°N -89.1167°W in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36.9667°N -87.6717°W near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[12] This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57Fs flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra.[13] A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, Hawaii, Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of West Africa and Northeast Asia.

At one location in Wyoming, a small group of astronomers used telescopic lenses to photograph the sun as it was in partial eclipse, while the International Space Station was also seen to briefly transit the sun.[14] Similar images were captured by NASA from a location in Washington. (See Gallery – partial eclipse section).

List of municipalities in the path of totality

[15]

Other celestial bodies

During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality, several bright stars and four planets were visible. The star system Regulus was almost in conjunction with the Sun. Mars was 8° to the right, and Venus 34° right. Mercury was 10° left, and Jupiter 51° left.[16]

Other eclipses over the United States

This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11, 1991[17] —which was seen only from part of Hawaii[18] —and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[19] An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[20]

The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 crossed only the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[21] [22]

The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since the solar eclipse of 1918. Also, its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's declaration of independence in 1776. Prior to this, the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[23]

The path of the solar eclipse of April 8, 2024 crossed the path of the 2017 eclipse, with the intersection in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake, just south of Carbondale. An area of about, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.[24]

The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045, will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse: about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, totality will be more than twice as long, and it will be seen not only in the United States. It will be seen in the Americas.[25]

Total eclipse viewing events

Oregon

Idaho

Wyoming

Nebraska

Kansas

Missouri

Illinois

Kentucky

Tennessee

North Carolina

Georgia

South Carolina

Viewing from outside the United States

Canada

A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89 percent in Victoria, British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute, Nunavut.[87] In Ottawa, viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum.[88] In Toronto, viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre.[89]

Mexico, Central America, Caribbean islands, South America

A partial eclipse was visible from Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans,[90] as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia, Venezuela, and several others.

On the Caribbean Sea, Bonnie Tyler performed her 1983 song "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live with the pop group DNCE on board the cruise ship Oasis of the Seas, as the ship entered the eclipse's totality path, east of The Bahamas.[91] [92]

Europe

In northwestern Europe, a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end; in Wales, England, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, and Portugal, sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line on the map, the eclipse was not visible.[93]

Asian Russia

A partial eclipse was visible during sunrise or morning hours in Russian Far East (including Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian Islands archipelagos).[94] [95] For big cities in Russia, the maximal obscuration was in Anadyr, and it was 27.82%.[96]

West Africa

In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa, a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset. The most favorable conditions to see this eclipse gained the Cape Verde Archipelago with nearly 0.9 magnitude at the Pico del Fogo volcano.

Media and scientific coverage

A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets, using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality, along with cameras on high-altitude balloons, jets, and coverage from the International Space Station; NASA stated that "never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points—from space, from the air, and from the ground."[97] ABC, CBS, and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality, along with CNN, Fox News Channel, Science, and The Weather Channel. The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien, and aired a special episode chronicling the event—"Eclipse Over America"—later in the day (which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history).[98] [99]

Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse, including the Exploratorium in San Francisco, the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald, Tennessee, the Slooh robotic telescope app, and The Virtual Telescope Project. The Eclipse Ballooning Project, a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high-altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments, provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches.[97] [100] Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment, launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale, Oregon, was lost at 20000feet. Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100000feet, it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell, Idaho (most likely) to Sun Valley, Idaho; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery.[101]

The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse.

In orbit, the International Space Station and the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Solar Dynamics Observatory, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse.[102]

A viewing party was held at the White House, during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump. With the Sun partially eclipsed, President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the Sun before using solar viewing glasses.[103]

The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life. Some chickens came out from beneath their coops and began grooming, usually an evening activity. Horses displayed increased whinnying, running, and jumping after the event. Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality. Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations. Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night, before opening again after the solar event.[104]

Pornhub, a pornographic video-sharing website provided an unusual sociological and statistical report: its traffic dropped precipitously along the path of totality, so much so that its researchers were themselves surprised.[105]

NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites, making it the agency's biggest online event ever, beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over.[106]

Counterfeit eclipse glasses

See also: Solar viewer. In the months leading up to the eclipse, many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale. Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light, but most UV and infrared light as well. For visible light, the user should only be able to see the Sun, sunlight reflected off shiny metal, halogen bulbs, the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs, and similarly intense sources. Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer, which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment.

The eye's retina lacks pain receptors, and thus damage can occur without one's awareness.[107]

The American Astronomical Society (AAS) said products meeting the ISO 12312-2 standard avoid risk to one's eyes and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses. The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number, but not tested by an accredited laboratory. Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors' products, some even claiming the company's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits.[108] [109]

Andrew Lund, the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses, noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe. He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum, concluding that "the IP is getting ripped off, but the good news is there are no long-term harmful effects."[110] As one example, the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses, but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage.[111]

On July 27, 2017, Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information, and proof of an accredited ISO certification. In mid-August 2017, Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that "may not comply with industry standards" and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them.[112] [113]

Camera equipment damage

Lensrentals, a camera rental company based in Tennessee, reported that many of its customers returned cameras and lenses with extensive damage. The most common problem reported was damage to the camera's sensor. This most often happens when shooting in live view mode, where the sensor is continuously exposed to the eclipse image and becomes damaged by the Sun's light. Another problem was the heat and brightness of the eclipse destroying the lens iris, which mechanically regulates the amount of light that enters the camera. Another problem reported was one of a cinema camera's neutral-density filter being damaged by the heat and light of the eclipse. The cost of all of this damage likely amounted to thousands of dollars.[114]

Planning

Officials inside and near the path of totality plannedsometimes for yearsfor the sudden influx of people.[115] Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster.[116]

In the American West, illegal camping was a major concern, including near cities like Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[117] Idaho's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state, and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases; nearly every hotel and motel room, campground, and in some cases backyards for nearly 100mile north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months, if not years, in advance.[118] The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents.[119]

Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state's fire season.[120] Hospital staffing, and supplies of blood and antisnake bite antidote, were augmented along the totality line.[121]

Also in Oregon, there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate, sometimes threefold or more, for guests staying to view the eclipse.[122] The Oregon Department of Justice (DOJ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state.[123] These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ.[124]

Post-eclipse traffic problems

Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse, there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended. Michael Zeiler, an eclipse cartographer, had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse.[125]

In Oregon, because an estimated one million people were expected to arrive, the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97.[126] Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse.[127]

Officials in Idaho, where the totality path crossed the center of the state, began planning for the eclipse a year in advance. The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15, which traverses Eastern Idaho, from August 18–22 in order to have all lanes open;[128] their counterparts in neighboring Utah, where many were expected to travel the north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, did the same. On the morning of the eclipse, many drivers left before dawn, creating traffic volume along I-15 normally not seen until morning rush hour; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10–.[129] The Idaho State Police (ISP) stationed a patrol car along I-15 every between Shelley and the Utah border.[130] After the eclipse, traffic more than doubled along I-15 southbound, with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south. The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper-to-bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls. Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the from that city to Pocatello to the south, a journey that normally takes 45 minutes. Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot, farther north of Pocatello.[131]

In the rest of the state the impact was less severe. Traffic nearly doubled on US 93, and was up 55 percent on US 20.[132]

For some northbound travelers on I-15, the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho, scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane, near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon. Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day, on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times. As a result, traffic backed up as far as Lima, creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward. Further, as construction had not yet begun, drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road. While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods, a state official admitted "we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard."[133] In Wyoming, estimates were that the population of the state, officially 585,000, may have doubled or even tripled, with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five-year average for the third Monday in August; a 68 percent increase. One official offered an estimate of "two people in every car" to arrive at a one-million-visitor figure, and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one-day traffic count of limited portions of major highways. There were additional arrivals by aircraft, plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days.[134] Two days before the eclipse, traffic increased 18 percent over a five-year average, with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road.[135] Sunday saw an additional 217,000-vehicle increase.[134]

Following the eclipse, more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads, creating large traffic jams, particularly on southbound and eastbound highways.[136] Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel into northern Colorado.[134] There was one traffic fatality,[137] and another fatality related to an off-highway ATV accident, but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated.[138]

In Tennessee, the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state. One backup along Interstate 75 reached in length, between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut. A spokesman for the state's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job, noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows, attributed the I-75 congestion to Knoxville-area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city's normal afternoon rush hour.[139]

Before the eclipse, state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival, the twice-a-season NASCAR Cup Series races at Bristol or the formerly-held Boomsday fireworks festival. "Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events", the News Sentinel commented. The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that "[e]very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave [wa]s working" the day of the eclipse; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency-aid HELP trucks were available as well. Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles.

In North Carolina, the Department of Transportation added cameras, message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place, as well as stopping road work. The department warned that due to "unprecedented" traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult, and advised people to act as if there were snow.[140]

In Kentucky, particularly around the Hopkinsville area, which was dubbed "Eclipseville, USA",[141] post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays. The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal.[142] [143] The Hopkinsville-to-Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours.

Impact on solar power

An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel, as do clouds.

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts,[144] and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse.[145] In California, solar power was projected to decrease by 4–6,000 megawatts[146] at 70 MW/minute, and then ramp up by 90 MW/minute as the shadow passes. CAISO's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute.[147] Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured.[146]

After the 2017 eclipse, grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000–3,500 megawatts of utility-scale solar power, which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected,[148] [149] mimicking the usual duck curve. Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop,[150] and NEST customers reduced their demand by 700 MW.[151]

NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states. When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness, which reduced its usual amount of solar-generated electricity, NV Energy sent power there. Likewise, when Nevada received less sunlight, other west coast states supplied electricity to it. During the solar eclipse, the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity, the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences.

Commemorative stamp

See main article: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp. On June 20, 2017, the USPS released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the eclipse.[152] [153] When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the dark image into an image of the full moon. The stamp was released prior to August 21, so uses an image from the eclipse of March 29, 2006 seen in Jalu, Libya.[153]

Gallery

Images produced by natural pinholes

(Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves)

Views outside of the US

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[154]

August 21, 2017 Solar Eclipse Times! Event! Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact2017 August 21 at 15:47:59.9 UTC
First Umbral External Contact2017 August 21 at 16:49:44.5 UTC
First Central Line2017 August 21 at 16:50:14.5 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact2017 August 21 at 16:50:44.6 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact2017 August 21 at 18:13:05.6 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction2017 August 21 at 18:14:22.8 UTC
Greatest Duration2017 August 21 at 18:22:57.5 UTC
Greatest Eclipse2017 August 21 at 18:26:40.3 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction2017 August 21 at 18:31:19.6 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact2017 August 21 at 18:40:33.4 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact2017 August 21 at 20:02:48.0 UTC
Last Central Line2017 August 21 at 20:03:15.4 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact2017 August 21 at 20:03:42.8 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact2017 August 21 at 21:05:31.9 UTC
August 21, 2017 Solar Eclipse Parameters! Parameter! Value
Eclipse Magnitude1.03059
Eclipse Obscuration1.06211
Gamma0.43671
Sun Right Ascension10h04m03.9s
Sun Declination+11°51'43.0"
Sun Semi-Diameter15'48.7"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax08.7"
Moon Right Ascension10h04m30.6s
Moon Declination+12°16'32.8"
Moon Semi-Diameter16'03.4"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax0°58'55.7"
ΔT68.8 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle. This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2017

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 145

Inex

Triad

Inex series

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Chan . Melissa . The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse: Everything You Need to Know . . July 25, 2017 . August 22, 2017.
  3. Web site: When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation . Wolfram . Stephen . August 15, 2017 . Wolfram Blog . August 17, 2017.
  4. News: How to view the partial solar eclipse in Hawaii . . August 15, 2017 . August 21, 2017 . August 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013449/http://khon2.com/2017/08/15/how-to-view-the-partial-solar-eclipse-in-hawaii/ . dead .
  5. Web site: Total solar eclipse experience from coast to coast. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/lgUGVP5Hh-o . December 22, 2021 . live. ABC News. August 22, 2017. YouTube.
  6. Web site: Eclipse Across America. Celestron. September 26, 2017. YouTube.
  7. Web site: Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England. timeanddate. 12 August 2024.
  8. Web site: Eclipse: Who? What? Where? When? and How? . . October 18, 2018 .
  9. Web site: Voyages of Discovery: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . astroadventures.net . Astro Adventures . July 30, 2017 . July 30, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730202005/http://www.astroadventures.net/2017/USA/eclipse2.html . dead .
  10. Web site: Here's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends. Tariq . Malik . . August 18, 2017 . August 21, 2017.
  11. Web site: The Solar Eclipse: What to Expect. August 21, 2017 . The New York Times. August 21, 2017.
  12. Web site: 2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse. USNO. April 25, 2014. October 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141012174938/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Eclipse2017.php. dead.
  13. Web site: NASA to Chase Solar Eclipse with Jets for Clearest Ever Photos of Corona. August 3, 2017. PetaPixel. August 21, 2017. Will. Nicholls.
  14. Web site: Space Station Transiting 2017 ECLIPSE, My Brain Stopped Working – Smarter Every Day 175. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/lepQoU4oek4 . December 22, 2021 . live. SmarterEveryDay. August 22, 2017. YouTube.
  15. Web site: August 21, 2017 — Great American Eclipse (Total Solar Eclipse). timeanddate. 12 April 2024.
  16. Web site: See 4 planets during the total eclipse - EarthSky.org. earthsky.org. August 21, 2017.
  17. "The Great Baja Eclipse", Discover January 1991. p. 90.
  18. Web site: Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981–2000. NASA. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090327105915/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1981.GIF. March 27, 2009.
  19. Web site: Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961–1980. NASA. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111628/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1961.GIF. March 27, 2009.
  20. Web site: Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07. Espenak. Fred. NASA. https://web.archive.org/web/20120205084141/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1951/SE1970Mar07Tgoogle.html. February 5, 2012. dead.
  21. "Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen", The New York Times February 25, 1979. p. 26.
  22. News: Browne . Malcolm W. . February 27, 1979 . Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought . C4 . The New York Times . February 19, 2017.
  23. Web site: NASA – Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13. Xavier. Jubier. Fred. Espenak. NASA. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120726002221/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=12570613. July 26, 2012.
  24. Web site: X Marks the Spot: Two Total Solar Eclipses in Seven Years. National Eclipse Blog . June 28, 2016. October 18, 2018.
  25. Web site: Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses . Xavier M. . Jubier . 2011 . August 22, 2017 .
  26. Web site: OSU150 Space Grant Festival: A Total Eclipse Experience . April 20, 2017 . Oregon State University . August 22, 2017.
  27. Web site: Where to watch the total solar eclipse in Eastern Oregon . East Oregonian . July 7, 2017 . November 5, 2017.
  28. Web site: EclipseFest . Salem-Keizer Volcanoes . August 8, 2017.
  29. News: Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime. June 23, 2017. The Seattle Times. June 30, 2017. en-US.
  30. News: 'Tremendous event': Man describes viewing eclipse as 'caveman like' . August 22, 2017. The Argus Observer. August 17, 2022. en-US.
  31. News: Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With 'Oregon Eclipse'. November 11, 2016. Dance Music NW. en-US. November 13, 2016.
  32. Web site: Oregon Eclipse — A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17–23 August, 2017. oregoneclipse2017.com. November 13, 2016.
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  34. News: Saturday Oregon solar eclipse updates on traffic, crowds and events. Statesman Journal. August 30, 2017. en.
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  47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAlKNPur4UA Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse
  48. Web site: Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn . Nemaha County Hospital . Facebook . August 22, 2017 .
  49. Web site: Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America – Homestead National Monument of America . U.S. National Park Service. en. August 6, 2017.
  50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAEUYM4Een4 YouTube: Eclipse 2017: One Nation Under the Sun
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  52. Web site: Eight-run Inning Carries Saltdogs Over Railcats in Special Solar Eclipse Game. Lincoln Saltdogs. August 21, 2017.
  53. Web site: The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College. Benedictine College.
  54. Web site: Show me totality COMO. Lathrop Eclipse . August 20, 2017.
  55. Web site: MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse . Lathrop Eclipse . August 19, 2017 . August 20, 2017.
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  57. Web site: Total solar eclipse ride . KC-PPC . May 1, 2017 . March 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329070716/https://www.meetup.com/kc-ppc/events/239642811/ . dead .
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  63. Web site: Southern Illinois: eclipse crossroads of America. https://web.archive.org/web/20170324024309/http://eclipse.siu.edu/tickets/. dead. March 24, 2017. May 5, 2016. Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
  64. News: Amtrak announces 'Eclipse Express' special to southern Illinois . Johnston . Bob . August 7, 2017 . Trains . August 14, 2017 . August 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210135/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2017/08/07-special-report-amtrak-announces-eclipse-express-special-to-carbondale-ill . dead .
  65. Web site: Southern Illinois University Carbondale (NASA EDGE) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170319145822/https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/2017_solar_eclipse_nasa_official_viewing_locations.html . dead . March 19, 2017 . NASA . August 20, 2017.
  66. News: Carley . Sean . Remainder of "Moonstock" eclipse festival lineup announced . . March 28, 2017 . April 2, 2017.
  67. Web site: View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville, IL . . May 3, 2017 .
  68. Web site: WKU Eclipse Events. Western Kentucky University. August 22, 2017.
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  73. Web site: Blackout 2017 . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . August 18, 2017 . August 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170818131631/https://www.mainstreetmcminnville.org/blackout-2017 . dead .
  74. Web site: Eclipse-Themed Programs & Events . Music City Solar Eclipse . April 2, 2017 . August 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819060538/http://www.visitmusiccity.com/eclipse/activities . dead .
  75. Web site: Nashville's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . July 22, 2017 . July 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170723040737/http://wkrn.com/2017/07/22/nashvilles-italian-lights-festival-is-official-nasa-spot-for-solar-eclipse/ . dead .
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  77. Web site: The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina . Bryson City North Carolina . April 2, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043914/https://www.greatsmokies.com/2017eclipse.html . August 1, 2017 . mdy-all .
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  80. Web site: Get Off the Grid Fest. Get Off the Grid Fest . August 22, 2017.
  81. http://onlineathens.com/local-news/2017-08-21/eclipse-awes-those-gathered-georgia-guidestones Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones
  82. Web site: NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from .CofC. The College Today. June 21, 2017. August 23, 2017.
  83. Web site: Watch Live: When, where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University . Melvin . Jim . August 21, 2017 . . August 21, 2017 . August 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221747/http://newsstand.clemson.edu/mediarelations/when-where-and-how-to-watch-the-total-solar-eclipse-at-clemson-university/ . dead .
  84. Web site: Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum . . August 22, 2017 .
  85. Web site: Eclipse at Furman. Furman University. May 5, 2017. June 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170615002608/http://news.furman.edu/features/eclipse-at-furman/. dead.
  86. Web site: Total Eclipse Watch Party. https://web.archive.org/web/20170823191748/http://www.sumtersc.gov/TotalEclipse. August 23, 2017. live. sumtersc.gov. City of Sumter.
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  90. Web site: Bonnie Tyler Will Sing 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse. August 19, 2017. Space.com . August 21, 2017.
  91. News: Bonnie Tyler sings 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' live on CNN. CNN. Melissa Mahtani. English. August 21, 2017. July 2, 2021.
  92. News: Here's Bonnie Tyler singing 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' during the eclipse. Miami Herald. Chabeli Herrera. English. August 22, 2017. July 2, 2021.
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  95. https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2017-august-21 Map of Total Solar Eclipse on August 21, 2017 — timeanddate.com
  96. Web site: Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr. August 26, 2017. August 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170826235539/http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0412017/Anadyr_Russian_Federation_2017Aug21.png. dead.
  97. News: How to watch the Great American Eclipse, no matter where you are in the world. Rubin. Molly. Quartz. August 18, 2017. August 15, 2017.
  98. Web site: Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse. TVNewser. Adweek. en-US. August 18, 2017. A.J.. Katz. August 17, 2017.
  99. News: Solar Eclipse Coverage: TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment. Nyren. Erin. August 18, 2017. Variety. August 18, 2017. en-US.
  100. Web site: Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse. Potenza. Alessandra. August 15, 2017. The Verge. August 18, 2017.
  101. Web site: Eclipse observation balloon went missing. Did it land in Treasure Valley? . MOELLER . KATY . August 24, 2017 . The Idaho Statesman . August 24, 2017.
  102. Web site: The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space. August 21, 2017. NASA. August 24, 2017.
  103. News: Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses. The Washington Post . August 23, 2017. Herman. Wong.
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  105. Web site: Pornhub Was Shocked by How Total Solar Eclipse Affected Their Viewers: The great cosmic ballet briefly distracted people from porn. . Gaudette . Emily . August 23, 2017 . Inverse Culture . April 11, 2018.
  106. Web site: The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website . The Economic Times . August 26, 2017 . August 26, 2017 . August 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170826152917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-solar-eclipse-was-viewed-over-90-million-times-on-nasa-website/articleshow/60231185.cms . dead .
  107. Web site: Here's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected . . Denver, Colorado . Travis . Pittman . August 18, 2017.
  108. Web site: Eclipse Glasses Safety. Eclipse Glasses.com. August 20, 2017.
  109. News: How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe. February 23, 2017. Solar Eclipse Across America – August 21, 2017. American Astronomical Society. August 20, 2017. en. Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses.
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  111. News: Springdale library 'sickened' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Madasyn . Czebiniak . August 23, 2017 . September 2, 2017 .
  112. News: How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake. CNET. August 19, 2017. Matt. Elliott. August 19, 2017.
  113. News: Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses. CBC News. August 19, 2017. August 15, 2017.
  114. News: Rental Camera Gear Destroyed by the Solar Eclipse of 2017. September 1, 2017. LensRentals Blog. November 12, 2017. en-US.
  115. Web site: Local tourism, businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 . Mariano . Nick . June 17, 2016 . The Southern Illinosian . July 29, 2017.
  116. Web site: Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom—if they can get ready . Serven . Ruth . July 13, 2017 . The Kansas City Star . July 29, 2017.
  117. Web site: Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017 . August 19, 2017 . CTV News . Associated Press . August 24, 2017 .
  118. Web site: Letter to Eclipse Communities . Richy . Brad . July 29, 2017 . Idaho Office of Emergency Management.
  119. Web site: Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up. Idaho has an app for that. . Moeller . Katy . August 17, 2017 . The Idaho Statesman . August 17, 2017.
  120. Web site: Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse . July 27, 2017 . KBTX-TV . July 29, 2017 . Associated Press.
  121. Web site: Eclipse 2017: Hospitals stock up on blood, rattlesnake bite antidote . Lynne . Terry . August 10, 2017 . The Oregonian . August 10, 2017.
  122. Web site: Oregon hotels unapologetic, silent about widespread eclipse cancellations. Hale. Jamie. April 3, 2017. OregonLive.com. September 8, 2017.
  123. Web site: Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled, Raised Prices For Eclipse. Guevarra. Ericka. July 28, 2017. Oregon Public Broadcasting. September 8, 2017.
  124. Web site: Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems. Bach. Jonathan. July 31, 2017. Statesman Journal. September 8, 2017.
  125. News: Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse. Space.com. August 21, 2017. Joe. Rao. August 19, 2017.
  126. News: Solar eclipse gridlock: It was so busy in Madras, Ore., they called in the National Guard. Los Angeles Times. August 21, 2017. en-US. 0458-3035. Russ. Mitchell. August 20, 2017.
  127. News: Harbager . Molly . August 21, 2017 . Eclipse jams traffic on runways, not just roads, with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting . The Oregonian . August 22, 2017.
  128. News: I-15 projects to shut down for eclipse. KIFI-TV. August 17, 2017. August 24, 2017. August 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170824222522/http://www.localnews8.com/news/eclipse/i-15-projects-to-shut-down-for-eclipse/606071506. dead.
  129. News: Mims. Bob. Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15. Salt Lake Tribune. August 21, 2017. August 24, 2017.
  130. News: Solar Eclipse Traffic: Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road. The Weather Channel. August 21, 2017. August 21, 2017. Ada. Carr. Sean. Breslin.
  131. News: Sunderland. Nate. Bumper-to-bumper traffic on I-15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho. KSL-TV. August 21, 2017. August 24, 2017.
  132. Web site: Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts. Idaho Transportation Department. en-US. August 21, 2017. August 18, 2017.
  133. Web site: Erickson. David. Eclipse: Construction causes huge I-15 traffic jam; Montana official apologizes. Missoulian. August 24, 2017. en. August 23, 2017.
  134. Web site: Peterson. Christine. More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse; one person came by sea plane. Casper Star-Tribune Online. August 24, 2017. en. August 23, 2017.
  135. Web site: Traffic increases 18 percent over a five-year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears. Wyoming Department of Transportation. August 21, 2017.
  136. Web site: Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books. August 22, 2017. The Denver Post. August 24, 2017. Libby. Rainey.
  137. Web site: Sanderson. Shane. Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic. Casper Star-Tribune Online. August 24, 2017. en. August 23, 2017.
  138. Web site: Sanderson. Shane. Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy, but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected. Casper Star-Tribune Online. August 23, 2017 . August 24, 2017. en.
  139. News: Jacobs. Don. Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee.. Knoxville News Sentinel. August 21, 2017. August 26, 2017.
  140. News: Western NC ready for eclipse, but roads clogged. Associated Press. Winston-Salem Journal. August 21, 2017. August 21, 2017.
  141. News: Welcome to 'Eclipseville,' Hopkinsville, Ky, USA . July 22, 2017 . Chris . Williams . WHAS . October 17, 2017 .
  142. News: The rare eclipse was memorable. The ride home was something they want to forget. . Lexington Herald-Leader . August 22, 2017 . Mike . Stunson . October 17, 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles, and we didn't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight. .
  143. Web site: As solar eclipse ends, traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville . WDRB . August 21, 2017 . Katrina . Helmer . October 17, 2017 . As of 10 p.m., drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville. .
  144. Web site: A Wide-Area Perspective on the August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . 20 . April 2017 . . May 1, 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system (BPS) operations. . June 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170626175917/http://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/Solar_Eclipse_2017_Final_4-25-17.pdf . dead .
  145. Web site: 2016 Long-Term Reliability Assessment . 70 . December 2016 . . April 18, 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide-scale solar generation within a very short amount of time. The output generated by PV/solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event. Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind-the-meter DERs..
  146. Web site: Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country – Today in Energy . U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) . August 7, 2017. August 13, 2017.
  147. Web site: This Summer's Eclipse Will Put California's Solar-Powered Grid to the Test . Julia . Pyper . Greentech Media . May 11, 2017. May 14, 2017.
  148. News: California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy. It survived the eclipse without losing any.. The Washington Post. August 23, 2017. Dino. Grandoni. August 21, 2017.
  149. News: California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed. SFGate . August 23, 2017 . David R. . Baker . August 21, 2017 .
  150. Web site: Looking Beyond the Eclipse: How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid. Julia . Pyper . August 21, 2017. August 23, 2017 . Today's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community. So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar. .
  151. Web site: DR Dialogue: Nest's Solar Eclipse Rush Hour Rewards Program . www.peakload.org . April 30, 2019 . July 19, 2018.
  152. Web site: Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp . April 27, 2017 . July 10, 2017 . United States Postal Service.
  153. Web site: Total Eclipse of the Sun . . June 27, 2017 . store . September 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225902/https://store.usps.com/store/browse/productDetailSingleSku.jsp?productId=S_475304 . dead .
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