Mondo film is a subgenre of exploitive documentary films. Many mondo films are made in a way to resemble a pseudo-documentary and usually depicting sensational topics, scenes, or situations. Common traits of mondo films include portrayals of foreign cultures (which have drawn accusations of ethnocentrism or racism),[1] an emphasis on taboo subjects such as death and sex, and staged sequences presented as genuine documentary footage. Over time, the films have placed increasing emphasis on footage of the dead and dying (both real and fake).[2]
The term Italian: mondo is derived from the Italian word for . The term shockumentary is also used to describe the genre.
Mondo films began to soar in popularity in the 1960s with the releases of Mondo Cane (1962), Women of the World (1963) and Africa Addio (1966). The genre arguably reached its peak with Faces of Death (1978), a film that inspired a myriad of imitators, such as Banned from Television, Death Scenes, and the Traces of Death and Faces of Gore series.
Although earlier films such as Alessandro Blasetti's (Europe By Night, 1959) and (World By Night, 1961) may be considered examples of the genre,[3] the origins of the mondo documentary are generally traced to the 1962 Italian film Mondo Cane (A Dog's World—a mild Italian profanity) by Paolo Cavara, Gualtiero Jacopetti and Franco Prosperi which was a commercial success.[4] [5] [6]
Documentary films imitating Mondo Cane in the 1960s often included the term Italian: mondo in their titles, even if they were in English; examples include Mondo Bizarro, Mondo Daytona, Mondo Mod, Mondo Infame and Mondo Hollywood.[7] Films outside the genre followed suit: Mondo Trasho, Mondo Weirdo: A Trip to Paranoia Paradise, Mondo Keyhole[8] and Mondo Brutale (a German release of Wes Craven's The Last House on the Left[9]) title themselves mondo, although none are mondo documentaries. Later in the decade, this naming convention began to fall out of favour and fewer mondo films identified themselves as such in their titles.[7] The War Game, a 1965 British film depicting conditions before and after a nuclear attack on England, would not see public broadcast for twenty years.
Filmmakers wanted to top each other in shock value to attract audiences. Cruelty to animals, accidents, tribal-initiation rites and surgeries are features of a typical mondo. Much of the action is staged, although the filmmakers may claim their goal is to document "reality". Subjects of mondo films include sex (Mondo Sex and Mondo Sexualis USA); celebrities (Mondo Elvis and Mondo Lugosi); youth culture (Mondo Teeno) and the gay subculture (Mondo Rocco).
Russ Meyer's film Mondo Topless was one of the few "documentaries" restricted to the old midnight movie circuit in the pre-VCR era; it explored strip clubs in 1960s San Francisco, at a time when strip clubs were a novelty in the United States, restricted to centers of port-city decadence (such as San Francisco). Other examples of this genre include Mondo New York by Harvey Keith, Mondo di Notte by Gianni Proia and Mondo Balordo by Roberto Bianchi Montero.
The 1980s saw a resurgence of mondo movies focusing almost exclusively on (onscreen) death, instead of world cultures. The Faces of Death series is a notable example of this type of mondo (or "death") movie. The producers used fake footage (passed off as real), but some of the footage was legitimate (including scenes of autopsies, suicides and accidents).
The rare 1985 film Mondo Senza Veli ("World Without Veils or Mondo Fresh") was purported by viewers to feature at its end the brutal execution of a young Arab rapist by public rectal impalement. This episode was, however, believed to have been a staged execution by some viewers.
Mondo films in the 21st century feature gore, exemplified by the Faces of Gore and Traces of Death series. There is less fake footage, and many use news footage of accidents from East Asia.
The late 2010s saw another resurgence, beginning with the Bootleg Death Tape series and Faces of Dying series from filmmaker Dustin Ferguson, which both involved various independent Directors from around the world.
A number of films have parodied the genre. Examples include Ricardo Fratelli's Mondo Ford, Mr. Mike's Mondo Video by Saturday Night Lives Michael O'Donoghue, and Is There Sex After Death? by Jeanne and Alan Abel. Mondo Beyondo spoofed the films' approach to titling, but was a parody of satellite television.[10] The Italian cannibal film is arguably an offshoot of the mondo film.[8]
The original mondo film series was the Mondo Cane series by Gualtiero Jacopetti, Paolo Cavara, and Franco Prosperi. When this type of film proved successful, many imitators followed.
| Title | Year | Country | Director and screenplay | Music | Uncut run time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mondo Cane | 1962 | Italy | Gualtiero Jacopetti Paolo Cavara Franco E. Prosperi | Riz Ortolani | 108 minutes | R-rated run time 85 minutes |
| La donna nel mondo | 1963 | Riz Ortolani Nino Oliviero | 107 minutes | a.k.a. Women of the World | ||
| Mondo Cane 2 | 1963 | Gualtiero Jacopetti Franco Prosperi | Nino Oliviero | 95 minutes | R-rated run time 76 minutes; a.k.a.Mondo Pazzo | |
| Africa Addio | 1966 | Riz Ortolani | 139 minutes | Unrated English version 128 minutes; R-rated version 80 minutes | ||
| Addio Zio Tom | 1971 | 136 minutes | Unrated English version 123 minutes; a.k.a.Goodbye Uncle Tom |
The pair's Mondo candido (1975) is not a mondo film; the title was imposed on them by the studio, who wished to cash in on their earlier successes. The film is a retelling of Voltaire's novel, Candide.
In the late 1980s, Stelvio Massi (a.k.a. Max Steele) made two spinoffs of the original Mondo Cane series, known as Mondo Cane 3 and Mondo Cane 4 on video.
| Title | Year | Country | Director and cinematography | Screenplay | Uncut run time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mondo cane oggi - L'orrore continua | 1986 | Italy | Stelvio Massi | Stelvio Massi | 78 minutes | a.k.a. Mondo Cane 3 |
| Mondo cane 2000 - L'incredibile | 1988 | G. Crisanti | 73 minutes | a.k.a. Mondo Cane 4 |
In 1969, brothers Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni began to make a series of their own mondo films until the early 1980s. They made five films in all, tying Jacopetti and Prosperi as the most prolific mondo film producers. Each film examines brutal and bizarre behavior on the African continent. Their films are considered some of the most graphic mondo films ever made.[11]
| Title | Year | Country | Directors | Music | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa segreta | 1969 | Italy | Angelo Francesco Lavagnino | a.k.a. Secret Africa; uncut run time 103 min | |
| Africa ama | 1971 | a.k.a. Africa Uncensored | |||
| Magia nuda | 1975 | Ciro Dammicco (credited as Zacar) | a.k.a. Mondo Magic | ||
| Addio ultimo uomo | 1978 | Franco Godi | a.k.a. The Last Savage | ||
| Africa dolce e selvaggia | 1982 | a.k.a. Shocking Africa |
Antonio Climati, cinematographer to Prosperi and Jacopetti in many mondo films, joined Mario Morra in 1974 to produce their own string of mondo films, known as the "Savage Trilogy". Prosperi also produced the films. Climati and Morra were known for staging scenes.
| Titl | Country | Director and screenplay | Music | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultime grida dalla savana | 1975 | Italy | Carlo Savina | a.k.a. Savage Man Savage Beast; uncut run time 94 min | |
| Savana violenta | 1976 | a.k.a. This Violent World | |||
| Dolce e selvaggio | 1983 | Daniele Patucchi | a.k.a. Sweet and Savage |
The 1978 Faces of Death popularized a mondo style known as "death films", which depicted humans or animals dying in graphic ways.
| Title | Year | Director | Screenplay | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Faces of Death Series | 1978–1996 | John Alan Schwartz | John Alan Schwartz | Six parts |
| The Worst of Faces of Death | 1987 | Compilation of first three Faces of Death films | ||
| Faces of Death: Fact or Fiction? | 1999 | Documentary about Faces of Death |
Uwe Schier bought the rights to the Mondo Cane and Faces of Death films and released his own entries in both series, consisting largely of footage lifted from other mondo films. Faces of Death 5 draws heavily on Death Scenes; Faces of Death 6 consists almost entirely of Days of Fury and Mondo Cane IV (not to be confused with Mondo Cane 2000, l'Incredibile, Schier's Mondo Cane IV is in fact the fifth film in the series) lifts from other films (including Death Scenes and Death Faces IV).[12] In 1993, Hurricane Pictures edited a mix of scenes featured in Addio ultimo uomo and Shocking Africa, labeling it the "fifth chapter" of the saga (Teil V in German).
| Title | Year | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mondo Cane IV | 1992 | Germany | |
| Mondo Cane teil V | 1993 | a.k.a. Mondo Cane 5 | |
| Faces of Death 5 | 1995 | ||
| Faces of Death 6 | 1996 |
Several imitators followed the Faces of Death series; many used (or were composed entirely of) footage from other mondo films.
| Title | Year | Director | Screenplay | Music | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banned from Television | 1998 | Joe Francis | APM Music | Three parts; released in the US by Mantra Films. | ||
| Banned! In America | 1998–2003 | Nomo Ichi | Delta 9 | Six parts; released in the US by Brain Damage Films. | ||
| The Traces of Death series | 1993–2000 | Damon Fox | Various | Five parts | ||
| The Faces of Gore series | 1999–2000 | Todd Tjersland | Three parts | |||
| The Best of Faces of Gore | 2000 | Compilation video | ||||
| The Death Scenes series | 1989–1993 | Nick Bougas | Richard Gibson, Peter H. Gilmore | Three parts | ||
| Title | Year | Country | Director | Screenplay | Music | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mondo nudo | 1963 | Italy | Francesco De Feo | Gian Carlo Fusco Giuseppe Marotta | Teo Usuelli | a.k.a. Naked World | |
| I tabu | 1963 | Italy | Romolo Marcellini | Ugo Guerra | a.k.a. Taboos of the World | ||
| Il pelo nel mondo | 1964 | Italy | Antonio Margheriti Marco Vicario | Antonio Margheriti Marco Vicario | Bruno Nicolai Nino Oliviero | a.k.a. Go Go Go World and Weird, Wicked World | |
| Kwaheri: Vanishing Africa | 1964 | United States | Thor L. Brooks Byron Chudnow | Michael Vittes | Byron Ross | ||
| I Malamondo | 1964 | Italy | Paolo Cavara | Guido Castaldo Paolo Cavara Ugo Gregoretti Francesco Torti | Ennio Morricone | ||
| Le Schiave Esistono Ancora | 1964 | Italy | Teo Usuelli | a.k.a. Slave Trade in the World Today | |||
| Ecco | 1964 | Italy | Gianni Proia | R.W Cresse | Riz Ortolani | a.k.a. This Shocking World | |
| Mondo Balordo | 1964 | Italy | Roberto Bianchi Montero | English version narrated by Boris Karloff | |||
| L'amore primitivo | 1964 | Italy | Luigi Scattini | Lallo Gori | a.k.a. Primitive Love | ||
| Mondo Topless | 1966 | United States | Russ Meyer | The Aladdins | |||
| Mondo Freudo | 1966 | United States | Lee Frost | ||||
| Mondo Bizarro | 1966 | United States | Lee Frost | Lawrence Von Lattman | |||
| Macabro | 1966 | Italy | Romolo Marcellini | Giancarlo Del Re | |||
| The Mystery and the Pleasure | 1966 | United Kingdom | Edward Stewart Abraham | a.k.a. Our Incredible World | |||
| Mondo oscenità | 1966 | United States | Joseph P. Mawra | Ernest Franklin | a.k.a. World of Obscenity | ||
| Mondo Hollywood | 1967 | United States | Robert Carl Cohen | Mike Curb | |||
| 1968 | Italy | Luigi Scattini | Piero Umiliani | ||||
| L'altra faccia del peccato | 1969 | Italy | Marcello Avallone | Peppino De Luca | a.k.a. The Queer, the Erotic | ||
| Mille peccati... nessuna virtù | 1969 | Italy | Sergio Martino | Peppino De Luca | a.k.a. Mondo Sex | ||
| Inghilterra nuda | 1969 | Italy | Vittorio De Sisti | Pino De Martino Ettore Mattia | Piero Piccioni | a.k.a. Naked England | |
| America così nuda, così violenta | 1970 | Italy | Sergio Martino | Luciano Martino | Bruno Nicolai | a.k.a. Naked and Violent | |
| Dove non è peccato | 1970 | Italy | Antonio Colantuoni | Piero Umiliani | a.k.a. Tämä on Suomi (This is Finland) | ||
| Shocking Asia | 1974 | West Germany | Rolf Olsen | Erwin Halletz | Uncut run time 94 min. | ||
| Australia After Dark | 1975 | Australia | John D. Lamond | ||||
| Notti Porno nel Mondo | 1977 | Italy | Bruno Mattei | Gianni Marchetti | a.k.a. Mondo Erotica | ||
| This Is America | 1977 | United States | Romano Vanderbes | Emmanuel Vardi | a.k.a. Crazy Ridiculous American People (UK), Jabberwalk | ||
| Brutes and Savages | 1978 | United States | Arthur Davis | Jenny Craven | Riz Ortolani | ||
| Mr. Mike's Mondo Video | 1979 | United States | Michael O'Donoghue | Mitch Glazer | Paul Shaffer | ||
| This Is America Part 2 | 1980 | United States | Romano Vanderbes | Bill Milling | Emmanuel Vardi | ||
| Days of Fury | 1980 | United States | Fred Warshofsky | a.k.a. Doomsday | |||
| Des Morts | 1981 | Jean-Pol Ferbus Dominique Garny Thierry Zéno | Alain Pierre | a.k.a. Of the Dead; uncut run time 105 min. | |||
| Great White Death | 1981 | Jean-Patrick Lebel | Jean Sauvageau | a.k.a. Sharks! Pirates of the Deep | |||
| The Killing of America | 1982 | United States | a.k.a. Violence U.S.A. in Japan; uncut run time 90 min. | ||||
| 1985 | West Germany | Rolf Olsen | Erwin Halletz | ||||
| True Gore | 1987 | United States | M. Dixon Causey | ||||
| Mondo New York | 1988 | United States | Harvey Keith | Luis Perico Ortiz | Uncut run time 83 min. | ||
| Empire of Madness | 1989 | United States | M. Dixon Causey | a.k.a. True Gore II | |||
| Engineering Red | 1993 | United States | Russia | Andrey Yi | Andrey Yi | ||
| Mondo Ford | 2001 | United States | United States | ||||
| Man VS Man | 2004 | Italy | |||||
| Murder Collection V.1 | 2009 | United States | Fred Vogel | Don Moore Fred Vogel Shelby Vogel Jerami Cruise | |||
| Mondo Sexxxx: The Terry Kobrah Story | 2011 | United States | Logan Myers | ||||
| Mondo Delirium | 2011 | Italy | Flavio Sciolè | Uncut run time 170 min. | |||
| Made in Italy | 2012 | Italy | Jephta | ||||
| Mondomanila | 2012 | Philippines | Khavn | ||||
| Bootleg Death Tape | 2012 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Most Disturbed Person on Planet Earth | 2013 | United States | Thomas Extreme Cinemagore | ||||
| Most Disturbed Person on Planet Earth II | 2014 | United States | Thomas Extreme Cinemagore | ||||
| Occult Holocaust | 2014 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | a.k.a. Occult Predator | |||
| Faces of Dying | 2015 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Mondo Shock | 2016 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Mondo CANEvese | 2016 | Italy | |||||
| At the shadow of the tower | 2017 | Italy | |||||
| Heart of Africa | 2018 | Italy | |||||
| Most Disturbed Person On Planet Earth 3 | 2019 | United States | Thomas Extreme Cinemagore | ||||
| HollyWEIRD | 2020 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Bootleg Death Tape II | 2020 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Bootleg Death Tape III | 2020 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Faces of Dying II | 2021 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Faces of Dying III: The Final Assault | 2021 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||
| Mondo Shock 2 | 2021 | United States | Dustin Ferguson | ||||