Small-lift launch vehicle explained

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting or less (by NASA classification) or under (by Roscosmos classification)^[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.^[2]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.^{[3] [4] [5]} The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.^{[6] [7]} However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.^{[8] [9]}

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.^[10]

Rated launch vehicles

Operational

width=120	Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	Launches	First flight
Qased		IRGCASF	~50			2020
Qaem 100		IRGC	^[11]		2(+1)	2023
SK solid fueled TV2		MND	>		1	2023
Shavit 2		IAE	^[12]			1988
Unha		KCST	^[13]			2009
KAIROS		Space One		to SSO		2024
Electron		Rocket Lab	^[14]	to SSO		2017
Jielong 1		CALT		to SSO	^[15]	2019
Hyperbola-1		i-Space	^[16]			2020
Chollima-1		NADA	≥^[17]			2023
Simorgh		Iranian Space Agency	^[18]		(+1)	2016
Ceres-1		Galactic Energy	^[19]			2020
Kuaizhou-1		CASC	^[20]	250 to SSO		2013
SSLV		ISRO / NSIL		to SSO		2022
Start-1		MITT	^[21]	to SSO^[22]	^[23]	1993
Minotaur I		Northrop Grumman	^[24]		^[25]	2000
Long March 6		CALT		to SSO		2015
Long March 11		CALT	^[26]			2015^[27]
Alpha		Firefly	^[28]	to SSO		2021
Epsilon		IHI^[29]	^[30]			2013
RS1		ABL	^[31]	400 to GTO		2023
Strela		Khrunichev	^[32]		^[33]	2003
Minotaur-C		Northrop Grumman	^[34]	to SSO	^[35]	1994
Kuaizhou-11		CASC		1,000 to SSO
SK solid fueled LV		MND				2023^[36]
Minotaur IV		Northrop Grumman	^[37]		^[38]	2010^[39]
Vega		Avio		to SSO		2012
Kinetica 1		CAS Space		to SSO		2022
Tianlong-2		Space Pioneer	^[40]	to SSO		2023
Jielong 3		CALT		to SSO	^[41]	2022
OS-M		OneSpace	^[42]	to SSO		2019

Under development

Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	First flight(expected)
Blue Whale 1		Perigee Aerospace	^[43]	to SSO	2022
Agnibaan		Agnikul Cosmos			2022
ZERO		Interstellar Technologies		to SSO^[44]	2023
Chetak		Bellatrix Aerospace			2023
VLM^[45]		Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology			2023
Haribon SLS-1		OrbitX	^[46]		2023
DNLV		Independence-X Aerospace^[47]			2023
Volans		Equatorial Space Systems^[48]		150 to SSO	2023
Zuljanah		Iranian Space Agency			2021
Vikram 1		Skyroot Aerospace		to SSO^[49]	2023
Skyrora XL		Skyrora	^[50]		2023^[51]
Hapith V		TiSPACE	^[52]	to SSO
Vikram II		Skyroot Aerospace		to SSO	TBD
Rocket 4		Astra Space, Inc.	^[53]		2023
Vikram III		Skyroot Aerospace		to SSO	TBD
Tronador II		CONAE	^[54]		2029
Miura 5		PLD Space			2024^[55]
Spectrum		Isar Aerospace		to SSO	2023
Hyperbola-2		i-Space	^[56]

Retired

Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	Launches	First flight	Last flight
SS-520		IHI				2017	2018
Vanguard		Martin	^[57]		11(+1)	1957	1959
Juno I^[58]		Chrysler				1958	1959
Veloce 17		Eldorado Space^[59]
Lambda 4S		Nissan^[60]				1966	1977^[61]
SLV		ISRO	^[62]			1979	1983
Juno II^[63]		Chrysler				1958	1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle^[64]		Boeing	^[65]		0
Rocket 3		Astra	^[66]		(+2)	2020	2022
Safir		Iranian Space Agency	^[67]			2008	2019
Vector-R		Vector	^[68]		0(+2)
Diamant		SEREB	^[69] ^[70]			1965	1975
Vector-H		Vector	^[71]
Capricornio^[72]		INTA
ASLV		ISRO				1987	1994
Scout		US Air Force/NASA	^[73]			1961	1994
Mu-4S		Nissan	^[74]			1971	1972
Mu-3C		Nissan				1974	1979
Shtil'		Makeyev	– 420^[75]		^[76]	1998	2006
Mu-3H		Nissan				1977	1978
Mu-3S		Nissan				1980	1984
Long March 1		CALT	^[77]		^[78]	1970^[79]	1971
Zhuque-1		LandSpace	^[80]	to SSO		2018	2018
Delta 1913		McDonnell Douglas	^[81]		^[82]	1973	1973
Delta 2310		McDonnell Douglas	^[83]			1974	1981
Delta 1410		McDonnell Douglas	^[84]			1975	1975
VLS-1		AEB, INPE	^[85]		^[86]	1997	2003
Delta 1604		McDonnell Douglas	^[87]			1972	1973
Falcon 1		SpaceX	^[88]			2006	2009
Pegasus		Orbital	^[89]		^[90]	1990	2021
Conestoga		Space Services Inc.	^[91]			1982	1995
Sputnik 8K71PS		RSC Energia	^[92]			1957	1957
Launcher One		Virgin Orbit	^[93]	to SSO		2020
Paektusan		KCST	^[94]			1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)		CALT	^[95]		0(+3)	1995^[96]	2002
Mu-3SII		Nissan				1985	1995
Athena I		Lockheed Martin	^[97]	to GTO	^[98]	1995	2001
Delta 3913		McDonnell Douglas	^[99]			1981	1981
J-I		IHI, Nissan	^[100]		0(+1)	1996	1996
Delta 1910		McDonnell Douglas	^[101]			1975	1975
N-I		Mitsubishi	^[102]			1975	1982
Terran 1		Relativity Space				2023	2023
Delta 0900		McDonnell Douglas	^[103]	to SSO^[104]		1972	1972
Sputnik 8A91		RSC Energia				1958	1958
Atlas LV-3B^[105]		Convair				1960	1963
H-I		Mitsubishi	^[106]			1986	1992
Kosmos-3M		NPO Polyot	^[107]		^[108]	1967	2010
M-V		IHI, Nissan				1997	2006
Athena II		Lockheed Martin	^[109]		^[110]	1998	1999
Delta 1900		McDonnell Douglas				1973	1973
Delta 2910		McDonnell Douglas				1975	1978
Rokot		Khrunichev	^[111]	to SSO		1990	2019

See also

• Sounding rocket, suborbital launch vehicle
• Medium-lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg to low Earth orbit
• Heavy lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 20,000 and 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
• Super heavy-lift launch vehicles, capable of lifting more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) to low Earth orbit
• Comparison of orbital launch systems
• List of orbital launch systems
• Comparison of orbital rocket engines
• Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
• Rocket
• Spacecraft propulsion

Further reading

• Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. .

External links

• Small Satellite Launchers at NewSpace Index

Notes and References

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2. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/500393main_TA01-LaunchPropulsion-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf NASA Space Technology Roadmaps – Launch Propulsion Systems, p. 11
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4. Web site: Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS). Russianspaceweb.com. 7 February 2019.
5. Web site: ЦЭНКИ – Центр эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры. Russian.space. 7 February 2019.
6. Web site: Vanguard Project – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Nrl.navy.mil. 7 February 2019. 16 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200216232851/https://www.nrl.navy.mil/accomplishments/rockets/vanguard-project. dead.
7. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740072500_1974072500.pdf "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages.
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11. Web site: Iran test launches new satellite-carrying rocket . 24 November 2022 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
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51. Web site: Etherington . Darrell . 3 February 2020 . Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste . 4 March 2020 . TechCrunch.
52. Web site: Hapith V. www.tispace.com. 10 February 2020. 9 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409214515/http://www.tispace.com/launch.html. dead.
53. Web site: 25 April 2020. Launch Services Astra. 27 February 2023.
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56. Web site: Hyperbola-2. en. 11 January 2022.
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58. Web site: Jupiter C. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227203631/http://astronautix.com/j/jupiterc.html. dead. 27 December 2016. www.astronautix.com.
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106. Web site: JERS (Fuyo). Space.skyrocket.de. 7 February 2019.
107. Web site: Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1. Russianspaceweb.com. 7 February 2019.
108. Web site: Kosmos-3M (11K65M). Space.skyrocket.de. 7 February 2019.
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