Night eating syndrome explained

Night eating syndrome
Field:Psychiatry
Complications:Obesity
Frequency:1–2% (general population), approximately 10% of overweight individuals

Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder, characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake.[1] Although there is some degree of comorbidity with binge eating disorder,[1] it differs from binge eating in that the amount of food consumed in the night is not necessarily objectively large nor is a loss of control over food intake required. It was originally described by Albert Stunkard in 1955[2] and is currently included in the other specified feeding or eating disorder category of the DSM-5.[3] Research diagnostic criteria have been proposed and include evening hyperphagia (consumption of 25% or more of the total daily calories after the evening meal) and/or nocturnal awakening and ingestion of food two or more times per week. The person must have awareness of the night eating to differentiate it from the parasomnia sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). Three of five associated symptoms must also be present: lack of appetite in the morning, urges to eat at night, belief that one must eat in order to fall back to sleep at night, depressed mood, and/or difficulty sleeping.

NES affects both men and women,[4] between 1 and 2% of the general population,[5] and approximately 10% of obese individuals.[6] The age of onset is typically in early adulthood (spanning from late teenage years to late twenties) and is often long-lasting,[7] with children rarely reporting NES.[8] People with NES have been shown to have higher scores for depression and low self-esteem, and it has been demonstrated that nocturnal levels of the hormones melatonin and leptin are decreased.[9] The relationship between NES and the parasomnia SRED is in need of further clarification. There is debate as to whether these should be viewed as separate diseases, or part of a continuum.[10] Consuming foods containing serotonin has been suggested to aid in the treatment of NES,[11] but other research indicates that diet by itself cannot appreciably raise serotonin levels in the brain. A few foods (for example, bananas) contain serotonin, but they do not affect brain serotonin levels, and various foods contain tryptophan, but the extent to which they affect brain serotonin levels must be further explored scientifically before conclusions can be drawn, and "the idea, common in popular culture, that a high-protein food such as turkey will raise brain tryptophan and serotonin is, unfortunately, false."

Presentation

Comorbidities

NES is sometimes comorbid with excess weight; as many as 28% of individuals seeking gastric bypass surgery were found to have NES in one study.[12] However, not all individuals with NES are overweight.[13] Night eating has been associated with diabetic complications.[14] Many people with NES also experience depressed mood[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] and anxiety disorders.[23] [24]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Allison . 2010 . Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Night Eating Syndrome . 10.1002/eat.20693 . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 43 . 3. 241–247 . 19378289 . 4531092. etal.
  2. Albert Stunkard . Stunkard A.J. . Grace W.J. . Wolff H.G. . 1955 . The night-eating syndrome; a pattern of food intake among certain obese patients . 14388031. The American Journal of Medicine . 19 . 1. 78–86 . 10.1016/0002-9343(55)90276-X .
  3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  4. Striegel-Moore R.H. . Franko D.L. . Thompson D. . Affenito S. . Kraemer H.C. . 2006 . Night eating: Prevalence and demographic correlates . Obesity . 14 . 1. 139–147 . 10.1038/oby.2006.17 . 16493132. free .
  5. Rand C.S.W. . Macgregor M.D. . Stunkard A.J. . 1997 . The night eating syndrome in the general population and amongst post-operative obesity surgery patients . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 22 . 1. 65–69 . 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199707)22:1<65::aid-eat8>3.0.co;2-0 . 9140737.
  6. Stunkard A.J. . Berkowitz R. . Wadden T. . Tanrikut C. . Reiss E. . Young L. . 1996 . Binge eating disorder and the night-eating syndrome . 8788315 . International Journal of Obesity . 20 . 1. 1–6 .
  7. Wal Jillon S. Vander . 2012 . Night eating syndrome: A critical review of the literature . 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.001 . Clinical Psychology Review . 32 . 1. 49–59 . 22142838.
  8. Lundgren J.D. . Drapeau V. . Allison K.C. . Gallant A.R. . Tremblay A. . Lambert M.A. . Stunkard A.J. . 2012 . Prevalence and familial patterns of night eating in the Quebec adipose and lifestyle investigation in youth (QUALITY) study . Obesity . 20 . 8. 1598–1603 . 10.1038/oby.2012.80 . 22469955. free .
  9. Birketvedt G. . Florholmen J. . Sundsfjord J. . Østerud B. . Dinges D. . Bilker W. . Stunkard A.J. . 1999 . Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome . Journal of the American Medical Association . 282 . 7. 657–663 . 10.1001/jama.282.7.657 . 10517719. free .
  10. Auger R.R. . 2006 . Sleep-related eating disorders . Psychiatry . 3 . 11. 64–70 . 20877520 . 2945843 .
  11. Shoar S. . Shoar N. . Khorgami Z. . Shahabuddin Hoseini S. . Naderan M. . 2012 . Prophylactic diet: A treatment for night eating syndrome . Hypothesis . 10 . 1. e5.
  12. O'Reardon J.P. . Stunkard A.J. . Allison K.C. . 2004 . Clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 35 . 1. 16–26 . 10.1002/eat.10224 . 14705153.
  13. Lundgren J.D. . Shapiro J.R. . Bulik C.M. . 2008 . Night eating patterns of patients with bulimia nervosa: a preliminary report . Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity . 13 . 4. 171–175 . 10.1007/bf03327503. 19169072 . 39452993 .
  14. Morse S.A. . Ciechanowski P.S. . Katon W.J. . Hirsch I.B. . 2006 . Isn't this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 29 . 8. 1800–1804 . 10.2337/dc06-0315 . 16873783. free .
  15. Gluck M.E. . Geliebter A. . Satoy T. . 2001 . Night eating syndrome is associated with depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in obese patients . Obesity Research . 9 . 4. 264–267 . 10.1038/oby.2001.31 . 11331430.
  16. Calugi S. . Grave R.D. . Marchesini G. . 2009 . Night eating syndrome in class II-III obesity: Metabolic and psychopathological features . International Journal of Obesity . 33 . 8. 899–904 . 10.1038/ijo.2009.105 . 19506562. 22424244 .
  17. Boseck J.J. . Engel S.G. . Allison K.C. . Crosby R.D. . Mitchell J.E. . de Zwaan M. . 2007 . The application of ecological momentary assessment to the study of night eating . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 40 . 3. 271–276 . 10.1002/eat.20359 . 17177212.
  18. Allison K.C. . Ahima R.S. . O'Reardon J.P. . Dinges D.F. . Sharma V. . Cummings D.E. . Stunkard A.J. . 2005 . Neuroendocrine profiles associated with energy intake, sleep, and stress in the night eating syndrome . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 9 . 11. 6214–6217 . 10.1210/jc.2005-1018 . 16131578 . free .
  19. Striegel-Moore R.H. . Franko D.L. . Thompson D. . Affenito S. . May A. . Kraemer H.C. . 2008 . Exploring the typology of night eating syndrome . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 41 . 5. 411–418 . 10.1002/eat.20514 . 18306340.
  20. De Zwaan M. . Roerig D.B. . Crosby R.D. . Karaz S. . Mitchell J.E. . 2006 . Nighttime eating: a descriptive study . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 39 . 3. 224–232 . 10.1002/eat.20246 . 16511835.
  21. Lundgren J.D. . Allison K.C. . O'Reardon J.P. . Stunkard A.J. . 2008 . A descriptive study of non-obese persons with night eating syndrome and a weight-matched comparison group . Eating Behaviors . 9 . 3. 343–351 . 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.12.004 . 18549994 . 2536488.
  22. Thompson S.H. . DeBate R.D. . 2010 . An exploratory study of the relationship between night eating syndrome and depression among college students . Journal of College Student Psychotherapy . 24 . 39–48 . 10.1080/87568220903400161. 144201491 .
  23. Sassaroli S. . Ruggiero G.M. . Vinai P. . Cardetti S. . Carpegna G. . Ferrato N. . Sampietro S. . 2009 . Daily and nightly anxiety amongst patients affected by night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder . Eating Disorders . 17 . 2. 140–145 . 10.1080/10640260802714597 . 19242843. 25666116 .
  24. Napolitano M.A. . Head S. . Babyak M.A. . Blumenthal J.A. . 2001 . Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: psychological and behavioral characteristics . International Journal of Eating Disorders . 30 . 2. 193–203 . 10.1002/eat.1072 . 11449453.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Night eating syndrome".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.