An academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. Specific synonyms are commonly used to denote the duration or a term. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer.
An academic year is the time during which an educational institution holds classes. An academic term is a portion of the academic year. The schedules adopted vary widely.
Semester, trimester and quarter are all synonyms for an academic term (the last two being mainly confined to American English),[1] which refer to terms of specific periods as described below:
In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that the academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system.
See also: Education in Australia. In most of Australia, the primary and secondary school year lasts about 200 days, from late January or early February to early or mid-December, and is split into four terms:
Terms 4 & 1 (rolled over) and 2 & 3 are respectively usually deemed 'summer' and 'winter' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards. Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1.[7]
The exact dates vary from year to year, as well as between states, and for public and private school. In Tasmania until and including 2012, the school year was split into three terms, the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday (which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s). However, in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four-term year, to conform to the rest of the country.[8] The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2023 Queensland will start earliest on 23 January (the only jurisdiction to begin the academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 8 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 8 February and finish latest on 21 December.[9] There is typically a break of two weeks between each term, followed by a 1-2 month summer break after term 4 which ends just before Christmas.[10] This occasionally varies in different jurisdictions/school systems (i.e. some independent schools have a break of three week between terms 1 & 2 and between terms 3 & 4). In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks.
Most Australian universities have two semesters a year, but Bond University, Deakin University, CQUniversity, Griffith University, the University of New South Wales and the University of Canberra have three trimesters. Unusually, Macquarie University officially uses the word "session" and CQUniversity uses the word "term" in place of "semester". Many universities offer an optional short summer semester.
See also: Education in Austria. The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms, the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Most schools have holidays between the national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2, but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria. Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6. The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February, in Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on the third Friday of February.
There is a one-week break between the two terms. In the second term there are the Easter holidays, the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost, Ascension and Corpus Christi. The school year ends in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June, in Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July.
See also: Education in Barbados. The Barbadian school year is fashioned after the British system, and as such, it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year.
The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September.
| Trimester | Usual months covered | Breaks after the term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2nd week of September - late October | Fall break: one week | |
| Early November - mid-December | Winter break: two to three weeks | ||
| 2 | 1st week of January - late March | Spring break: two weeks | |
| 3 | Early/mid April - late June | Summer break: nine to ten weeks, separates one school year from another |
See also: Education in Brazil. In Brazil, due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education, the academic year must have 200 days, both at schools and at universities. The school year usually begins during the first week of February. There is a 2-week/4-week long winter break in July. The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December, summer in Brazil.
Most schools use the 4 term system, called "unidades" or "bimestres" (units, bimesters), although there is a minority of schools that utilize a 3 term system instead, composed of trimesters (trimestres).
In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters (período, semestre). There are two semesters: February to June and August to December. The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters (four years) long or 10 semesters (five years) long.
See also: Education in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the kindergarten, elementary and schools follow the semester system. Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system. Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system.
Some of the universities using a two-semester system (using "Term 1" and "Term 2" designations) include: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Khulna University, Jagannath University, Jessore University of Science and Technology, International Islamic University Chittagong and Sylhet Agricultural University.[11]
Some of the universities following a trimester system (using "Spring", "Summer" and "Fall" designations) include: Northern University Bangladesh, American International University - Bangladesh, BRAC University, Daffodil International University, East West University, Fareast International University, North South University, Presidency University, Prime University, Stamford University, Military Institute of Science and Technology, University of Information Technology and Sciences, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh University of Business and Technology and United International University.
See also: Education in Belgium. In Belgium, kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30.
Schools also take breaks/holidays:
Universities and colleges in Belgium use the semester system, dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses. Universities start the first semester in the third week of September, and no 'autumn break'. Colleges start one week earlier, in the second week of September, giving them right to the 'autumn break' of one week. After 13 weeks of courses the 'Christmas break' starts (around December 20), which is used to study for the 3–4 weeks of examinations in January.
After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation, the so-called 'semestrial vacation', while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January, immediately after the examinations, which week they reclaim with the 'spring break' at the end of February, which the universities do not have. The universities start the second semester in the beginning of February.
Both universities and colleges have the 'Easter break', which again is used to study for the examinations in June. After Easter, the classes start again until the end of May, followed by four weeks of examinations in June, after which three months of vacation is given. The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June, the so-called 'first session', have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August.
In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two-month vacation, while in primary, and secondary sectors, it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters. The first of November is the start of the academic term. After the 1st semester, a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester, a 2-month vacation until the start of the new year. In universities, it is divided into 4 years.
See also: Education in Canada. Education being a provincial responsibility, there is no Canadian national standard. In Canada, the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days, depending on the jurisdiction, but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties, resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions. Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year.
Generally in English Canada, secondary schools run on a two-semester arrangement, also known as fall and spring semester, the first semester running from the day after Labour Day in September to January and the second running from February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June. The semesters are often divided into two terms each.
| Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Early September - early/mid October | Fall (Thanksgiving) break: 3 days (Thanksgiving Day weekend) | |
| 2 | Early/mid October - mid/late December | Winter (Christmas) break: approximately two weeks | |
| January | (none) | ||
| 3 | February - late March | Spring (March) break: approximately one week | |
| 4 | April - late June | Summer break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system, the first running from September to January, the second from January to March or April, and the third from March or April until June. The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools (Kindergarten – Grade 8) than in high schools (Grade 9 – Grade 12). Most of those characteristics differ in Québec, where education is, with the exception of a few school boards, given in French. By tradition, Quebec and Franco-Ontarian elementary and secondary schools arrange timetables to ensure the school year ends before June 24, date of the St-Jean-Baptiste day celebration, a traditional holiday.
Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May. Often, this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April. Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August. Some, such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University, run a full tri-semester system, providing full courses during summer. There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year-round schooling.[12] [13]
See also: Education in Chile. In elementary school, high school, as well as in universities, Chilean education is divided into two semesters. The first one starts early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December; also, some universities offer a summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses.These semesters have breaks for public festivities, such as Easter, independence commemoration (from two days to two weeks in September depending on year and place) and some public holidays like labour day, among others.
See also: Education in the People's Republic of China.
In the People's Republic of China, elementary, middle and high schools from the public education have two semesters, the first from September to January, and the second from February or March, depending on the date of Chinese New Year, to July.
Most universities and colleges in China also uses the two-semesters system, while a small portion of Chinese universities, such as Shanghai University, are experimenting with the quarter system.
From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break. Summer break is normally from July to the end of August.
In Northern China, the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter; the opposite applies in Southern China.
There are some casual holiday breaks:
In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months. It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November. There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July, and most schools also observe "Easter Week" in March or April.
See also: Education in the Czech Republic. In the elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year.
It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav (September 28), Independence day (October 28, two days break), Velvet Revolution (November 17), Christmas (9–12 days break), Spring break (1 week break), Easter (three days break on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday) and finally Labour day (May 1) and Liberation day (May 8). After the end of school year on June 30, the Summer holidays follow until September 1 when a new school year starts. Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools, which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May.
Universities have two mid-terms. The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the beginning of October. (It depends on university.)Bachelor's degree is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study. Still, there are some exceptions (e.g. medicine takes 6 years, no bachelor's degree).
See also: Education in Denmark. In schools in Denmark, the school year runs from August to June. In universities, the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30, and is often divided into an autumn semester (with January set aside for exams) and a spring semester (with June set aside for exams). Since 2004, some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters, each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week, and being separated from the next quarter by a one-week break.
See also: Education in Estonia. In Estonia, elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June. The school year is divided into trimesters (or quarters) that last about three months. Summer is usually counted as a term break, although the beginning of June is still part of the third trimester. Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June; though in reality, exam periods may continue until the end of June (e.g. University of Tartu).[14]
See also: Education in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, almost all elementary, secondary, and college classes are conducted on a two-semester timetable. The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February. The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June.
See also: Education in Finland. In the elementary and secondary schools and college, the academic year is divided in semesters. The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas. The classes continue after the Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June.
See also: Education in France. In primary and secondary schools, the school year begins the first Monday of September, unless September 1 is on Sunday. The school year is divided into three trimesters. The first from September to December, the second from January to March, and the third is from April to June.
Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6, 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each:
On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, pupils have a full day of teaching from around 8:30 a.m. until around 4:30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings, some pupils may have supplementary classes. French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays, but the so-called "four-days week" has been implemented since September 2008, reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours (above the European average of 800 hours, but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools).[15] Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11, May 8, Ascension Day, May Day on May 1, and Easter Monday.
The school year in Germany begins between late July and early September, and ends from mid-June to July, with a summer break of similar length to that in the UK (only 6 weeks) but much shorter than in some other countries (with up to 3 months). The summer vacation starts in a different week by state (there are 16 federal states including Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen). The school year includes five shorter breaks or holidays:
| Semester | Usual months covered | Corresponding break |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | August–October | Fall break: 1–2 weeks |
| November–December | Christmas break: 2 weeks | |
| January–February | Winter or Carnival break: 0–2 weeks | |
| 2 | March–April | Easter break: 2 weeks |
| April–May | Pentecost break: 0–2 weeks | |
| June–July | Summer break: 6 weeks |
Due to Germany's federal structure, all breaks may differ depending on the state. The exact dates for the beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year. This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible.
The school year is divided into two parts (September to February & February to July). There is not necessarily any break between those two parts, but pupils get a semi-year school report (it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion).
German universities run two semesters with the start and end dates depending on the university. The Wintersemester (WiSe or WS), during which most students start university, often goes from 1 October until 31 March, with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks. There is usually a two-week break around Christmas and New Year (which is not counted in the 14 weeks). The Sommersemester (SoSe or SS) consequently usually goes from 1 April until 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks. The two lecture-free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between the semesters are for taking exams, doing internships, lab courses, and employment.
The University of Mannheim changed its schedule to conform with US standards in Fall of 2006. The semesters there are now from August 1 to January 31 (Herbst-/Wintersemester) and from February 1 to July 31 ().
Fachhochschulen start both semesters one month earlier than other universities.
have four quarters, January to March and so on. In alternating quarters, the students attend the university and intern at the employer (the latter being the "Praxisphase"). The number of lessons per week is significantly higher than at normal universities (equivalent to a full-time job) and the exams cannot be during the "free time" of the year, as that time is spent in the company. Vacation is given according to labor laws, i.e. half of 20–30 days (because only half of the year is worked).
See also: Education in Guyana. The school year in Guyana usually begins in September and ends in July of the following year. It has three terms: Christmas (First), Easter (Second) and August (Third), with two to three weeks break for Christmas and Easter and 6 to 7 weeks during the August term.
The school year in Honduras runs from the first week of February to the end of November, with a one-week break during Easter, and a week break in October. Depending on the university, some do trimester and others in quarters. Breaks may vary.[16]
See also: Education in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, the academic year usually runs from September 1 to mid-July for most primary and secondary schools. For senior secondary student, they usually start their academic year from mid of August or late August. Some secondary schools have two terms, but most have three terms. For universities and other tertiary institutions the academic year usually runs from September or October to April or May, sometimes with an extra summer term roughly from May to July.
Kindergartens often operate a semester (two-term) system, divided by the lengthy (e.g. two-week) break for Chinese New Year, typically in early February.
See also: Education in Hungary. In the elementary and high schools in Hungary, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 15 of the next year, with variation if these dates fall on Saturday or Sunday. The school year (tanév) is usually split into two semesters (félév). These semesters are also divided, with some schools holding examinations each half-semester. The first semester runs from September 1 until the middle of January and is divided by the fall vacation, which is around All Saints' Day and lasts for a week. The second semester is closed at the end of the school year. It is divided by the Easter holiday, which usually consist of the weekend before Easter and the holiday itself. Apart from these vacations and national celebrations, a few schools have 'skiing holidays' (síszünet), the date of which varies from the middle of January until February, though some schools hold it in December. Its length also varies from one school to another. It is made so that the students of the school who partake in the skiing camp of the school need no verification of absence. In the last school year of secondary education, the Matura examinations (school-leaving exam and entrance exam for university admissions; similar to A-level exams in the UK) are administered from May through July.
Hungarian universities run two semesters. They are typically from the first or second week of September to the middle of December (fall semester (őszi félév)) and from February to the middle of May (spring semester (tavaszi félév)). Both semesters are followed by an examination period. During the winter exam period, a break of 1–2 weeks is administered between Christmas and the beginning of the new year. In addition to the break between the semesters in summer, there is typically a break including Christmas and New Year. Some universities also have a fall and an Easter vacation.
In elementary and secondary schools, the academic year in some part is April to March and others June to May. The summer vacations start from the beginning of May and last up to the middle or end of June. There is also a winter vacation of 1–2 weeks at the beginning of the year. However, in the Eastern and southern states like West Bengal and Karnataka there will be two breaks, one for Dussehra or Diwali in October which ranges from 7 to 15 days and another for Christmas and New Year in late December and early January which ranges from 7 to 15 days. The entire academic year lasts for around 30 weeks.
A semester system is being implemented in most of the universities in India as directed by the University Grants Commission. In universities the academic year is from July to May. There is a mid-year break during summer, usually from the end of May to the start of July. Some universities also have an autumn break or Diwali break around October/November. This is generally right before the second semester exam in November or in the middle of the second semester.
All students move from old to the new academic year after the completion of the final examinations for the previous year with a small break of 1–3 weeks for compilation of results.
See also: Education in Indonesia. An academic year in Indonesia is divided to two terms, running from mid-July to December and January to mid-June. For universities, however, the terms are much shorter, running from September to December and February to May. Some universities provide a summer semester (called the short semester) from June to August. During president Abdurrahman Wahid's term, schools are closed for Ramadan and a week after Eid-ul-Fitr (Idul Fitri). Some schools implement Saturday-off. Previously, academic year starts from January to December, but this rule changed in 1985.
See also: Education in Iran. In Iran, the academic year runs from September to June (10 months). Some universities, however, offer a limited number of courses in summer. Students have a three-month summer vacation. All schools are closed during Nowruz from march 20 until the beginning of April to celebrate the Iranian new year. The first (fall) semester begins on the first day of the Persian Calendar month of Mehr equivalent to the first day of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and ends in January. The second (spring) semester begins in the winter and ends in June. No mid-term break exists in the academic calendar.
See also: Education in the Republic of Ireland. The primary school year runs from the beginning of September until the end of June. There are two two-week long breaks for Christmas and Easter and two mid-term breaks at the end of October and mid-February, both one week long. Secondary schools run from September to the end of May, but due to the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams, 3rd and 6th years respectively break at the end of June for summer holidays upon completion of the exams which end in the 3rd week of June.The academic year for schools in receipt of public funding lasts for a minimum of 167 teaching days in secondary schools and 183 days in primary schools.[17]
Third-level institutions generally from early September to December for their first term. The second term usually runs from January to Easter and the third term from Easter to mid- or late May. There are two common approaches to organising semesters: One, e.g. at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) and NUI Galway, is to align the first semester with the first term (Michaelmas at TCD) and then split the second semester over the second term (Hilary at TCD) and third term (Trinity at TCD).[18] [19] The other approach, e.g. at University College Dublin, is for the first semester to start at the start of the first term and continue after Christmas for a few weeks of the second term and for the second semester to start immediately after this in the middle of the second term, without a break, run through the rest of the second term, and continue after Easter through to the end of the third term.[20]
See also: Education in Israel.
The school year in Israel starts in elementary, middle, and high schools on September 1, and lasts until the end of June for elementary schools, and until June 20 for middle and high schools. There are no fixed holidays of equal length, with breaks occurring on national holidays, usually lasting two or three days. For Jews, there is a nine-day break for Sukkot (autumn); a seven-day break for Hannukah (in December); and for Passover (spring) the break is 2–3 weeks long. For the Muslim population, breaks are taken for Eid al-Adha, Eid ul-Fitr and end of semester breaks.
The university academic year typically divides into two semesters which start after Sukkot (typically mid to late October) and end in June or July. Some academic institutions also enable a third semester in the summer.
The short breaks:
The school year in Israel is divided into two semesters:
Until 2011, the summer break ended on August 31, but in 2011 Israeli ministry of education decided to shorten the summer break by one week and the break now ends on August 26 . In 2014, the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31. The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but, has consequently been removed.
In most Yeshivas, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called zmanim. Elul zman starts from the first day of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur. This is the shortest (approx. six weeks), but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Winter zman starts nine days after Sukkot and lasts until 15 days before Passover, a duration of five months (six in a Jewish leap year). Summer semester starts after Passover and lasts until Tisha B'Av, a duration of about three months. During the interim periods, which are called bein hazmanim (between the terms), students are on vacation.
See also: Education in Italy. In Italy, all schools start in the first half of September, even though the exact beginning date changes every year. For schools from primary schools to high schools, the academic year is split into two semesters:
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1st | September - October 31 | Fall (All Saints' Day) break: November 1 |
| 2nd | November 2 - mid/late December | Winter (Christmas) break: approximately two weeks | |
| January | (none) | ||
| 2nd | 3rd | February – late March or early/mid April | Spring (Easter) break: approximately one week |
| 4th | After Easter break to early June | Summer break: approximately three months and separates one school year from another |
Kindergartens usually follow a similar schedule.
A university academic year is slightly different because of exams. University academic year divides into:
Even though September is a free month, it is officially an exam month in all Italian universities. It means that it is possible to take exams.During every exam session (January–February, May–June–July or September), students are usually allowed to take any exam of their previous carrier that they couldn't pass and even a certain number of exams of the new academic year (credit limit for this last option).
On the following holidays, no lessons take place:
See also: Education in Japan. In Japan, (trimester system). The exact date of the beginning of the summer break and its duration vary across regions, but commonly the break lasts for about five weeks. The break originated to avoid the heat in summer, so elementary, middle, and high schools in Hokkaidō and Nagano Prefecture tend to have a (slightly) shorter summer break than the rest of schools in Japan.
| Trimester | Usual months covered | Breaks after the trimester | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | April - late July | Summer break: approximately five weeks | |
| 2 | September - early/mid-October | Fall break (Health & Sports Day weekend): three days including the 2nd Monday of October | |
| Early/mid-October - late December | Winter break: approximately two weeks | ||
| 3 | Early January - late March | Spring break: approximately one to two weeks and separates one school year from another |
The graduation ceremony occurs in March, and the enrollment ceremony in early April. The Japanese public school year consists of approximately 200 days.
In recent years a few elementary, middle, and high schools have begun experimenting with having two semesters instead of the traditional three, extending the fall break to a week.
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | April - late July | Summer break: approximately five weeks |
| 2 | September - early October | Fall break: approximately one week | |
| 2 | 3 | Early/mid-October - late December | Winter break: approximately two weeks |
| 4 | Early January - late March | Spring break: approximately one to two weeks and separates one school year from another |
Colleges/universities run a two-semester/four-quarter system:
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | April | (Golden Week holiday: April 29 - May 5) |
| 2 | May 6 - July | Summer break: approximately two months | |
| 2 | 3 | Early October - early/mid October | Fall break (Health & Sports Day weekend): three days, long weekend |
| 4 | Early/mid October - late December | Winter break: approximately two weeks | |
| Early January - early February | Spring break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
In Kenya, for K-12 education, the calendar year starts in January and ends in November. The academic year is divided into 3 terms as follows:
April, August and December are usually school holidays.
There is no standard academic calendar for universities as each university is free to set its own calendar.
International schools tend to follow the Northern Hemisphere academic calendar.
See also: Education in Lithuania. In Lithuania, elementary and high schools begin on September 1 and end in mid June.
Schools also take breaks/holidays:
See also: Education in Malaysia.
In Malaysian primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in late May, with a one-week mid-term break in March. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break in September. The school year ends with a six-week year-end holidays from mid-November to early January.
The school week varies by state, depending on the weekend of the state. For states with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, the school week is Monday to Friday. For states with a Friday-Saturday weekend (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu), the school week is Sunday to Thursday; as a result, school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country. Some schools have co-curricular activities on Saturdays.
Schools are closed on national and state public holidays. Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day. For festivities such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri/Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Gawai, Chinese New Year and Deepavali, schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns. However, every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends.
See also: Education in the Maldives.
In Maldivians primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in early June, with a one-week mid-term break. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break.
Specifically:
| Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Early January - mid-March | Spring break: one week | |
| 2nd | Late March - early June | Summer break: two weeks | |
| 3rd | Mid-June - mid-August | Fall break: one week | |
| 4th | Late August - mid-November | Winter break: approximately 1.5 months and separates one school year from another |
The school week is Sunday to Thursday, as a result, all schools terms begin and end same day all over the country.
See also: Education in Malta. The school year is split into three terms. It starts at the end of September and ends at the end of June the following year.
See also: Education in Mexico. The school year in Mexico starts in mid/late August and ends in mid-July, by law covering 200 days, usually divided into 5 terms:
| Term | Usual months covered | Breaks after the term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mid/late August - mid-October | (none) | |
| 2 | Mid-October - late December | Winter (Christmas) break: two weeks | |
| 3 | Early January - late February | (none) | |
| 4 | Late February - before Easter break | Spring (Easter) break: two weeks | |
| 5 | After Easter break - mid-July | Summer break: approximately 45 days and separates one school year from another |
There is no fall break; however, students get to have a day off on November 20 (Revolution Day).
The calendar is designed by the Secretary of Public Education (SEP), the government department overseeing public education aln in Mexico with arrangements of the leaders of the National Educational Workers Union (Spanish: Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación, SNTE). All public and private elementary schools under the guidance of the dependence observe this year.
In the case of universities, normally the school year starts in the last week of July and is divided in trimesters or semesters. Christmas Break is usually 3 weeks.[21]
See also: Education in Nepal. Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education. School education includes primary level of grades 1–5, lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6–8 and 9–10 respectively. Pre-primary level of education is available in some areas. Six years old is the prescribed age for admission into grade one. A national level examination is conducted at the end of grade 10, called Secondary Education Examination. Schools use the Bikram Sambat calendar for academic purposes, i.e. one BS year equals one academic term. The classes start in mid April and finishes late March. Summer and winter breaks are usually of one week to two weeks. A one-month festival vacation is provided during Dashain and Tihar, which usually fall on October and/or November every year.
Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level. Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management. Previously thesegrades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level. Although some universities still offer these programs, the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system. These classes start from late July and ends in April.
Higher education consists of bachelor, masters, and PhD levels. Depending upon the stream and subject, bachelors level may be of three to five years' duration. The duration of masters level is generally two years. Some universities offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diplomas.
Vocational education in Nepal starts after lower secondary education. Students can choose to follow a two-year curriculum leading to the "Technical School leaving Certificate".[22] Universities also offers professional and technical degrees. Out of the formal track, short-term programs(1 year) focusing on skills development are also available.
See also: Education in New Zealand. The New Zealand school year runs from the beginning of February to mid-December, and since 1996, has been divided into four terms. By law, all state and state-integrated schools are required to be open for instruction for 380 half-days in a year (390 half-days for schools with only Year 8 students or below), meaning that the start and end of the school year is not nationally fixed to a particular date, as schools take different teacher-only days and provincial anniversary days off during the year. Schools can be exempted from opening the required number of half-days in some cases, such as in Christchurch in 2011 when many schools closed for up to a month after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The breaks between terms have fixed start and end dates, and the break length is fixed at two weeks.
In general, terms run as follows if Easter falls in early-to-mid-April:
If Easter falls in March or late in April, Term 1 usually ends in mid-April and Term 2 begins at the beginning of May. If Easter is in March, a 5-day half-term break then exists, with school ending on Maundy Thursday and resuming on the Wednesday. The start of term two may be delayed if Anzac Day (25 April) falls on the Monday or Tuesday directly following the Easter break.
Private schools are not required to adhere to the Ministry's term structure, but by law they may not be open for instruction on Saturday or Sunday, the ten national public holidays, the school location's relevant anniversary day, and the Tuesday immediately following Easter Monday.
Senior secondary students (Years 11, 12, and 13) in many state schools have examination leave from mid-November, on the Thursday or Friday before the first NCEA external examinations begin. Officially, however, the term still does not end until mid-December.
See also: Education in Oman. The school year in Oman is divided into two semesters:
Usually there are exams at the end of each semester. Students get a number of breaks throughout the year: National Day on 18 November, New Higri year break, Prophet Mohammed birthday break, Eid Al-Fitr break and Eid Al-Adha break. As most of these breaks depend on the Higri year which is 10 days shorter than the Solar year, there is a gradual change on the date of these events in relation to the school year.
See also: Education in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the school year runs from April to March. Students have a two-month summer vacation and a two-week winter vacation. In Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and some areas of Balochistan, where heavy snow paralyzes life in the winter, the schools close for two months and there are two weeks of summer vacation. There is also a brief spring break at the end of the school year as well as an optional 1-day Diwali break in the fall.
Schools and universities are off on national holidays: Pakistan Day (March 23), Independence Day (August 14), Defence of Pakistan Day (September 6), the anniversaries of the birth (December 25) and death (September 11) of Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal (November 9) and the birth (July 30) and death (July 8) of Madar-e-Millat.
Labour Day (also known as May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1. Both Eid festivals are also public holidays.
In the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, the holidays are for two and half months during summer.
For the government universities, the students of bachelors are given 1–1.5 month of summer vacation and 1–1.5 weeks of winter vacations.
See also: Education in the Palestinian territories.
See also: Education in the Philippines.
The Philippine school year lasts usually between nine and ten months long, and a school year must be at least 200 days as prescribed by law, including examination periods.
In most primary and secondary (Junior High) schools, an academic year is usually divided into quarters for purposes of examination and reporting of marks though a few private schools adopt a trimestral system. Each quarter normally lasts for approximately seven (usually the 3rd quarter) to ten weeks (usually the 1st, 2nd and 4th quarters) but the actual length of each quarter and the months they cover varies among private schools. The fourth quarter for pupils in Grade 6 and students in Grade 10 is usually two to three weeks shorter than undergraduates to allow for preparation of final grades to determine who are eligible for graduation as well as to prepare for the graduation (or some schools would call as "completion") ceremonies themselves. Each quarter culminates in most schools with a quarterly examination period of three to five days.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the school year began in public schools in the first week of June and ended between the third week of March and the first week of April. However, private schools had a slightly shorter academic calendar either starting in the second (or third week) of June or ending earlier in March. Until that year the usual national school year was as follows:
| Quarter | Usual months covered (including exam periods) | Breaks after the exam | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | June – mid-August | National Heroes' Day weekend: three days (long weekend) | |
| 2nd | mid-August – late-October | Semestral (Fall) break: approximately one week | |
| 3rd | November – mid-late December | Christmas (Winter) break: approximately two weeks | |
| 4th | early-January – mid-late March or early April | Summer break: approximately eight to nine weeks and separates one school year from another |
For SY 2020-2021 and onwards, given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the calendar in basic education schools shifted to a more Western styled calendar to match that of most colleges and universities thus the school year in these schools is organized as follows:
| Quarter | Usual months covered (including exam periods) | Breaks after the exam | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | September - late October | Semestral (Fall) break: approximately one week | |
| 2nd | November - 3rd week of December | Christmas (Winter) break: approximately two weeks | |
| 3rd | January – mid-late March or early-mid April | Easter (Spring) break: approximately one to two weeks | |
| 4th | After Easter Sunday or Divine Mercy Sunday to early-mid June | Summer break: approximately eight to nine weeks and separates one school year from another |
When using the current calendar, the private schools' year begins in the second or third week of September and ends in late May or first/second week of June before June 12, Independence Day.
The academic term for senior high school students (Grades 11 and 12) operates on a semestral basis. Semestral, Christmas, and summer breaks are scheduled at about the same time as primary and junior high school. Grade 12 pupils have a shorter second semester than grade 11 in order for the school to prepare for graduation.
Until SY 2019–2020, summer break usually lasted for two months, starting from the first or second week of April up to early June. Most schools tended to end the school year before Holy Week. Semestral break is normally set to coincide with All Saints' and All Souls' Day. The Christmas Break usually begins in the third week of December, and classes resume the Monday or week after New Year's Day (unless that Monday is January 2). Commencement ceremonies were often held in late March or early April. Beginning from SY 2020–2021, the summer break now falls after early to mid-June, ending in late August, which the Holy Week or Easter break replacing the former summer vacation with the switch of the calendar. The other vacation breaks remain as is.
Until 2020, the exceptions to this general schedule are international schools operating in the country, which normally follow their home country's respective school system, since then the calendar used by these schools now closely match 2021-22 general national calendar.
A period of transition for the public primary and secondary schools back to the old calendar system began in 2024, with private institutions either following the transition period of the former or maintaning the Western calendar.
For most universities and colleges, an academic year is divided into two semesters, each up to 18 weeks long except for senior students in their final semester where they end the semester two weeks earlier. Enrollment/registration in an institution is usually good for only one semester, i.e. a student who successfully registers for the first semester is not automatically enrolled to study in the second semester. The student will need to successfully complete clearance requirements and in a few cases, maintain a certain overall mark in order to progress with her university studies in the next semester. The first semester is followed by a break consisting of two to four weeks before the second semester.
This break usually coincides with the Christmas holidays for institutions that transitioned to an August-to-May academic calendar. Otherwise, the break usually occurs from the second or third week of October to the second week of November for institutions operating under the old June-to-March academic calendar. The Semestral Break can be two to three weeks long, and normally includes the All Saints' and All Souls' holidays.
Other schools such as Technological University of the Philippines in Taguig, De La Salle University, the MBA program of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, University of the Philippines Diliman, Far Eastern University – East Asia College, and AMA Computer University operate under a trimestral system. For a declining number of these schools the collegiate year starts in the fourth week of May and ends in the third week of April, while most schools use a modified form of the Western system of the major universities to suit trimestral studies. Under this system, students are typically able to finish their academic studies a year earlier than those from other universities with a semestral programme. Mapúa University began using the quarterly system with eleven weeks to a term after its acquisition by the Yuchengco Group. This allows their engineering programmes to be completed a year ahead of schools running on a semestral schedule.
Moreover, starting academic year 2014–2015, constituent campuses in the University of the Philippines System started their school year in August to end in May and the University of Santo Tomas started the Academic Year in August and it will end in May 2015. In AY 2015–2016, several Philippine colleges and universities followed the lead of the two universities.
In AY 2015–2016, San Beda University and St. Scholastica's College Manila started their calendar in early July 2015 and ended in mid- to late April 2016. The institution hoped that this move would transition it to a full August-to-May Calendar in the succeeding academic years.
Also in AY 2015–2016, the University of Santo Tomas, completed its shift to an August-to-May calendar. Ateneo de Manila University also shifted to an August-to-May Calendar this AY 2015–2016 with having a summer term in June to July before AY 2015-2016 starts. De La Salle University and De La Salle – College of St. Benilde started having an August-to-August calendar for the AY 2015–2016.
See also: Education in Poland. In Poland, the school year begins on September 1 and ends on the first Friday after June 18. There is a Christmas break in December which lasts until after New Year's Day. There is also a 2nd winter holiday break lasting two weeks in January or February but the exact date is different for each voivodeship and the dates usually change each year. The 2nd winter break is also the dividing line between the two semesters of the school year.
| Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | September - November 10 | Fall (Independence Day) break: November 11 | |
| 2nd | November 12 - mid-late December | 1st Winter (Christmas) break: approximately two weeks | |
| January | 2nd Winter (Semestral) break: approximately two weeks | ||
| 3rd | Mid-February - before Maundy Thursday | Spring (Easter) break: Maundy Thursday to the Tuesday after Easter Monday | |
| 4th | Wednesday after Easter Monday - late June | Summer break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
Most universities start their courses on October 1 (at some institutions late September), and the first semester (commonly referred to as the "winter term") ends in January. The second term starts in February or March, (the "summer term") and ends in June. Each semester is usually 15 or 16 weeks long. After each of them there is an "examination session", when no courses are taught, which lasts up to one month. The summer break starts after the exams and lasts until the start of the next academic year. In September there is an extra examination session during which students can retake failed exams.
See also: Education in Portugal. The school year in Portugal runs from September to June and is divided in three Terms (Períodos, in Portuguese):
During the school year there are several breaks or holidays (interrupções or férias, in Portuguese):
| Term | Usual months covered (including exam periods) | Breaks after the term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mid-September - October 31 | Fall (All Saints' Day) break: November 1 | |
| November 2 - mid/late December | 1st Winter (Christmas) break: approximately two weeks | ||
| 2 | January - late February | 2nd Winter (Carnival) break: 3 days | |
| Early March – late March or early/mid April | Spring (Easter) break: approximately two weeks | ||
| 3 | After Easter break to mid/late June | Summer break: approximately 11–13 weeks and separates one school year from another |
Universities and colleges follow a different academic year, which consists of two semesters.
See also: Education in Romania. The school year in Romania is divided into two semesters. From kindergarten to high school the first semester opens in early-mid September and continues until mid-late January. The second semester lasts from early February until early-mid June.Note that Some teachers might change the calendar a bit, like starting semesters and summer break one week earlier.Data .[23]
See also: Education in Russia. The school year in Russia traditionally starts on September 1 (The Knowledge Day). The school year is divided into four terms (quarters), separated by one- or two-week holidays (the first week in November, the first two weeks in January, and the last week of March). The summer holiday lasts three months: June, July, and August. Generally the school year lasts until 25 May, which is also known as The Last School-Bell day celebrated by the graduates, their families and teachers. The school graduation ceremony - Graduation Evening (Russian: выпускной вечер) - is organized on June 20–25.
The academic year at universities also starts on September 1 and usually consists of 42 educational weeks and 10 weeks of holidays. It is divided into two terms (semesters). The first one (autumn semester) runs from September 1 to January 24/25 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week winter exams session at the end) followed by a two-week holiday. Coincidentally January 25 is also Tatiana Day, traditionally celebrated as Russian Students Day. The second one (spring semester) runs from February 9 to June 30 or July 4/5 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week summer exams session) followed by an eight-week summer holiday. Some Russian universities do not use a traditional scheme: they exclude exams sessions, and the academic year is divided in a 2:3 ratio of 17 educational weeks (followed by a two-week holiday) and 25 educational weeks (followed by an eight-week summer holiday).
See also: Education in Singapore.
The school year coincides with the calendar year, and the first term begins on January 2 (unless it is a weekend or a Monday). The school year comprises four terms of 10 weeks each.
Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1, and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2. to accommodate the release of the O level results.
International schools in Singapore operate on a different system, often similar to the system in their home countries.
The training year in Institute of Technical Education is made up of two terms, commencing January and April respectively, depending on the month of intake.
At the end of each term, there will be a 4-week break period before a new term begins.
At the end of each term, there will be a 2-week break period before a new term begins.
Polytechnics and universities operate on a different calendar from schools. There are two semesters in a year in polytechnics.
At the end of each semester, there will be a 7-week break period before a new semester begins.
It is to match the northern hemisphere calendar more closely.
See also: Education in Slovakia. The school year for elementary, grammar and high schools begins on September 2 (September 1 is Constitution Day) and ends June 29 of the following year. The school day starts at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 2:00 p.m. (time varies due to day and type of school). in most schools. It is split into two halves, with the first half ending on the last day of January.
Universities starts in second half of September or 1 October. Academic year consist of 2 semesters (winter /until December/ and summer /until May/).
See also: Education in Slovenia. The school year in Slovenia for elementary and grammar schools begins on 1 September and formally ends on 31 August, although classes and exams are finished by 25 June. July and August thus constitute summer holidays. There are also four one-week breaks during the school year, occurring around All Saints Day, between Christmas and New Year, at the end of February, and around the May Day.
Universities and colleges follow a different academic year. It consists of two semesters—the winter semester starting on 1 October, which ends around 15 January. It is followed by a one-month break, during which students take the exams for subjects they have read in the semester. The summer semester begins on 15 February and lasts until 31 May, followed by the exam period, which ends on 30 June. Students who have not passed the necessary exams have a chance to do so during the autumn exam period in September. Students and faculty are free during July and August. New classes are held again in October.
See also: Education in South Africa. All South African public schools have a four-term school year as determined by the national Department of Education. Each term is between 10 and 11 weeks long. The terms are roughly structured as follows:
First Term
Second Term
Third Term
Fourth Term
The academic year is approximately 200 school days in duration and runs from January to December.
Private schools follow a similar calendar, but slightly alter it according to their academic and religious needs. Some independent(private) schools have a three-term year instead https://archive.today/20130505182119/http://www.southafrica.co.za/about-south-africa/at-a-glance/school-holiday-terms-dates/.
The dates of the school year for coastal schools are slightly different from those for inland schools.[24]
The Department of Basic Education proposed a five-week-long school break in June–July 2010 for the -hosted in South Africa-to avoid pupil and teacher absenteeism and a chaotic transport system.[25]
South African universities have a year consisting of two semesters, with the first semester running from early February to early June, and the second semester from late July to late November. Each semester consists of twelve or thirteen teaching weeks, interrupted by a one-week short vacation, and followed by three or four weeks of examinations. In the first semester the short vacation often falls around the Easter weekend, while in the second semester it occurs in early September.
South African schools and universities are all closed on all South African public holidays. In terms of Public Holidays Act if the holiday fall on a Sunday then the schools are closed the next Monday.
See also: Education in South Korea.
In Korea, the school year starts at the beginning of March. Until 2015, schools followed a three-term system with a break at the end of each term plus a brief fall break interrupting the 2nd, similar to Japan:
| Trimester | Usual months covered | Breaks after the trimester | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | March - mid/late July | Summer break: approximately one month | |
| 2 | Mid/late August - before Chuseok holiday | Chuseok/Fall break: 3–5 days | |
| After Chuseok - late December | Winter break: approximately one month | ||
| 3 | Two weeks in February | Spring break: approximately two weeks and separates one school year from another |
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | March - early May | Spring break: approximately one week |
| 2 | Early/mid May - mid/late July | Summer break: approximately one month | |
| 2 | 3 | Mid/late August - before Chuseok break | Chuseok/Fall break: approximately one week |
| 4 | After Chuseok break - early January | Winter break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
School hours are approximately from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for high school, each class lasting 50 minutes. For middle (junior high) school, the school day is from about 8:00 am–3:30 pm, each class lasting 45 minutes. In primary (elementary) school, the lower grades (grades 1–3) have classes around 8:30 to 2:00 and the upper grades (grades 4–6) have classes from about 9:00 to 3:00. Each class lasts about 40 minutes. In high school, the older students are sometimes required to stay until 9:00 pm or later studying on their own. For the most part, teachers rotate and the students stay in their classroom except for certain classes such as Physical Education, Music and Science labs.
There is a popular saying in Korean, 노는 토요일 (no-neun to-yo-il), meaning "resting on Saturdays". From 2006 to 2011, Korean students (from elementary to secondary schools) were required to go to school on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th Saturdays of each month. Prior to 2006, students had to go to school six days a week, except for 2005, when students had one Saturday off every month. The schools normally ended at noon on Saturday, and the curriculum was mostly focused on extracurricular activities. However, the Korean Ministry of Education abolished school days on Saturdays in 2012.
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the start of the school year was delayed to April, causing a change in the calendar:
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | April - early May | Spring break: approximately one week |
| 2 | Early/mid May - July 31 | Summer break: approximately two weeks | |
| 2 | 3 | Mid/late August - before Chuseok break | Chuseok/Fall break: approximately one week |
| 4 | After Chuseok break - early January | Winter break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
However, the calendar was shifted back to the March–January model in 2021.
The international schools in South Korea usually start the school year in early/mid-August and end in early June.
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Corresponding breaks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Early/mid August - mid-October (with a brief interruption caused by the fall break) | Chuseok/Fall break: approximately one week |
| 2 | Mid-October - mid-December | Winter break: approximately three weeks | |
| 2 | 3 | Early January - late March | Spring break: approximately one week |
| 4 | April - early June | Summer break: approximately nine weeks and separates one school year from another |
South Korean universities and post-secondary institutions similarly have a two-semester/four-quarter system, with the first semester beginning about March 2 and ending in mid-late June, and the second beginning at the start of September and ending in mid-late December.
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | March - May 4 | Children's Day/Spring break: May 5 |
| 2 | May 6 - mid/late June | Summer break: approximately 9–10 weeks | |
| 2 | 3 | September 1 - before Chuseok | Chuseok/Fall break: 3–5 days |
| 4 | After Chuseok - mid/late December | Winter break: approximately 9–10 weeks and separates one year from another |
Many universities offer optional short-term "camp" non-credit courses during semester (summer/winter) breaks, but credit courses are not common during summers and winters.
See also: Education in Taiwan.
The school year consists of two semesters, starting in September and February. Each semester spans 20 weeks for basic education and either 16 or 18 weeks for higher education.[26]
The fall semester typically begins in late August or early September and continues until late January or early February. Winter vacation usually spans two to four weeks around the Lunar New Year. The spring semester starts after winter vacation in mid-February and concludes in late June or early July. Summer vacation is observed from early July to late August. Academic terms may vary among privatized institutions in Taiwan.
| Semester | Quarter | Usual months covered | Breaks after the quarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1st | September - October 10 | National Day: one day |
| 2nd | October 10 - before winter vacation | Winter break: two to four weeks around Lunar New Year | |
| 2nd | 3rd | After winter vacation - before Qingming Festival | Spring break/Qingming Festival Holiday and Children's Day: two days |
| 4th | After Qingming Festival - June | Summer break: approximately two months and separates one school year from another |
Semester periods in higher education are similar to those in basic education, with reduced weeks often scheduled towards the end.
If any break occurs on a weekend or coincides with another break, additional break(s) will be scheduled. There used to be a policy of shifting the workday away from Monday or Friday if a holiday fell on Tuesday or Thursday, in order to create a longer holiday period.
See also: Education in Thailand. There are two semesters in the Thai academic year with an optional summer semester. From kindergarten to high school, the first semester opens in mid May and continues until the end of September. The second semester lasts from November until the end of February (or early March). The university academic year is slightly different, lasting from mid August to late December and early January to mid May.
The Turkish academic year begins in September and continues through to the following June. In most public educational institutions from primary to tertiary, the first semester begins in September and continues until January, and the second semester begins February and continues until June.[27] The academic calendar and dates of mid-semester breaks may vary across private institutions.
See also: Education in Ukraine.
The academic year at universities starts on September the 1st and usually consists of two semesters. The first semester runs from September the 1st to January the 24/25th followed by a two-week holiday. The second semester runs from February the 9th to June the 30th or July the 4/5th.
See also: Education in the United Kingdom.
The English law courts terms and legal training pupillage divided the year into four terms, partly to create a predictable work schedule, but also to make allowances for harsh travel conditions and delays caused by adverse weather at a time when all English law students and many litigants had to travel to London for training or legal advice at one of the Inns of Court. The English legal year still runs to this calendar:[28]
| Term | Start | Finish | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hilary | January | April | |
| Easter | April | May | |
| Trinity | June | July | |
| Michaelmas | October | December |
The school year in the United Kingdom is generally divided into three terms running from autumn to summer. For state schools, the school year consists of 195 days of which there are 190 teaching days and five INSET teacher training days. For independent schools, the school year can be as short as 175 days. The structure of the school year varies between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom with school holiday dates varying between local education authorities.
Before the mechanisation of agriculture and when more of the population lived in the rural countryside, the long summer school holiday in Britain arose in the 19th century as a result of the education authorities abandoning the battle to keep children at school through haymaking (around the start of August) and wheat harvest (around the end of August), when every available pair of hands was needed on the land.
In England and Wales, the school year generally runs from early September until late July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a week-long break known as "half term" (although some counties, like Oxfordshire,[30] consider these to be six separate terms instead), and are structured as follows:
| Term | Months covered | Half term break | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autumn | early September to mid-December | late October/early November | |
| Spring | early January to shortly before Easter (late March/early April) | mid February | |
| Summer | shortly after Easter (mid/late April) to mid/late July | late May/early June |
The terms are separated by two holidays, each of approximately two weeks' duration: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn term and spring term, and the Easter holidays separating the spring term and the summer term. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is the summer holidays, which are six to eight weeks long.
The academic year originated in the pre-industrial era when all non-disabled young people were expected to work through the period of July and August. For the purposes of education, the remainder of the year was arranged into three terms accommodating the Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter. Half-term breaks divide the 16- to 17-week terms.
However the long summer break has been criticised by educationalists in the post-industrialist age because it creates a break in the academic progress.[31] Even a House of Commons Education Select Committee recommended in 1999 that schools switch to a five-term academic year, abolishing the long summer holidays. Each term would be eight weeks long with a two-week break in between terms, and a minimum four-week summer holiday, with no half terms—the idea being that children can keep up momentum for eight weeks without a break.[32] The proposals were introduced at a small number of schools nationally.
In 1999, the Local Government Association set up a commission to look at alternative proposals for a more balanced school year. In partnership with Local Authorities and teachers unions, they were unable to agree to a suitable alternative arrangement for terms, but by 2004 came to an agreement with the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers for a standardised arrangement of school terms. Since 2004, around one third of English local authorities have signed up to the proposals which see a standard academic year agreed between the authorities, including slight variations on the traditional schemes, based on the following principles:
In addition the independent schools have set their own term dates with varying degrees of local and national co-ordination.
The school year in Northern Ireland generally runs from early September to late June or early July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year similar to England and Wales; however, there is no half term during summer term due to the province's longer summer holidays. The terms are structured as follows:
The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The summer holidays in Northern Ireland last nine weeks, from the start of July until the end of August, due to the Twelfth of July bank holiday.
The school year in Scotland generally runs from middle or late August to late June or early July of the following year (usually in eastern council areas from the third Monday in August to the first Friday in July and in western council areas from the second Monday in August to the last Friday in June). Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a break known as 'mid-term', lasting a week or two in October, a few days to a week in February, and a few days in May. The terms are structured as follows:
The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas Holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is known as the summer holidays and consists of six or seven weeks.
Although the specific timetables and activities (e.g. teaching, revision periods, exams) contained therein vary per institution, the academic year at most UK universities runs from late-September or early-October to June or July with three or four week breaks around Christmas and Easter that divide the year into three terms.[34] [35] Most universities overlay a semester structure for academic courses on top of this.[36] Many universities, particularly older ones, use terms, often with the last term given over to exams. Some older universities have special names for the three terms, e.g. Michaelmas, Hilary, Trinity (Oxford) or Michaelmas, Epiphany, Easter (Durham).[37]
Special term names (i.e. not first, second, third; autumn, spring, summer; or other obvious names) in use include:
| University | First/Autumn | Second/Spring | Third/Summer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cambridge[38] | Michaelmas | Lent | Easter | |
| Canterbury Christ Church[39] | Advent (trimester or semester) | Easter (trimester or semester) | Trinity (courses on trimester calendar only) | |
| Durham[40] | Michaelmas | Epiphany | Easter | |
| Lancaster[41] | Michaelmas | Lent | Summer | |
| Oxford[42] | Michaelmas | Hilary | Trinity | |
| St Andrews[43] | Martinmas semester | Candlemas semester | Summer |
Exceptions to the ordinary structure of the academic year include the University of Buckingham, where undergraduate courses do not coincide with the academic year used by universities in Britain and elsewhere. Instead, they largely coincide with the calendar year—they typically start in January or February, with examinations in autumn.
There are two different systems (with three different names) used in the US:
The above reflects federal government definitions. However, other sources define a semester as only containing two periods (fall and spring) of 15 weeks each and a trimester as containing three periods (fall, spring, summer) of 12 to 14 weeks each, and quarters of 10 weeks,[47] or semesters as being 15 to 17 weeks, trimesters 10 to 12 weeks, and quarters 10 weeks each.[48]
As an academic year comprises three quarters or two semesters, two semester credit hours = three quarter credit hours. Thus, a four-year bachelor's degree typically requires a minimum of 180 quarter hours (12 quarters) or 120 semester hours (eight semesters), requiring an average of 15 credit hours per quarter or semester to complete in four years.
In the United States, the K–12 school calendar is determined by the individual states, and in some cases by the local school district, so there is considerable variation. The academic year typically consists of two 18-week semesters, each divided into two nine-week marking periods (or quarters) or three six-week marking periods, and constituting 170 to 186 instructional days (with an average of 180). An instructional week is five instructional days, measured Monday–Friday at most public and private schools although there are variations. Grades are usually reported per marking period, but major examinations are given per semester or per year.
The traditional start date for the school year has been the Tuesday after Labor Day. Although some schools still keep this tradition, many schools now start in late August or sometimes as early as late July while some other schools (especially private ones) may start as late as the mid to late September or the first week in October. The school year usually ends around late-May or as late as mid or late June).
School holidays in the United States vary by jurisdiction. They include federal, state, and local holidays, all or only some of which may be observed by an individual school district. In addition to these legal holidays, there are vacation periods of varying length, a recess of two weeks during the winter holiday period at Christmas and New Year and a one-week spring break in March or April being typical.
Sprinkled throughout the year, many schools have "in-service" days which are days off for the students and where faculty and staff receive staff development or training. Additionally, there may be days set aside for parent–teacher conferences on student progress, especially in primary school. Sometimes schools do half-day in-service days in which students are dismissed early, rather than full-day holidays.
Unplanned interruptions in schooling (such as weather events like heavy snow) can extend the school year on occasion. Such calendar extensions, as well as the initial cancellations, are decided by each local administration and announced to the parents in as timely manner as possible.
Many, but not all, community colleges originated as extensions of the primary and secondary school system.[49]
Some of these colleges often continue to follow the K-12 schedule. However, most operate under a semester based schedule. Washington state schools are standardized by the State Board of Community and Technical colleges and follow a quarter system.
Most American colleges and universities refer to their calendars as following either the quarter system, semester system or trimester system. The terminology used may not follow that used by the federal government; in particular 'trimesters' may be used to refer to the division of the academic year into three blocks of 13 weeks or less, equivalent to the federal definition of 'quarters' (e.g. Carleton College or Union College, which both have three 10-week 'trimesters' in an academic year.)[50] [51] Some schools, particularly some business schools and community colleges, use the or mini-semester system.
| September | summer | 1st, fall quarter | 1st, fall trimester | 1st, fall semester | 1st, fall term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October | 1st, fall quarter | ||||
| November | |||||
| December | winter | 2nd, winter trimester | |||
| January | 2nd, winter quarter | winter | 2nd, short term | 2nd, spring term | |
| February | 2nd, spring semester | 3rd, spring term | |||
| March | 3rd, spring trimester | ||||
| April | 3rd, spring quarter | ||||
| May | 3rd, short term | ||||
| June | 4th, summer trimester | optional summer session | summer | ||
| July | optional summer session | ||||
| August |
The quarter system divides the calendar year into four quarters, three of which constitute a complete academic year. Quarters are typically 10–12 weeks long so that three quarters amount to 30–36 weeks of instruction. Approximately 20 percent of universities are on the quarter system. Most colleges that use the quarter system have a fall quarter from late September to mid-December, a winter quarter from early January to mid-March, a spring quarter from late March or early April to mid-June, and an optional summer session. Notable users of the quarter system include the University of California system (excluding Berkeley, Merced, the UCLA medical school, and all of the system's law schools), Stanford, the University of Chicago, Dartmouth College, Northwestern University, University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and DePaul University.[52] [53] Union College uses a modified quarter system: fall, winter, and spring terms are each eleven weeks long; there are some summer classes, but there is no official summer quarter.[54] Because Union's calendar makes use of just three of four quarters, the three academic terms are generally (and somewhat misleadingly to outsiders) dubbed "trimesters", which they literally are since they each span three months, December, July and August being off.[55] Another notable and somewhat unique user of the quarter system is Baylor Law School: it operates on the quarter system while the remaining colleges of Baylor University operate on the semester system.
The semester system divides the calendar year into two semesters of 16 to 18 weeks each, plus summer sessions of varying lengths. The two semesters together constitute 32 to 36 weeks of instruction, so that three academic quarters equal two academic semesters. Thus, academic credit earned in quarter hours converts to semester hours at of its value, while credit earned in semester hours converts to quarter hours at 3/2 of its value. Put another way, 3 quarter hours is 2 semester hours. Most universities on the semester system have a fall semester from the day after Labor Day in September to mid-December, a spring/winter semester from late January to early May, and an optional summer session.
In practice, the average quarter-long course is four or five units and the average semester course is three units, so a full-time student graduating in four years would take five courses per semester and three or four courses per quarter.
Some colleges and universities have a 4-1-4 system, which divides the year into two four-month terms (September to December and February to May) as well as a single one-month term in January in which students can do independent study, study abroad, internships, activities, or focus on one or two classes. The one-month term is sometimes called a , winter session, inter-term/interim/intersession or J-term. Examples of schools using this system include:Austin College, University of Rhode Island, Whittier College, Williams College, Bethany College in West Virginia, Berea College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, New College of Florida, Calvin University, Elmhurst University,[56] Gustavus Adolphus College, Linfield College, Luther College,[57] Oberlin College, Middlebury College, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Eckerd College, Wofford College, Saint Olaf College, Samford University, Miami University, Hofstra University, University of Delaware, Saint Mary's College of California, Colby College, Chapman University, McDaniel College, Elon University, Pacific University, and Pacific Lutheran University.
Some schools have a similar format but ordered as 4–4–1, with the short term in May after the conclusion of the spring semester. Examples of schools using this system include Wartburg College, Bates College, Chatham University, Clemson University, The College of New Jersey, Elmira College, Ohio State University, Purdue University, Transylvania University, the University of Redlands, Emory University and Washington and Lee University's 12-12-4 undergraduate calendar.
The trimester system evolved out of the semester system. It divides the academic year into three equal portions of 10 weeks each. Institutions that use the trimester system include Carleton College, Knox College (Illinois), Lawrence University, Union College, Kalamazoo College, Dartmouth College, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy. Course loads are typically 3 classes per trimester. While students take fewer classes, most classes meet for more hours per week than typical in a semester-based system, such that the total material covered in a 10-week trimester is meant to be comparable to the amount of material learned in a 15-week semester. Thus, in trimester-based colleges, one completes 9 courses in the academic year (3 courses x 3 trimesters) relative to the 8 courses typical in a semester-based system (4 courses x 2 semesters).
Some schools that operate summer session are sometimes referred to as having "trimesters", with the summer session being the third annual session. For instance, the University of Michigan and Brigham Young University, have Fall semester that operates from September through December and a Winter trimester that runs from January through April. However, they have a spring-summer session that operates from May through August, as two half-terms. Most spring-summer classes either meet double-time for 7–8 weeks in May and June or double-time/double-plus-time for 6–8 weeks in July and August (with summer half-term classes sometimes starting in the last week of June).
The academic calendar at Park University operates with five terms per year, each lasting eight weeks (January–March, March–May, June–July, August–October, and October–December).[58]
A number of colleges have adopted the "one course at a time" or "block schedule" calendar. Academic years consist of a number of terms lasting roughly four weeks each, during which a full semester's amount of work is completed in one and only one class. Colorado College first began their "Block Plan" in 1970,[59] followed by Maharishi International University in 1971, and Cornell College in 1978.[60] Tusculum University in Tusculum, Tennessee, and The University of Montana - Western are the only other colleges operating under this academic calendar.