Social conservatism in the United States explained

Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on the preservation of traditional values and beliefs. It focuses on a concern with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as degraded in modern society by liberalism.[1] In the United States, one of the largest forces of social conservatism is the Christian right.[2]

Social conservatives in the United States generally take fundamentalist, familialist, moralist stances on social issues. This is exemplified by their opposition to abortion, opposition to feminism, support for traditional family values, opposition to pornography, support for abstinence-only sex education, opposition to LGBT rights, support for school prayer, support for school vouchers, support for Sunday blue laws, opposition to gambling, and opposition to recreational drug use, among others.[3]

As many of them are religious, especially Christian fundamentalists, social conservatives push for a focus on Christian traditions as a guiding force for the country on social issues.[4] This includes advocacy for the presence of religion within the public sphere, such as the display of Judeo-Christian statuary in general and especially during Christmastide and Eastertide, as well as supporting the presence of religion in the education system, along with backing parochial schools, as social conservatives believe that "religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."[5] [6]

As a term, social conservatism describes conservative stances on socio-cultural issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and school prayer as opposed to what is termed social liberalism (cultural liberalism). A social conservative in this sense is closer to the meaning of cultural conservatism than the broader European social conservatism and may hold various different views on fiscal policy.[7]

Views

Opposition to abortion

See main article: United States anti-abortion movement. The United States anti-abortion movement opposes induced abortion on moral and religious grounds and supports its legal prohibition or restriction. Social conservatives supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade and often use the term "pro-life" as a euphemism for opposition to legal abortion.[8] These beliefs are often based on the argument of "fetal personhood".[9] [10] Personhood arguments focus on giving a fetus the status of a person which then entitles them to the right to life.[11] Anti-abortion beliefs tend to be associated with conservative Christian groups, especially the Catholic Church.[9]

Opposition to feminism

Social conservatives often oppose feminism, believing that men and women are fundamentally different and their traditional gender roles in society should be maintained. They often promote women's traditional roles as homemakers and caregivers, discouraging women from participating in the workforce, government, or military.[12] A number of social conservatives favor complementarianism with respect to gender roles.[13]

Social conservatives often blame feminism for many social problems ailing American families. They hold that feminism in modern times has created an upsurge in the non-married population, undermined male authority in families, and contributed to the decline of the traditional family. Many cite the declining birth rate due to legalized abortion.[14] Others have cited the rising rate of single mother families due to rising rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock births, and the resulting psychological and economic toll on children. Children of single or divorced parents are more likely to suffer from poverty and to be incarcerated for behavioral problems.[15]

Support for sexual morality

Ever since the sexual revolution in 1960s United States, sexual ethics have been a point of contention in the culture war between social conservatives and liberals. Social conservatives with familialist leanings call on the government to exert moral leadership over sexual mores and actively promote family values.[16] They stress the sanctity of marriage and childbirth, blaming social liberalism for the rise in casual sex, premarital sex, masturbation, out-of-wedlock births, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and pornography ever since the mid-20th century.

Opposition to pornography

Opposition to pornography is a traditional stance of social conservatives in the United States. Many blame pornography for corrupting children, encouraging sexual violence against women, promoting casual sex, and destroying marriages.[17] Many conservative Christians oppose pornography on the basis of biblical teachings equating lust with adultery.[18]

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation, formerly known as Morality in Media, is a socially conservative organization that advances the movement against pornography.[19] [20]

Support for abstinence-only sex education

Social conservatives are concerned with the moral education and possibly age-inappropriate information children receive from sex education classes in public schools. They prefer abstinence-only sex education for its compatibility with traditional Christian ethics regarding chastity and the sanctity of marriage. Abstinence-only sex education teaches that sex is limited to the bounds of marriage, and that premarital sex is unacceptable. Conversely social conservatives oppose comprehensive sex education as it teaches allegedly morally questionable concepts such as birth control, which they believe leads to premarital sex, sexually transmitted infections, and teenage pregnancy.[21] The wearing of purity rings among unmarried women is encouraged by social conservatives in order to preserve traditional Christian notions regarding human sexuality.[22]

Opposition to same-sex marriage

Social conservatism opposes same-sex marriage, civil unions, LGBT adoption, and other LGBT rights, as homosexuality goes against fundamental Christian teachings that marriage is between a man and a woman. Social conservatives often believe that homosexuality is abnormal, that the recognition of same-sex unions will promote homosexuality in society, and that children are raised better by opposite-sex couples.[23] Social conservatives are skeptical of the legalization of same-sex marriage, supporting instead laws such as the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Some are more tolerant of civil unions than same-sex marriage, but many oppose homosexual relations of any form.[24] While social conservatives sometimes support basic LGBT rights, they are concerned with "normalizing" same-sex relationships through the institution of marriage. Some conservatives support same-sex marriage, such as Log Cabin Republicans.[25]

Opposition to transgender rights

Social conservatism opposes transgender rights, as it goes against traditional gender roles prescribing adherence to one's biological sex. It opposes allowing transgender people to use their preferred gender identity's pronouns, names, bathrooms, and locker rooms. It also opposes recognition of non-binary genders.[26]

In modern times the relationship between Christianity and transgender people has been strained, as most churches require their members to adhere to what they believe to be their "God-given" gender.[27] Many Christian denominations denounce transsexuality and prohibit transgender people from marrying.[28]

Support for school prayer and creationism

Social conservatism supports school prayer, which has been banned in public schools ever since a series of 1960s Supreme Court decisions such as Engel v. Vitale. Social conservatives have continued to attack the Supreme Court, blaming these decisions for pushing Christianity out of America's mainstream culture.[29] [30]

Many social conservatives, mainly Christian fundamentalists, believe that creationism or intelligent design should be taught in public schools in place of evolution. More moderate conservatives support the teaching of creationism alongside evolution, specifically promoting theistic evolution, in which God is regarded as guiding evolution.[31]

In public schools, social conservatives have supported classes on "The Bible in History and Literature" (cf. National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools).[32]

Support for school vouchers

Peter S. Wenz explains the support of school vouchers, writing: "Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."

Social conservatives thus strongly support funding for parochial schools, especially Christian schools.[33]

Support for accommodationism

Social conservatives are accommodationists who often oppose secularism, state atheism, and moral relativism, viewing them as threats to the nation's Christian character. They hold that the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state Church nationally, not public acknowledgements of God nor "developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals."[34] [35] Such Judeo-Christian heritage includes, for example, the national motto "In God We Trust", the courtroom oath "So help me God", the supplication which begins court sessions "God save the United States and this Honorable Court", "one nation under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance, Congressional prayer, a National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving, among others.[36]

Notwithstanding, socially conservatives Justices in the United States such as Clarence Thomas have argued that the Establishment Clause's purpose was to prevent federal interference with the established Churches of the states within the Union and that the Constitution does not prevent the establishment of state churches with respect to the states (cf. Federalism).[37]

Social conservatives appeal to Christian nationalism, supporting the idea that the United States was founded as a Christian nation.[38] As such, social conservatives in the United States support Sunday blue laws, which are consistent with Sunday Sabbatarian principles, thus favoring legislation that prohibits Sunday trading (cf. Lord's Day Alliance); social conservatives also back the presence of Judeo-Christian monuments and statues in the public square.[39] [40] In the same vein, social conservatives support regular church attendance and participation in Sunday School.[6] [41]

Opposition to drugs

Social conservatives in the United States have maintained an opposition to drug usage on moral grounds.[42] They have historically supported the temperance movement and the war on drugs.[43] [44]

Opposition to gambling

Social conservatives are opposed to gambling, viewing it as immoral.[45] [46] As such, social conservatives have rallied to prevent casinos from opening in areas where they are numerically in strength, citing that gambling is opposed to family values.[47] The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism, advanced the argument that "communities with casinos suffer higher rates of home foreclosures, financial distress, and domestic violence", thus calling for people to oppose gambling.[48]

History

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the 19th and 20th centuries became a strong force for social conservatism, advancing the temperance movement in the United States.[49] [50]

The 1897 Constitution of the National Reform Association, one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism in the United States, with a focus on introducing a Christian amendment to the U.S. Constitution, expressed alarm at what they viewed as:[51]

The 1960s saw a surge in grassroots social conservative activism in response to the successes of liberal politics in changing American culture. Democrats continued to put forward increasingly liberal policy ideas that ran counter to the beliefs of many conservative Americans which mobilized them to protect their interests. Some social conservatives supported candidates such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries. There was a rise of social conservatism that advocated a strong moral code and increased religious authority.[52]

Historians have pointed to the 1970s as a turning point where "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism" really began. Meg Jacobs and Julian E. Zelizer argue that this period saw an increase an activism and concern with personal and social issues which lead to a growth of social conservatism.[53] There are multiple theories on the growth of social conservatism in this period. Some of the possible reasons or combination of reasons for this phenomenon are the backlash to the Vietnam War, the expanded conversation on civil rights, the economic changes in the United States and the overall changes in culture in this period.[54] Some commentators refer to social conservatism and renewed conservative grassroots activism as a reaction to the counterculture and cultural upheaval of the 1960s–1970s.[55] A notable event regarding social policy in the 1970s was the passage of Roe v. Wade in 1973 which recognized a legal right to abortion.[56]

Starting in the 1980s, Ronald Reagan, a prominent conservative Republican, exemplifies the rise of social conservatives in mainstream politics. Reagan appealed to social conservatives who felt marginalized by the growing liberalization of American culture, calling on the "forgotten man" or "moral majority".[57] [58] After the tumultuous period of political and cultural changes in the 1960s–1970s, Reagan's moderate traditionalism appeared as a source of needed stability for many Americans.[59]

Major conservative welfare reform took place in the 1990s. In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA) was passed narrowing the benefits of welfare recipients and encouraging work. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) also came into effect during this period, limiting the time benefits can be received.[60]

Social conservatives again became powerful in American politics in 2001 with the election of socially conservative President George W. Bush. It has been argued that many of Bush's policy decisions were strongly influenced by his religious beliefs.[61] During his time in office, Bush would pass influential conservative social policies such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and support an increase in funding of abstinence-only sex education.[62] While President Bush did not strongly promote anti-abortion policies, he supported the movement through an emphasis on parental rights and focus on strict regulation of taxpayer funding.[63]

Electoral politics

In American politics, the Republican Party is the largest political party with some socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Social conservatives predominantly support the Republican Party, although there are also socially conservative Democrats who break ranks with the party platform. Despite this, there have been instances where the Republican Party's nominee has been considered too socially liberal by social conservatives. This has led to the support of third-party candidates from parties such as the Constitution Party, whose philosophies sometimes parallel that of social conservatism.[64] While many social conservatives see third parties as a viable option in such a situation, some high-profile social conservatives see the excessive support of them as dangerous. This fear arises from the possibility of vote splitting.[65] Like any other interest group, social conservatives usually must find a balance between pragmatic electability and ideological principles when supporting candidates.[66]

The American Tea Party movement is generally regarded as fiscally conservatives who tend to avoid social conservative issues.[67] The Tea Party Patriots is officially neutral on social conservatism.[68] While social conservatism tends to emphasize community, faith and family as core values, the Tea Party Patriots identifies its core values as "Fiscal Responsibility, Constitutionally Limited Government, Free Markets".[69] Some branches are opposed to social conservatism.[70] However, independent polls have repeatedly shown that Tea Party supporters are nearly indistinguishable in their views from traditional Republican social conservatives, despite their choice to emphasize economic issues.[71] [72] [73] [74] While not allying itself officially with the Christian conservative movement,[75] members of the Tea Party movement statistically identify with Christianity and social conservatism more often than the general American populace (44%[76] compared to 34%[77] of the population). Some social conservative leaders have criticized the Tea Party movement for "libertarian" and "irreligious" views.[78] Nearly 80% of those in the Tea Party movement are members of the Republican Party.[79]

Notable social conservatives

People

Political parties

Organizations

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bell, Jeffrey. The Case for Polarized Politics: Why American Needs Social Conservatism. Encounter Books. 2012. 9781594035784. New York. 6–10. Proquest ebrary. registration. The Case for Polarized Politics: Why American Needs Social Conservatism..
  2. Book: Marsden . Lee . The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution . December 28, 2012 . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. . 978-1-4094-7128-8 . en. Even within the secular heartlands of Western Europe and the United States religion began to force its way into the political agenda with the emergence of the American Christian Right as a new force in social conservatism in the late 1970s and in the UK with the issue of fatwas calling for the death of British author Salman Rushdie, promoted by the publication of his book The Satanic Verses, which was declared blasphemous by Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran, in 1989..
  3. Book: Thompson, Michael. Confronting the New Conservatism: The Rise of the Right in America. NYU Press. 2007. 9780814782996. 2–3.
  4. Book: Marietta, Morgan. A Citizen's Guide to American Ideology: Conservatism and Liberalism in Contemporary Politics. Routledge. 2012. 9781136593659. New York. 32.
  5. Book: Wenz . Peter S. . Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates . February 10, 2012 . MIT Press . 978-0-262-26127-2 . 7 . en . Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religious is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens..
  6. Book: Quantz . Richard A. . Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy . January 8, 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-317-26075-2 . en . Social conservatives tend to advocate for abstinence education, church attendance, prayer in school, public Christmas displays, patriotism, the military, and gun rights. ... Whereas religion is considered to be in the private realm, social conservatives often argue that the cultural history of the United States makes it perfectly legal to allow some aspects of religion to move into the public sphere. Primarily they advocate the public space be open to the display and expectations of broad Judaic-Christian traditions and often specifically Christian traditions..
  7. Book: Chideya, Farai. 2004. The Red and the Blue: A Divided America. Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. 33–46. 9781932360264.
  8. Web site: Definition of PRO-LIFE . 2022-04-06 . www.merriam-webster.com . en . July 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728022813/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pro-life . live .
  9. Book: Farrell, Courtney. The Abortion Debate. ABDO Publishing Company. 2010. 9781617852640. 6–7.
  10. Book: Encyclopedia of women in American politics . 195 . Jeffrey D. . Schultz . Laura A. . Van Assendelft . Greenwood Publishing Group . 1999 . 1-57356-131-2 . The American political landscape . 1.
  11. Seipel. Peter. 2014. Is There Sufficient Common Ground to Resolve the Abortion Debate?. The Journal of Value Inquiry. 48. 3. 517–31. 10.1007/s10790-014-9436-y. 145389689.
  12. Book: Kimmel, Michael . https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA35 . Antifeminism . Michael Kimmel . Kimmel . Michael . Aronson . Amy . Michael Kimmel . Amy Aronson . Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia . 35–37 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, California . 2004 . 978-1-57607-774-0 .
  13. Book: Giles . Kevin . What the Bible Actually Teaches on Women . October 19, 2018 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-5326-3368-3 . 40 . en.
  14. Web site: Total Fertility Rate of the United States, History plus Forecast . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012232/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%22Total%20Fertility%20Rate,%20History%20plus%20Forecast%22&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=175&File=0 . dead . 22 February 2014 . University of Denver . . 26 April 2012.
  15. Web site: Stacey. Snowdon. DIVORCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN. 1997. Advocates for Children program, College Park Scholars, University of Maryland. 14 November 2011. March 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330021434/http://www.wright-house.com/ac/papers97/Snowdon-ac1.html. live.
  16. Book: Blau . Joel . Abramovitz . Mimi . The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy . 2010 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-538526-7 . 169 . en.
  17. Web site: Hammer . Josh . Porn Is Not a Blessing of Liberty . . October 14, 2020 . en . December 11, 2019 . March 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314155949/https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2019/12/porn-is-not-a-blessing-of-liberty . live .
  18. Web site: Bible Verses about Pornography. biblestudytools.com. November 20, 2021. March 31, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331122926/https://www.biblestudytools.com/topical-verses/bible-verses-about-pornography/. live.
  19. Book: Lewis, Andrew R. . . The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars . 54 . 2017.
  20. Web site: Michael . Gold . . Walmart Pulls Cosmo From Checkout. Plus! Guess Who's Claiming Victory. . March 28, 2018 . April 25, 2020 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504020529/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/business/media/walmart-cosmo.html . live .
  21. Book: Josephson . Jyl J. . Rethinking Sexual Citizenship . 2016 . SUNY Press . 978-1-4384-6047-5 . en . From the perspective of social conservatives, the grant requirements ensure that organizations that support abstinence-only and conservative sexual morality are provided with funding under the program..
  22. Web site: Fantz . Ashley Fantz . Pledging their purity, with fingers crossed . . October 14, 2020 . en . May 31, 2005 . October 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201014171659/https://poststar.com/lifestyles/pledging-their-purity-with-fingers-crossed/article_812ad326-4169-5b9c-97b0-56bdea910f47.html . live .
  23. Web site: Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage . July 16, 2017 . Cline, Austin . November 20, 2021 . July 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220709201414/https://www.learnreligions.com/marriage-is-for-having-children-250076 . live .
  24. Dombrink. John. 2012. After the Culture War? Shifts and Continuities in American Conservatism. Canadian Review of American Studies. 42. 3. 301–21. 10.1353/crv.2012.0018. 143729347.
  25. Book: Luker, Kristin. When Sex Goes to School. Norton. 2006. New York. 101, 112.
  26. News: Emanuella Grinberg. May 13, 2016. White House issues guidance on transgender bathrooms. CNNPolitics.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160516031014/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/politics/transgender-bathrooms-obama-administration/index.html?adkey=bn. May 16, 2016. mdy-all.
  27. News: Winfield. Nicole. Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics. Boston Globe. 10 June 2019. March 16, 2022. July 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220721124643/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2019/06/10/vatican-rejects-gender-change-alarm-lgbt-catholics/6mZJ4YXK3eIYyzb2qT3lgK/story.html. live.
  28. News: John. Norton. Vatican says 'sex-change' operation does not change person's gender. Catholic News Service. 14 Jan 2003. March 16, 2022. June 7, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607113009/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/CatholicTSDecision.html. live.
  29. Book: Clyde Wilcox. Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. 2018. Taylor & Francis. 96. 9780429974533.
  30. Book: Glenn H. Utter. James L. True. Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. 2004. ABC-CLIO. 51–53. 9781851095131.
  31. Book: Ciment, James. Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. March 26, 2015. Routledge. en. 9781317462354. 513. Throughout the twentieth century, many evangelicals accepted theistic evolution ... Some Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism, along with evolution, in public schools..
  32. Web site: Scharrer . Gary . Schools in Texas get OK for elective Bible course . . October 14, 2020 . en . July 19, 2008 . Local school districts got a green light Friday to offer high school students an elective Bible course ... The argument focused on legislative intent. In the end, the board's coalition of social conservatives prevailed, 10-5..
  33. Book: Glenn . Brian J. . Teles . Steven M. . Conservatism and American Political Development . 2009 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-970601-3 . en.
  34. Book: Does God Make a Difference?. Warren A. Nord. Oxford University Press. First Amendment Politics: At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation, I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause, while liberals tend to favor strong readings. That is, conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights, particularly of religious minorities. Liberals, by contrast, have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities..
  35. Book: Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. Robert Devigne. Yale University Press. Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment. They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another." The establishment clause, conservatives insist, precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals..
  36. Book: ABA Journal Sep 1962. September 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God"..
  37. Book: Drakeman . Donald L. . Church, State, and Original Intent . 2010 . . 978-0-521-11918-4 . 232 . en . The more common version of the enhanced federalism argument relates to the possibility voiced by Justice Clarence Thomas that there is something about the establishment clause that "resists incorporation." This argument has been advance in a variety of ways, but the basic point is that the First Amendment was specifically designed to protect the established churches in the states from federal interference. That Congress should make no law "respecting" an establishment of religion is thus read as forbidding laws on the subject matter of religious establishments in the states..
  38. Book: Quantz . Richard A. . Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy . January 8, 2016 . . 978-1-317-26076-9 . 137 . en . Some important narratives appealed to by social conservatives that were not mentioned in Chapter 4 include the America is a Christian Nation narrative discussed earlier; the God Created man as Head of the Family and any other traditional family narrative, such as the Evils of Drugs and the Evils of Sex narratives; and any of the narrative found in the Bible, especially the Genesis, Jesus Son of God, and the Apocalypse narratives..
  39. Book: Moore . James . Slater . Wayne . The Architect: Karl Rove and the End of the Democratic Party . September 5, 2006 . Crown . 978-0-307-35264-4 . 82 . en.
  40. Book: Griffith . Nancy Snell . Raynal . Charles E. . Presbyterians in South Carolina, 1925–1985: Mid-Century Change in Historic Denominations . September 12, 2016 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-4982-3772-7 . 66 . en.
  41. Book: Boyer . Paul . Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 . 1992 . . 978-0-674-93110-7 . 38 . en.
  42. Book: Wenz . Peter S. . Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates . February 10, 2012 . . 978-0-262-26127-2 . 7, 91 . en . Social conservatives find happiness on drugs morally despicable..
  43. Book: Rozell . Mark J. . Wilcox . Clyde . God at the Grassroots 2016: The Christian Right in American Politics . November 2, 2017 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 978-1-5381-0893-2 . en.
  44. Web site: Jackson . Hardy . How Alabama regulates alcohol: a history . The Randolph Leader . en . October 29, 2008 . The bone-dry churches and social conservatives railed against repeal. One Methodist Bishop declared that only "the rakes, the roves, the prostitutes, (and) the brothel keepers" were for it..
  45. Book: Chambers . Kerry . Gambling for Profit: Lotteries, Gaming Machines, and Casinos in Cross-national Focus . January 1, 2011 . University of Toronto Press . 978-1-4426-4189-1 . 14 . en . Historically, Protestant evangelicals, traditionalists, and social conservatives have condemned gambling as immoral and attempted to exert social-norm pressures on others..
  46. Book: Mayer . Russell K. . Taking Action on Internet Gambling: Federal Policymaking 1995–2011 . March 6, 2014 . Lexington Books . 978-0-7391-8066-2 . 56 . en . ...of conservative ideology, whereby social conservatives oppose the morally questionable activity of Internet gambling, combined with liberal ideological beliefs about freedom from government interference in the personal realm..
  47. Web site: Schulte . Grant . Big-name conservatives rally against Nebraska casino measure . . October 14, 2020 . en . October 5, 2020.
  48. Web site: Einwechter . Florence . The Casino Industry - "What Harm Does It Do?" . . October 14, 2020 . en . 2015 . October 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201015113514/http://www.wwctu.org/resources_pdf/project_kits/2015_hpkit.pdf . live .
  49. Book: Tyrrell . Ian . Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880-1930 . March 19, 2014 . UNC Press Books . 978-1-4696-2080-0 . 178 . en.
  50. Book: Valverde . Mariana . The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925 . January 1, 2008 . University of Toronto Press . 978-0-8020-9595-4 . 58 . en.
  51. Book: Wylie . Richard Cameron . Our System of Public Education: Is it Christian Or Secular? . 1901 . The Christian Statesman . en.
  52. Book: McGirr, Lisa. Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Princeton. 2001. Princeton, New Jersey. 150.
  53. Jacobs. Meg. Zelizer. Julian E.. 2008. Swinging Too Far to the Left. Journal of Contemporary History. 43. 4. 683–93. Sage. 10.1177/0022009408095423. 155052711. July 20, 2019. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215210/https://wws.princeton.edu/system/files/research/documents/Journal%20of%20Contemporary%20History-2008-Jacobs-689-93.pdf. live.
  54. Book: Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s. Schulman. Bruce. Zelizer. Julian. Harvard University Press. 2008. 9780674027572. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3.
  55. Robin. Corey. 2010. Conservatism and counterrevolution. Raritan. 30 . 1. 1–17. ProQuest.
  56. Di Mauro. Diane. Joffe. Carole. 2007. The Religious Right and the Reshaping of Sexual Policy: An Examination of Reproductive Rights and Sexuality Education. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 4 . 1. 67–92. 10.1525/srsp.2007.4.1.67. 19893992.
  57. McGirr, p. 216
  58. McGirr, p. 214
  59. Book: Troy, Gil. Politics and Society in Modern America: Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s. Princeton University Press. 2013. 9781400849307.
  60. Weicher. John. 2001. Reforming welfare: The next policy debates. Society. 38 . 2. 16–20. 10.1007/s12115-001-1035-4. 144478190.
  61. Book: Ashbee, Edward. The Bush Administration, Sex and the Moral Agenda. Manchester University Press, Oxford University Press. 2007. 9781847796424. 2.
  62. Ashbee, p. 112.
  63. Ashbee, p. 212
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  72. News: More Than Half Of Tea Party Supporters Say Gays And Lesbians Have Too Much Political Power (POLL) . June 2, 2010 . The Huffington Post. July 1, 2010 . Elyse . Siegel.
  73. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politicsnorthwest/2012005031_new_poll_looks_at_tea_party_vi.html New poll looks at tea party views toward minorities
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  76. News: Tea Party Advocates Who Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job. Przybyla. Heidi. March 26, 2010. Bloomberg News. March 28, 2010. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040158/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aLBZwxqgYgwI&pos=8. live.
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  85. Book: Denton . Robert E. . Studies of Identity in the 2008 Presidential Campaign . June 14, 2010 . Lexington Books . 978-0-7391-4104-5 . 130 . en . ...and much of his support base then switched to the other social conservative, Mike Huckabee..
  86. Web site: Mchugh . Calder . 2023-10-25 . Mike Johnson is a social conservative’s social conservative . 2023-10-27 . POLITICO . en.
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  92. Web site: President Mike Pence? Dems should be 'careful what they wish for', experts say. Smith. David. May 21, 2017. the Guardian. en. August 14, 2018. August 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180827165707/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/21/mike-pence-president-democrats-conservatives. live.
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  94. Book: Perry . L. . Mitt Romney, Mormonism, and the 2012 Election . August 7, 2014 . Springer . 978-1-137-36082-3 . en . Santorum, like Bachman, had a consistent record on social conservative issues, which was viewed as an asset..
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  96. Book: Critchlow . Donald T. . Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade . June 5, 2018 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-18797-6 . 33 . en.
  97. McKeen, Leah A D, "Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian HeritageParty of Canada" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1740.
  98. Book: Jones . Mark P. . Voting and Political Representation in America: Issues and Trends [2 volumes] . February 24, 2020 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-4408-6085-0 . 497 . en.
  99. Book: Micklethwait. John. Wooldridge. Adrian. God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World. April 2, 2009. Penguin Publishing Group. en. 9781101032411. 95. He also, to litigate on behalf of socially conservative issues, helped in 1994 to foundthe Alliance Defense Fund, which has notched up more than twenty-five victories before the U.S. Supreme Court and hundreds more before the lower court..
  100. Book: Marcus . Ruth . Supreme Ambition: Brett Kavanaugh and the Conservative Takeover . December 3, 2019 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-9821-2386-4 . 81 . en. The leaders of three socially conservative groups—the American Family Association, the American Principles Project, and Liberty Counsel--joined with Jauregui to send a letter to the president pushing for Barrett..
  101. Book: Engdahl, Sylvia. Religious Liberty. 2007. Greenhaven Press. en . 9780737738551. ... supposed the federal law, as did the socially conservative Becket Fund for Religious Liberty..
  102. Book: Vaughan . Joel D. . The Rise and Fall of the Christian Coalition: The Inside Story . June 15, 2009 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-62189-212-0 . 200 . en . Catholic University's Mark Rozell told The Virginian-Pilot in late 2001 when Pat Robertson resigned as the Coalition's chairman: "Christian Coalition, without a doubt, has been the most successful social conservative organization in this country.".
  103. Book: Deckman . Melissa . Tea Party Women: Mama Grizzlies, Grassroots Leaders, and the Changing Face of the American Right . May 24, 2016 . NYU Press . 978-1-4798-6642-7 . 26 . en.
  104. Book: Rimmerman. Craig A.. Wilcox. Clyde. The Politics of Same-Sex Marriage. October 1, 2007. University of Chicago Press. en. 9780226720005. 245. In 2003 Ken Connor, president of the Family Research Council, questioned the Republican commitment to fighting for the socially conservative policies that defined the group..
  105. Web site: The Rise of Christian Conservative Legal Organizations. Bennett. Daniel. June 10, 2015. Religion & Politics. en. April 27, 2017. May 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170506051942/http://religionandpolitics.org/2015/06/10/the-rise-of-christian-conservative-legal-organizations/. live.
  106. Book: Hunter . James Davison . To Change the World: The Irony, Tragedy, and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World . 2010 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-974539-5 . 122 . en.
  107. Book: Gottlieb . Samantha D. . Not Quite a Cancer Vaccine: Selling HPV and Cervical Cancer . January 2, 2018 . Rutgers University Press . 978-0-8135-8780-6 . 71 . en.
  108. Book: Dumenil . Lynn . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History: Men's-YMCA . 2012 . . 978-0-19-974336-0 . 45 . en . He launched the Moral Majority, a voter mobilization and lobbying organization, in June 1979, and he also formed the Moral Majority political action committee to raise money for socially conservative congressional candidates..
  109. Book: Gearon . Liam . Prud'homme . Joseph . State Religious Education and the State of Religious Life . April 4, 2018 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-62564-726-9 . 2 . en.
  110. Book: Farmer . Brian . American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice . December 18, 2008 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 978-1-4438-0276-5 . 174 . en.
  111. Book: Josephson . Burack . Fundamental Differences: Feminists Talk Back to Social Conservatives . September 1, 2004 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 978-0-585-46378-0 . 178 . en . PJI, along with several other California-based social conservative organizations, initiated what they termed a "Parental Opt Out Program," so that parents who wished to could "ensure that their children are not exposed to such controversial and potentially harmful social instruction.".
  112. Web site: Walmer . Daniel . Lebanon women's group still fighting against alcohol . . October 14, 2020 . en . July 13, 2017 . May 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210515144339/https://www.ldnews.com/story/news/2017/07/13/lebanon-womens-group-still-fighting-against-alcohol/465570001/ . live .

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