Shot put explained

Event:	Shot put
Wrmen:	Ryan Crouser (2023)
Ormen:	Ryan Crouser (2021)
Crmen:	Ryan Crouser (2023)
Icrmen:	Ryan Crouser (2024)
Orwomen:	Ilona Slupianek (1980)
Crwomen:	Natalya Lisovskaya (1987) Valerie Adams (2011)
Icrwomen:	Valerie Adams (2014)

The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (throwing) a heavy spherical ball—the shot—as far as possible. For men, the sport has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival (1896), and women's competition began in 1948.

History

Homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the siege of Troy but there is no record of any weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to approximately the first century.^[1] In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.^[2]

The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs. Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866.^[3]

Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135m (07.005feet) in diameter, with a "toe board" or "stop board" 10cm (00inches) high at the front of the circle. The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the nearest mark made on the ground by the falling shot, with distances rounded down to the nearest centimetre under IAAF and WMA rules.

Legal throws

The following rules (indoor and outdoor) must be adhered to for a legal throw:

• Upon calling the athlete's name, the athlete may choose any part of the throwing circle to enter inside. They have thirty seconds to commence the throwing motion; otherwise it counts as a forfeit for the current round.
• The athlete may not wear gloves; IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers.
• The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion.
• The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand.
• The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or toe board, but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or toe board, or the ground beyond the circle. Limbs may, however, extend over the lines of the circle in the air.
• The shot must land in the throwing sector, which is a circular sector of 34.92° centered on the throwing circle. The throwing sector has been narrowed multiple times over the years to improve safety, most recently in 2004 from 40°. The current throwing sector angle (34.92°) was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).^[4]
• The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back half.

Foul throws occur when an athlete:

• Does not pause within the circle before beginning the putting motion.
• Does not complete the putting movement initiated within thirty seconds of having their name called.
• Allows the shot to drop below their shoulder or outside the vertical plane of their shoulder during the put.

At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck then it is technically an illegal put.

• During the putting motion, touches with any part of the body (including shoes):
  • the top or ends of the toe board
  • the top of the iron ring
  • anywhere outside the circle.
• Puts a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact.
• Leaves the circle before the shot has landed.
• Does not leave from the rear half of the circle.

Regulation misconceptions

The following are either obsolete or non-existent, but commonly believed rules for professional competition:

• The athlete must enter the circle from the back (no rule books contain such a clause).
• The athlete entering the circle, then exiting and re-entering it before starting the throw results in a foul (all rule books allow athletes to leave a circle before starting a throw, but this still counts within the 30 second time limit; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book).
• Loose clothing, shoelaces, or long hair touching outside the circle during a throw, or an athlete bringing a towel into the circle and then throwing it out before the put, results in a foul.

Competition

Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships.

Each of these competitions in the modern era have a set number of rounds of throws. Typically there are three qualification rounds to determine qualification for the final. There are then three preliminary rounds in the final with the top eight competitors receiving a further three throws. Each competitor in the final is credited with their longest throw, regardless of whether it was achieved in the preliminary or final three rounds. The competitor with the longest legal put is declared the winner.

Weight

In open competitions the men's shot weighs 7.26kg (16.01lb), and the women's shot weighs 4kg (09lb). Junior, school, and masters competitions often use different weights of shots, typically below the weights of those used in open competitions; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used.

Putting styles

Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of slightly less than forty-five degrees.^[5]

Glide

The origin of this technique dates to 1951, when Parry O'Brien from the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. Unlike spin, this technique is a linear movement.^[6]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle. They would typically adopt a specific type of crouch, involving their bent right leg, in order to begin the throw from a more beneficial posture whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles. The positioning of their bodyweight over their bent leg, which pushes upwards with equal force, generates a preparatory isometric press. The force generated by this press will be channelled into the subsequent throw making it more powerful. To initiate the throw they kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name 'glide'.

Spin

This is also known as the rotational technique.^[7] It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950s but did not receive much attention until the 1970s.^[8] In 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.^{[9] [10]} The spin involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of 22m (72feet) with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22-meter mark.^[11]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.

When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up torque, and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles, providing extra power and momentum. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved, pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed, by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.

Until 2016, a woman had never made an Olympic final (top 8) using the spin technique. The first woman to enter a final and win a medal at the Olympics was Anita Márton.^{[12] [8]}

Ryan Crouser, the current men's world record holder, added an additional move, the "Crouser Slide", to his spin technique. He used this technique to set the world record at the Los Angeles Grand Prix in 2023.^[13]

Usage

Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide. Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin,^[14] he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method (for example he became the first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years).

The world record and the next six best male results (23.37, 23.30, 23.15, and 23.12 by Ryan Crouser, 23.23 by Joe Kovacs, and 23.12 and 23.10 by Randy Barnes) were completed with the spin technique, while the eighth-best all-time put of by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique.

The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.

Types of shot

The shot is made of different kinds of materials depending on its intended use. Materials used include sand, iron, cast iron, solid steel, stainless steel, brass, and synthetic materials like polyvinyl. Some metals are more dense than others, making the size of the shot vary. For example, different materials are used to make indoor and outdoor shot – because damage to surroundings must be taken into account – so the latter are smaller. There are various size and weight standards for the implement that depend on the age and gender of the competitors as well as the national customs of the governing body.

World records

See main article: Men's shot put world record progression and Women's shot put world record progression.

The current world record holders are:^[15]

Type	Athlete	Mark	Date	Place
Men
Outdoor	Ryan Crouser		27 May 2023	Los Angeles, USA
Indoor	Ryan Crouser		24 January 2021	Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
Women
Outdoor	Natalya Lisovskaya		7 June 1987	Moscow, USSR
Indoor	Helena Fibingerová		19 February 1977	Jablonec, CZE

Continental records

The current records held on each continent are:^{[16] [17]}

Area	Men's			Women's
	Mark	Athlete	Nation	Mark	Athlete	Nation
Africa		Janus Robberts			Vivian Chukwuemeka
Asia		Tajinderpal Singh Toor			Meisu Li
Europe		Ulf Timmermann			Natalya Lisovskaya
North and Central America, and Caribbean		Ryan Crouser			Belsy Laza
Oceania		Tomas Walsh			Valerie Adams
South America		Darlan Romani

All-time top 25

Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 distances and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for an athlete in the top 25 distances
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 distances, by a repeat athlete
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 distances

Men (outdoor)

• Correct as of August 2024.^{[18] [19]}

		Mark	Technique	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place
1	1		spin			27 May 2023	Los Angeles	^[20]
	2			Crouser #2		19 August 2023	Budapest	^[21]
	3			Crouser #3		18 June 2021	Eugene	^[22]
	4			Crouser #4		5 August 2021
2	5		spin	Joe Kovacs		7 September 2022	Zürich	^[23]
	6			Crouser #5		21 August 2021
	7			Kovacs #2		25 May 2024	Eugene	^[24]
3	8		spin			20 May 1990
	8			Crouser #6		24 June 2022	Eugene	^[25]
	10			Barnes #2		26 May 1990	San Jose
	11			Crouser #7		23 July 2023	London	^[26]
4	12		glide	Ulf Timmermann		22 May 1988	Chania
	13			Crouser #8		28 May 2022		^[27]
	14			Crouser #9		22 May 2021	Tucson
5	15		spin	Leonardo Fabbri		15 May 2024		^[28]
	16			Crouser #10		17 July 2022	Eugene	^[29]
	17			Kovacs #3		17 September 2023	Eugene	^[30]
		Kovacs #4		18 May 2024		Los Angeles	^[31]
	19			Crouser #11		18 June 2021	Eugene
6	20		glide	Alessandro Andrei		12 August 1987
	20			Kovacs #5		5 October 2019		^[32]
				Crouser #12		18 July 2020	Marietta
				Crouser #13		17 September 2023	Eugene
	24			Crouser #14		5 October 2019
				Crouser #15		3 August 2024		^[33]
7	24		spin			5 October 2019
8			spin	Brian Oldfield		10 May 1975	El Paso
9			glide	Werner Günthör		23 August 1988	Bern
10			spin			19 April 2003
11			glide			20 August 1986
12			spin			30 June 2019		^[34]
13			spin	Payton Otterdahl		24 April 2024	Des Moines	^[35]
14			spin	Christian Cantwell		5 June 2004	Gresham
15			glide	John Brenner		26 April 1987	Walnut
16			spin	Adam Nelson		18 May 2002	Portland
17			spin			31 August 2017		^[36]
			spin	Zane Weir		3 September 2023	Padua	^[37]
19			spin			3 August 2007
20			spin			28 July 2019		^[38]
21			spin	Josh Awotunde		17 July 2022	Eugene
22			spin	Ryan Whiting		10 May 2013	Doha
23			spin	Konrad Bukowiecki		14 September 2019	Chorzów	^[39]
24			glide	Sergey Smirnov		21 June 1986	Tallinn
25			spin	Bob Bertemes		4 August 2019	Luxembourg City	^[40]
			spin			22 July 2023	Madrid	^[41]

Notable throws and series

• Ryan Crouser threw 23.12 in Eugene, Oregon on 24 June 2022. 23.01, 23.11 and 22.98 (ancillary throws) were recorded for his remaining attempts. This was the first time the 23-metre barrier has been broken more than once in a series.^[25]
• Crouser also threw a series of 23.23, 23.31, 22.94, 23.56, 22.80 and 22.86 in Los Angeles, California on 27 May 2023 to break again the 23-metre mark three times in a series.^[20]

Women (outdoor)

• Correct as of April 2022.^{[42] [43]}

		Mark	Technique	Athlete	Nation	Date	Place
1	1		glide			7 June 1987
	2			Lisovskaya #2		7 June 1987
	3			Lisovskaya #3		5 July 1988
	4			Lisovskaya #4		27 May 1984
	Lisovskaya #5			14 August 1988
2	6		glide			11 May 1980
	7			Slupianek #2		24 July 1980
	8			Slupianek #3		3 June 1983
	9			Slupianek #4		25 May 1980
	10			Slupianek #5		2 May 1980
	11			Slupianek #6		7 May 1980
	Slupianek #7			18 July 1980
3	13		glide			20 August 1977
	14			Lisovskaya #6		1 October 1988
	15			Slupianek #8		13 July 1980
4	16		glide			23 August 1987
	17			Slupianek #9		29 April 1980
	18			Lisovskaya #7		6 August 1988
	19			Slupianek #10		28 May 1980
	Slupianek #11			31 May 1980
	21			Slupianek #12		4 July 1979
	Slupianek #13			29 July 1979
	23			Fibingerová #2		26 September 1976
	24			Slupianek #14		17 July 1979
	25			Fibingerová #3		8 June 1977
	Lisovskaya #8			16 August 1984
	Lisovskaya #9			28 August 1988
5			glide			4 July 1976
6			glide			23 June 1979
7			glide			23 April 1988
8			glide			21 May 1988
9			glide			20 August 1998
10			glide			9 June 1990
11			glide			21 August 1982
12			glide			28 May 1978
13			glide			16 May 1988
14			glide			20 June 1984
15			glide			27 June 1990
16			glide			26 August 2000
17			glide			29 September 1973
18			glide			17 June 1977
19			glide			24 July 1980
20			glide			16 May 1988
21			glide			26 June 1982
22			glide			29 August 2011
23			glide			5 August 1995
24			glide			5 September 1987
25			glide			24 May 1984

Men (indoor)

• Correct as of February 2024.^[44]

Rank	Mark	Athlete	Date	Place	Ref
1			24 January 2021
2			20 January 1989
3			11 February 1989
4			19 March 2022
5			15 February 2008
6			11 February 2024	Liévin	^[45]
7			3 March 2018	Birmingham
8			8 February 1987	Magglingen
9			23 February 2014	Albuquerque
10			22 February 2008
11			6 February 2018	Düsseldorf	^[46]
12			23 February 2024		^[47]
13			10 March 2006
14			7 February 2000
15			3 March 2023		^[48]
16			13 February 2021
17			8 February 1974	Inglewood
18			15 February 2018
19			19 February 2023	Kirchberg
20			9 March 2012	Istanbul
21			13 February 2021	Lubbock
22			27 February 2020
			3 March 2023
24			21 February 1991
			26 February 2005
			12 February 2021

Notes

Below is a list of all other throws equal or superior to 22.42 m:

• Ryan Crouser also threw 22.80 (2024), 22.77 (2024), 22.70 (2021), 22.66 (2021), 22.65 (2021), 22.60 (2020), 22.58 (2020, 2023), 22.48 (2021), 22.43 (2021) and 22.42 (2023).
• Randy Barnes also threw 22.66 (1989).
• Ulf Timmermann also threw 22.55 (1989).

Ryan Crouser threw 23.38, a possible world record, in Pocatello, Idaho on 18 February 2023. But this result was unratifiable because the throwing circle was too wide and raised above ground level.^[49]

Women (indoor)

• Correct as of May 2022.^[50]

Rank	Mark	Athlete	Date	Place	Ref
1			19 February 1977
2			7 February 1987
3			28 December 1991
4			24 January 1979
5			4 February 1986
6			24 February 1985
			24 January 1987
8			26 February 1978
9			18 February 1999
10			3 March 1990
11			25 March 1988
12			19 February 1977
			8 February 1984
14			4 August 1983
15			28 August 2013
16			3 February 1988
17			25 January 1987
18			14 February 1976
19			7 February 1987
20			21 February 1982
21			22 February 2004
22			11 February 1988
23			27 February 1982
24			22 January 1999
25			9 March 1974

Annulled

The following athletes had their performance (inside 21.50 m) annulled due to doping offences:

• Nadzeya Ostapchuk 21.70 (2010)

Olympic medalists

Women

World Championship medalists

Women

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

Women

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

• Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

Men

Year	Mark	Athlete	Place
1964			Los Angeles
1965			College Station
1966			Los Angeles
1967			College Station
1968			Walnut
1969			Eugene
			Budapest
1970			Berkeley
1971			Moscow
1972			Potsdam
1973			San Jose
1974			Moscow
1975			El Paso
1976			El Paso
1977			Düsseldorf
1978			Gothenburg
1979			Linz
1980			Erfurt
1981			Modesto
1982			Koblenz
1983			Los Angeles
1984			San Jose
1985			Berlin
1986			Berlin
1987			Viareggio
1988			Hania
1989			Los Angeles
1990			Westwood
1991			Oslo
1992			Los Gatos
1993			Linz
1994			New York City
1995			Knoxville
1996			Rüdlingen
1997			Indianapolis
1998			Walnut
1999			Eugene
2000			Sacramento
2001			Eugene
2002			Gresham
2003			Lawrence
2004			Gresham
2005			Carson
2006			Gateshead
2007			London
2008			Fayetteville
2009			Zagreb
2010			Eugene
2011			Calgary
2012			Champaign
2013			Doha
2014			Albuquerque
2015			Monaco
2016			Rio de Janeiro
2017			Sacramento
2018			Auckland
2019			Doha
2020			Marietta
2021			Eugene
2022			Zürich
2023			Los Angeles
2024			Eugene

Women

Year	Mark	Athlete	Place
1964			Minsk
1965			Kassel
1966			Auckland
1967			Karl-Marx-Stadt
1968			Mexico City
1969			Athens
1970			Erfurt
1971			Moscow
1972			Munich
1973			Varna
1974			Gottwaldov
1975			Berlin
1976			Opava
1977			Jablonec
1978			Berlin
1979			Potsdam
1980			Potsdam
1981			Potsdam
1982			Potsdam
1983			Berlin
1984			Sochi
1985			Erfurt
1986			Tallinn
1987			Moscow
1988			Tallinn
1989			Prague
1990			Beijing
1991			Simferopol
1992			Barcelona
1993			Moscow
1994			Beijing
1995			Gothenburg
1996			Duisburg
1997			Hamburg
1998			Budapest
1999			Moscow
2000			Moscow
2001			Tula
2002			Munich
2003			Tula
2004			Tula
2005			Minsk
2006			Christchurch
2007			Osaka
2008			Grodno
2009			Thessaloniki
2010			Split
2011			Daegu
2012			Lucerne
2013			Zürich
2014			Sopot
2015			Beijing
2016			Rio de Janeiro
2017			Böhmenkirch
2018			Guiyang
2019			Zürich
2020			Beijing
2021			Tokyo
2022			Eugene
2023			Eugene
2024			Fleetwood

See also

• Masters shot put
• Pundo
• Stone put
• 20 metre club

External links

• IAAF shot put homepage
• IAAF list of shot-put records in XML

Notes and References

1. Book: Colin White. Projectile Dynamics in Sport: Principles and Applications. 6 July 2011. 31 December 2009. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-415-47331-6. 131–.
2. Web site: Hammer Throw. IAAF. 12 September 2015.
3. http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9444.html Shot Put – Introduction
4. Web site: Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events . . 2022-03-19 . USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest . The shot, discus, hammer & weight throw sector is 34.92º. This angle was chosen due to its simple geometry..
5. Web site: Biomechanical Problem of Shot Putting Finally Solved.
6. Web site: Follow These Directions for the Glide Technique in Shot Put.
7. Web site: Rotational vs. Glide Revisited – Comparing Shot Techniques [ARTICLE] | the Track & Field / Cross Country Coaches Insider . 2018-05-09 . 2018-05-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115129/http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html . dead .
8. Web site: Shot Put Spin and Glide Technique Comparison. 2013-09-17.
9. http://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/hronograf-22508 Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru (in Russian)
10. http://www.atlant.ru/sport/articles/sport_star/1102003022816/index.php Aleksandr Baryshnikov, Athlete from Russia (in Russian)
11. http://www.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/28.htm Григорий РУДЕРМАН (Израиль), заслуженный тренер России «Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития.»
12. Web site: High School Shot Put: Glide or Spin? . Louisiana Track and Field Coaches Association . 2022-11-11 . 2009.
13. Web site: 2023-05-28 . History's best shot putter smashes world record with new technique at L.A. Grand Prix . 2023-06-29 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
14. Playboy Poland 8/2012, page 44,45
15. Web site: 24 January 2021. Ryan Crouser breaks world indoor shot put record with 2 best throws in history.
16. Web site: Men's Outdoor Shot Put Records . worldathletics.org . . 20 May 2021.
17. Web site: Women's Outdoor Shot Put Records . worldathletics.org . . 20 May 2021.
18. Web site: Shot Put Men Senior Outdoor. IAAF. 6 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
19. Web site: All-time men's best Shot Put. alltime-athletics.com. 6 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
20. Web site: FLASH: Crouser breaks world shot put record with 23.56m in Los Angeles REPORT World Athletics . 2023-05-27 . worldathletics.org.
21. Web site: 2023-08-19 . Crouser retains shot put title at worlds after nearly staying home due to blood clots . 2023-08-21 . AP News . en.
22. Web site: Crouser smashes world shot put record with 23.37m in Eugene REPORT World Athletics . 2021-06-19 . www.worldathletics.org.
23. News: Kovacs throws 23.23m in superb shot put showdown on Sechselautenplatz. World Athletics. Jess Whittington. 7 September 2022. 16 September 2022.
24. Web site: Shot Put Result. swisstiming.com. 25 May 2024. 28 May 2024.
25. News: Kerley cruises to speedy 100m triumph at US Championships. World Athletics. Karen Rosen. 25 June 2022. 28 June 2022.
26. Web site: Shot Put Results. sportresult.com. 23 July 2023. 23 July 2023.
27. News: Norman reigns in fierce 400m clash with record run in Eugene. World Athletics. Cathal Dennehy. 29 May 2022. 15 June 2022.
28. Web site: Furlani jumps world U20 record, Fabbri throws 22.95m in Savona. World Athletics. 15 May 2024. 18 May 2024.
29. Web site: Men's Shot Put Final Results. World Athletics. 17 July 2022. 19 July 2022.
30. Web site: Tsegay smashes world 5000m record and Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Eugene REPORT World Athletics . 2023-09-18 . worldathletics.org.
31. Web site: Shot Put Results. Word Athletics. 20 May 2024.
32. Web site: Shot Put Results. IAAF. 5 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
33. Web site: Men's Shot Put Final Results. olympics.com. 3 August 2024. 8 August 2024.
34. News: Romani takes surprise shot put win in Stanford – IAAF Diamond League. IAAF. Brian Russell. 1 July 2019. 18 July 2019.
35. Web site: Otterdahl, Ramsey Team Up to Win Drake Relays Shot Put Showcase. godrakebulldogs.com. 24 April 2024. 25 April 2024.
36. News: Hill hits the shot put jackpot in Brussels' Place de la Monnaie – IAAF Diamond League. IAAF. Mike Rowbottom. 31 August 2017. 2 September 2017.
37. Web site: Weir blasts a lifetime best of 22.44m for victory in Padua. European Athletics. 4 September 2023. 3 January 2023.
38. News: Haratyk smashes Polish shot put record with 22.32m in Warsaw. European Athletics. 28 July 2019. 6 August 2019.
39. News: Bukowiecki improves to 22.25m in Chorzow. IAAF. Bob Ramsak. 14 September 2019. 1 October 2019.
40. News: Cessange -Luxembourg- (Luxembourg), 3–4.8.2019 -Mémorial J.-P. Kops & J.-M. Reuter-. trackinsun.blogspot.com. 4 August 2019. 1 October 2019. 1 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001222749/https://trackinsun.blogspot.com/2019/08/cessange-luxembourg-luxembourg-3-482019_4.html. dead.
41. News: Rajindra Campbell breaks national Shot Put record. The Gleaner. 22 July 2023. 25 August 2023.
42. Web site: Shot Put Women Senior Outdoor. IAAF. 6 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
43. Web site: All-time women's best Shot Put. alltime-athletics.com. 30 August 2019. 6 October 2019.
44. Web site: Shot Put - men - senior - indoor . . 20 April 2022.
45. Web site: Mulkeen . Jon . 10 February 2024 . Tsegay, Girma and Holloway threaten world indoor records in Lievin . 11 February 2024 . World Athletics.
46. Web site: Shot Put Results. sportresult.com. 6 February 2018. 8 February 2018.
47. Web site: Charlton threatens world record in Madrid. World Athletics. Jon Mulkeen. 23 February 2024. 24 February 2024.
48. Web site: Shot Put Final Results. European Athletics. 3 March 2023. 3 March 2023. 4 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230304063959/https://istanbul23results.european-athletics.com/resIST2023/pdf/IST2023/ATH/IST2023_ATH_C73S_ATHMSHOTPUT-----------FNL---------.pdf. dead.
49. News: Lindstrom . Sieg . 12 April 2023 . No April Fools' Gag — Crouser's 76-8½ Nixed . Track&Field News . 18 April 2023.
50. Web site: Shot Put - women - senior - indoor . . 25 April 2022.