Snowpack Explained

Snowpack is an accumulation of snow that compresses with time and melts seasonally, often at high elevation or high latitude.^{[1] [2]} Snowpacks are an important water resource that feed streams and rivers as they melt, sometimes leading to flooding. Snowpacks provide water to down-slope communities for drinking and agriculture.^[3] High-latitude or high-elevation snowpacks contribute mass to glaciers in their accumulation zones, where annual snow deposition exceeds annual melting.^[4]

Assessing the formation and stability of snowpacks is important in the study and prediction of avalanches.^{[5] [6]} Scientists study the physical properties of snow under different conditions and their evolution, and more specifically snow metamorphism,^{[7] [8]} snow hydrology (that is, the contribution of snow melt to catchment hydrology), the evolution of snow cover with climate change and its effect on the ice–albedo feedback and hydrology, both on the ground and by using remote sensing.^[9] Snow is also studied in a more global context of impact on animal habitats and plant succession.^[10] An important effort is put into snow classification, both as a hydrometeor^[11] and on the ground.^[12]

Scientific applications

Snowpack modeling is done for snow stability, flood forecasting, water resource management, and climate studies.^[13] Snowpack modeling is either done by simple, statistical methods such as degree day or complex, physically based energy balance models such as SNOWPACK, CROCUS or SNOWMODEL.^{[14] [15]}

See also

• Advection
• Glacial period
• Glacier mass balance
• Hydrology
• Subnivean climate

External links

• SNOWPACK
• CROCUS
• SnowModel

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2024-02-25 . Definition of SNOWPACK . 2024-03-07 . www.merriam-webster.com . en.
2. Web site: Definition of 'snowpack' . 2024-03-06 . Collins English Dictionary.
3. Web site: Snowpack . 2024-03-07 . education.nationalgeographic.org . en.
4. Web site: Science of Glaciers . 2024-03-07 . National Snow and Ice Data Center . en.
5. Book: Mountaineering. 346–347. 9781594851292. Cox. Steven M.. Fulsaas. Kris. Mountaineers Books .
6. Tobias Kurzeder, Holger Feist, Powderguide: Managing Avalanche Risk, Mountain Sports Press, 978-0972482738, 190 pages
7. Pinzer, B. R., Schneebeli, M., and Kaempfer, T. U.(2012) "Vapor flux and recrystallization during dry snow metamorphism under a steady temperature gradient as observed by time-lapse micro-tomography", TheCryosphere, 6, 1141–1155,
8. Web site: Fresh insights into snow metamorphism. Michael. Lehning . WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170904062141/http://www.slf.ch/ueber/organisation/schnee_permafrost/projekte/schneemetamorphose/index_EN . Sep 4, 2017 .
9. Book: Mousavi. Seyedmohammad. 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) . Dry snowpack and freshwater icepack remote sensing using wideband Autocorrelation radiometry . 2016. 5288–5291. 10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7730377. 978-1-5090-3332-4. 23975901 .
10. Book: Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources: An Interdisciplinary Symposium; [papers] . 273 . Santeford . Henry S. . Smith . James Leroy . January 1974 . National Academy of Sciences . 9780309022354 .
11. Web site: Snowflakes and Snow Crystals. Kenneth G.. Libbrecht. www.its.caltech.edu.
12. Web site: IACS. www.cryosphericsciences.org.
13. Book: Encyclopedia of World Climatology . 660 . 9781402032646 . Oliver . John E. . 2008-04-23 . Springer .
14. Viallon-Galinier . Léo . Hagenmuller . Pascal . Lafaysse . Matthieu . 2020-12-01 . Forcing and evaluating detailed snow cover models with stratigraphy observations . Cold Regions Science and Technology . 180 . 103163 . 10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103163 . 2020CRST..18003163V . 0165-232X.
15. Liston . Glen E. . Elder . Kelly . 2006 . A distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel) . Journal of Hydrometeorology . en . 7 . 6 . 1259–1276. 10.1175/JHM548.1 . 2006JHyMe...7.1259L .