Sillitoe tartan is a distinctive chequered pattern, usually black-and-white or blue-and-white, which was originally associated with the police in Scotland. It later gained widespread use in the rest of the United Kingdom and overseas, notably in Australia and New Zealand, as well as Chicago and Pittsburgh in the United States. It is used occasionally elsewhere, including by some Spanish municipal police and in parts of Canada, where it is limited to auxiliary police services.
The Sillitoe pattern may be composed of several different colours and numbers of rows depending on local customs, but when incorporated into uniforms or vehicle livery, it serves to uniquely identify emergency services personnel to the public.
The pattern was originally used as a symbol of Scottish heraldry, appearing in the coats of arms of various families. It is claimed that the pattern originated from highland soldiers weaving white ribbons into their black helmets.[1] Later, the pattern was also used by some Scottish volunteer regiments of the 1860s and the Lovat Scouts during the early 1900s.[2]
The pattern was first adopted for police use in 1932 by Sir Percy Sillitoe, Chief Constable of the City of Glasgow Police, who required them to be used on cap bands.[3] This was in order to distinguish police from other public servants who wore similar hats. Originally white bands were used, with the black added as the bands otherwise quickly became dirty.[4]
The use of the pattern remained solely Scottish until 1961, where it was adopted by the South Australian Police. It spread to the other Australian states and territories and the wider UK in the 1970s.
Blue and white chequers have become the ubiquitous symbol of policing in Australia. The pattern was introduced into Australia by the Commissioner of the South Australia Police in 1961, following a fact-finding tour of Glasgow in 1960.[5] Committee member Sgt. W Rodgers suggested the inclusion during his time in SA Police, as he had observed during his earlier years in England. The police forces of the remaining states and territories progressively adopted the pattern during the 1970s until it was displayed on all Australian police uniforms except that of the Australian Federal Police, who use a black and white Sillitoe tartan on their cap bands.
The Australasian Centre for Policing Research (ACPR) approved a national specification for police vehicle markings in 1995 which saw all vehicles marked with a chequer band stripe running the full length of the vehicle. This was adopted by all states with the exception of New South Wales which eventually adopted the national standard in 2002.[6]
Other coloured chequered patterns may be used to denote other emergency services and particular usage varies from state to state. For example, in New South Wales the Ambulance Service uses red and white chequers on ambulances and paramedic's uniforms, while the State Emergency Service uses orange and white Sillitoe tartan. St John Ambulance uses a white and green pattern on their vehicles and operational uniforms in both South Australia and Victoria. In New South Wales the Roads & Maritime Services Traffic Emergency Patrol have adopted a yellow and purple Sillitoe tartan[7] whereas the Victorian counterpart, VicRoads have adopted a green and white variant.[8]
General law enforcement in New Zealand is the responsibility of the country's national police service. The New Zealand Police wear a blue uniform, similar in colour to those found in Australia, and share the same three-row Sillitoe tartan of blue and white. The pattern is also borne across stab vests and elsewhere. Unlike their Australian counterparts, New Zealand police vehicles do not display Sillitoe tartan markings, but instead are usually marked with Battenberg markings.
Introduced by chief constable of Glasgow Sir Percy Sillitoe in 1932, the Sillitoe tartan was an exclusively Scottish phenomenon until introduced in South Australia in 1961.[9] From 1972, within the United Kingdom, the original black and white Scottish version began to rapidly spread throughout England and Wales and it is now used by all police forces in Great Britain. It is worn on peaked caps, baseball caps and equestrian helmets; as well as the bowler hats and cravats of female officers.
Most forces use black and white chequered bands; the City of London Police uses distinctive red and white chequers. The City of London Corporation also run the Hampstead Heath Constabulary and the Billingsgate Market Constabulary (who are no longer attested as constables but retain the historic title), which also use red and white chequers.[10] [11] The Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary, who are run by the local authority, also originally used red and white chequers in line with the corporate colours of the council but they reverted to the standard type.[12]
Attested cathedral constables, employed at a number of Anglican cathedrals, have adopted a royal blue and white chequered cap band in order to distinguish them from their Home Office police colleagues.
The now defunct Royal Parks Constabulary originally wore green and white chequers, but later changed to the standard police blue and white chequers. The Royal Parks Constabulary Scotland were a separate force to their aforementioned English counterparts and they also used green and white chequers.[13]
While the Sillitoe tartan is not used in the dress uniform of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, it does appear on the force's baseball caps, motorcycle helmets and high-visibility jackets.
Blue and white chequers are also associated with the police, and may be used on vehicles and signage. Subsequent to the launching of Battenburg markings on police vehicles in the 1990s, the police introduced retro-reflective versions of the Sillitoe tartan markings to their uniforms, usually in blue and white, rather than the blue and yellow used on vehicles.
Many police forces have a sky blue and white Sillitoe tartan hatband as part of their PCSOs uniform. This is as a result of moves by the trade union Unison to develop a national law enforcement uniform within the UK.
As a result of this the blue and white Sillitoe tartan has been taken up by a number of municipal organisations, including the London Borough of Newham Law Enforcement and Nottingham City Council Community Protection, who are accredited under the Community Safety Accreditation Scheme.
It is also being taken on by a number of private security organisations (most notably Canary Wharf Security) to project the attributes of public law enforcement.
Only a few police forces in the US have adopted the chequered pattern: the Chicago Police Department, Cook County Sheriff's Police and Brookfield Police in Illinois, Forest Park Police and Evergreen Park Police in Illinois, Hillside Police in Illinois, the Washington, D.C. police, and the Pittsburgh Police. U.S. police departments prefer to use a two-row pattern, instead of the three-row pattern common in Europe and Australasia. Many other departments in the United States and Canada, while lacking the tartan on their cap bands, have begun using two-row reflective versions as part of the design on high-visibility outer garments and vests.
Blue and white Sillitoe tartan is used by the several local Spanish police forces. Both the Toledo and Mijas local Spanish; Castilian: policia use a three-tiered version on vehicles in a fashion very similar to Australian police vehicles.[19] [20] [21] The Ajuntament de Sóller and Barcelona (Guàrdia Urbana) local Policía both use two-tiered blue and white versions.[22] [23]
The usage of Sillitoe tartan is typically rare in Canada (except in Quebec) and is usually limited to auxiliary police services. For example, the Toronto Police Auxiliary wear a red and black chequered band on their caps.
A two-row Chicago-style Sillitoe tartan is borne on the high-visibility vests of the Vancouver Police, Metro Vancouver Transit Police, and other municipal police forces in the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver Island (along the edges of the horizontal and vertical reflective strips),[24] but not on their high-visibility jackets nor other uniforms. The Surrey Police Service use a three-row tartan on their vests and emblem.[25]
Most of the Quebec police forces use blue-and-white Sillitoe Tartan on their reflective jackets, which feature a similar design to those in the UK. In addition, some EMS vehicles used by the Québec Urgences-santé/Health Emergencies use Sillitoe Tartan markings on the sides.
The Hong Kong Police Force use, to a limited extent, both two and three-tiered blue and white Sillitoe tartan schemes (Battenburg markings) on traffic vehicles. This pattern appears to be similar to the Australian style of police markings.[26] [27]
Used by some states's Military Polices, including the Military Police of the Federal District,[28] the Military Police of Rio Grande do Norte,[29] the Military Police of Pará,[30] and some Municipal Guards.[31] [32]
The Royal Brunei Police Force use blue and white Sillitoe tartan on various police vehicles but not on uniforms.[33] [34]
The duty uniforms of the Denmark Politi (Police) feature reflective black and white Sillitoe tartan stripes on the uniform jackets and pants.[35]
The Icelandic Police wear a black-and-white Sillitoe tartan Pattern on shirt and trouser cuffs, lower hems of jackets and on the base of side hats and baseball caps. A blue and yellow pattern is applied as a reflective marking to the lower part of patrol cars as well.
The Traffic Corps of Indonesian National Police use blue and white Sillitoe tartan markings on uniforms[36] and traffic vehicles.
The Royal Malaysia Police use a gold and blue Sillitoe tartan on some patrol vehicles and full pattern on some tow trucks, but not on motorbikes, uniforms, or insignia.[37] [38]
The Guardia Nacional uses black and white Sillitoe tartan markings on all of their fleets, but they are not used on uniforms.[39]
The plan for a national uniform for local municipal enforcement officers contains the Sillitoe tartan patterns on the cap and shirts, sweaters and jackets on a uniform similar to that of the Spanish local police.
The different emergency units of Norway can be distinguished by the colour scheme of the Sillitoe tartan, where the chequer pattern alternates between a colour and reflective white squares.
The Durban Metro Police use the same blue and white Sillitoe tartan pattern as Australia on their vehicles, unlike the police vehicles of other cities in South Africa.
