Shinai Explained

A is a Japanese sword typically made of bamboo used for practice and competition in kendō.[1] Shinai are also used in other martial arts, but may be styled differently from kendō shinai, and represented with different characters. The light, soft wood used in a shinai distinguishes it from other wooden swords such as a bokken (木剣), which is generally made of heavier, sturdier wood.

History

The earliest use of a bamboo weapon to train with instead of a sword is credited to Kamiizumi Nobutsuna (1508–1572?) of the Shinkage-ryū. The modern shinai, with four slats of bamboo, is generally credited to Nakanishi Chuzo Tsugutate (died 1801) of Nakanishi-ha Ittō-ryū.[2] [3] The shinai was developed in an effort to reduce the number of practitioners being seriously injured during practice, making a practice weapon that was less dangerous than, the hard wooden swords they were previously using. This is also the motivation behind the development of, the armour that protects the kendoka.

Due to its lighter weight compared to a bokken or a metal katana, a shinai can be wielded in a fashion that allows quicker strikes than would be practicable with a heavier sword. This also makes shinai popular in producing movies and television shows; a prop shinai with a thin metal covering can look similar to a metal sword, while allowing cinematic, showy strikes that are nevertheless fairly safe to perform.[4]

Etymology

The word "shinai" is derived from the verb, meaning "to bend, to flex", and was originally short for shinai-take (flexible bamboo). Shinai is written with the kanji, meaning "bamboo sword", and is an irregular kanji reading.

In kendo, it is most common to use a single shinai, sometimes called ittō (一刀) style. Some kendōka choose to use two shinai. This kendō style is usually called, a style that has its roots in the two-sword schools of swordsmanship such as Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū. A ni-tō combatant uses a long shinai called the, which is usually held in the right hand, and a shorter shinai, called the, which is usually held in the left hand. The holding position can be switched, however, with the daitō in the left hand and the shōtō in the right. The daitō is shorter and lighter than a shinai used in the ittō style of kendō. Specifications for shinai used in kendō competitions that follow the International Kendo Federation (FIK) rules are below.

Construction

Sizes and style of shinai vary. For example, an adult may be able to use a shinai that is too heavy for a younger person, so shinai with different sizes and characteristics are made. Shinai are available in many styles and balances. A shinai should not be confused with a bokutō, which has a much more similar shape and length to a Japanese sword and is made from a single piece of wood. However, both shinai and bokken are used in kendo.

The slats of a shinai are usually made from dried bamboo. Some may also be treated by smoking them, or soaking them in resin. Shinai slats are also made of carbon fibre, reinforced resin, or other approved alternative materials.

The shinai comprises four slats known as, which are held together by three leather fittings: a hilt (tsuka), or handle wrapping ; a fitting at the tip and a leather strip that binds the four slats. The parts are all secured with a string .

The nakayui is tied about one-third of the length of the exposed bamboo from the tip . This holds the slats together and also marks the proper kendo striking portion of the shinai, or .

Inserted between the ends of the slats, under the saki-gawa, is a plastic plug, and under the tsuka-gawa there is a small square of metal, that holds the slats in place.

A hand-guard is then fitted on the tsuka-gawa before it ends and the bamboo slats show. This is held in place by a rubber ring .

Safety

The shinai is useful as a practice sword to simulate the weight and feel of a katana or bokken without injuring the user or the target. Upon impact the bundled slats dissipate the force of the strike by flexing/bending along the length of the blade, and expanding slightly, along its cross-sectional area (stress = force/unit area). As a result of this lack of rigidity, along with the relative innocuous nature of bamboo vs razor-sharp steel, the impacted area is less damaged and may experience only bruising, rather than life-threatening deep cuts or puncture wounds, even with strong and forceful strikes.

Proper care

A shinai must be properly taken care of or it can pose a danger to both the user and the people around it. Shinai should be inspected for splinters and breaks before and after use, and maintained in a manner considered most appropriate by one's style, dōjō, or sensei.

Many people believe that oiling and sanding a shinai prior to its first use, and then periodically during use, can greatly extend its life. However, some disagreement exists on what is considered proper shinai care.

To properly inspect a shinai, one first examines the area around the datotsu-bu, inspecting all sides of the shinai for splinters. This is very important, as bamboo splinters can easily cause injury. The saki-gawa should be intact and the tsuru should be tight so that the saki-gawa does not slip off the end of the shinai during use. In addition, the nakayui should be tight enough as not to rotate easily.

When not in use, shinai used in kendo practice should be either laid on the floor or leaned vertically against a wall. Some instructors require the base (kashira) of the handle (tsuka) on the floor and the tip (kissaki) leaning against the wall. In kendo, the shinai is treated in the same way as a edged or bladed weapon, like an actual metal sword, and competitors are trained to think of it as a dangerous instrument if misused.

When a shinai is placed on the floor, it is considered poor etiquette to step over it.

Regulations

In kendo competitions that follow the FIK rules, there are regulated weights and lengths for the use of shinai.[5]

Table A. FIK Specifications for competition use of one Shinai (Itto).! Specification! Gender! Junior High School (12–15 yrs)! Senior High School (15–18 yrs)! University students and Adults (18 yrs+)
Maximum lengthMale & Female114cm (45inches)117cm (46inches)120cm (50inches)
Minimum weightMale440g480g510g
Female400g420g440g
Minimum diameter of sakigawaMale25mm26mm26mm
Female24mm25mm25mm
Minimum length of sakigawaMale & Female50mm50mm50mm
Shinai are weighed complete with leather fittings, but without tsuba or tsuba-dome. The full length is measured. Maximum diameter of the tsuba is 9cm.
Table B. FIK Specifications for competition use of two Shinai (Nito).!Specification!Gender!Daito (long shinai)!Shoto (short shinai)
Maximum lengthMale & female114cm (45inches)62cm (24inches)
WeightMale440g minimumNaNg maximum
Female400g minimumNaNg maximum
Minimum diameter of sakigawaMale25mm24mm
Female24mm24mm
Shinai are weighed complete with leather fittings, but without tsuba or tsuba-dome. The full length is measured. Maximum diameter of the tsuba is 9cm.
Commercial Shinai Sizing
SizeLengthSizeLength
2836 in 92 cm3644 in 112 cm
3038 in 97 cm3745 in 114 cm
3240 in 102 cm3846 in 117 cm
3442 in 107 cm3947 in 120 cm

Fukuro-shinai

The ancestor of the modern kendo shinai is the, which is still in use in koryū kenjutsu. This is a length of bamboo, split multiple times on one end, and covered by a leather sleeve. This explains the name fukuro, which means bag, sack or pouch. Sometimes the older and rarer kanji tō (韜) is used, but has the same meaning as fukuro.

Some schools cover the entire bamboo in the sleeve and add a tsuba, like Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū does. In Shinkage-ryū, the sleeve is lacquered Kamakura Red, and rather than covering the entire length, is tied off at the non-split end. This particular kind of fukuro-shinai is also called a, or toad-skin shinai. The name comes from how the leather looks after lacquering; the sleeves are actually made of cow or horse-hide.

Other uses

Shinai are commonly used as a prop in professional wrestling, where they are often referred to as kendo sticks or Singapore canes.[6] Wrestlers are typically struck across the back, stomach, legs and arms, though some are struck in the head or face, sometimes depending upon the wrestling promotion where the match is taking place.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Hall, David A. . 2012 . Encyclopedia of Japanese Martial Arts . New York . . 256–67, 431 . 9781568364100.
  2. Book: Junzō Sasamori . Gordon Warner. Gordon Warner . This Is Kendo: The Art of Japanese Fencing . June 1989 . Tuttle Publishing . 978-0-8048-1607-6 . 51.
  3. Book: Thomas A. . Green . Joseph R. . Svinth . Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation . 30 June 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-59884-244-9 . 599.
  4. Book: Lowry, Dave . Dave Lowry (martial arts) . 1986 . Bokken: Art of the Japanese Sword . Ohara Publications . 21 - 27 . 978-0-89750-104-0.
  5. Book: The Regulations of Kendo Shiai and Shinpan . December 7, 2006 . . Tokyo, Japan.
    • Web site: Shinai Regulations . KENDO America.
    • Web site: The International Kendo Federation (FIK) . 1 July 2009 . Regulations for use of Shinai in competition . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719075941/http://www.kendoaustralia.asn.au/content/?page_id=89 . 2011-07-19 . The Regulations of Kendo Shiai and Shinpan . Australian Kendo Renmei.
  6. Book: Thom Loverro . The Rise & Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling . Pocket Books . 2006 . 59–60.