Secretoneurin Explained
Secretoneurin, is a 33-amino acid neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II (chromogranin C, CHGC).
It is cleaved into the following 3 chains:
- PE-11
- GAWK peptide
- CCB peptide
Function
Secretoneurin is involved in chemotaxis of monocytes and eosinophils (comparable in potency to interleukin 8) and endothelial cells and in regulation of endothelial cell proliferation. Highest secretoneurin levels are found in anterior pituitary, followed by adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary hypothalamus (2- to 6-fold lower levels in other brain regions investigated). Secretoneurin has been shown to have potent angiogenic activity in vivo in mouse cornea model and in vitro in a 3-dimensional gel. Secretoneurin also stimulates dopamine release from the central striatal neurons and basal ganglia.
Signaling
PI3 kinase, phosphodiesterase and phospholipase D inhibition inhibits its pro-migration effects, but blocking PKC and tyrosine kinases has not been shown to have effect. Downstream to these ERK type MAP kinase and AKT are activated.
Further reading
- Stridsberg M, Oberg K, Li Q, Engström U, Lundqvist G . Measurements of chromogranin A, chromogranin B (secretogranin I), chromogranin C (secretogranin II) and pancreastatin in plasma and urine from patients with carcinoid tumours and endocrine pancreatic tumours . The Journal of Endocrinology . 144 . 1 . 49–59 . January 1995 . 7891024 . 10.1677/joe.0.1440049 .
- Kirchmair R, Hogue-Angeletti R, Gutierrez J, Fischer-Colbrie R, Winkler H . Secretoneurin--a neuropeptide generated in brain, adrenal medulla and other endocrine tissues by proteolytic processing of secretogranin II (chromogranin C) . Neuroscience . 53 . 2 . 359–65 . March 1993 . 8492910 . 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90200-Y . 9988814 .
- Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Johansson H, Grimelius L . Complex co-localization of chromogranins and neurohormones in the human gastrointestinal tract . The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry . 45 . 6 . 815–22 . June 1997 . 9199667 . 10.1177/002215549704500606 . free .
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . October 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
- Eder U, Leitner B, Kirchmair R, Pohl P, Jobst KA, Smith AD, Málly J, Benzer A, Riederer P, Reichmann H, Saria A, Winkler H . Levels and proteolytic processing of chromogranin A and B and secretogranin II in cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases . Journal of Neural Transmission . 105 . 1 . 39–51 . 1998 . 9588759 . 10.1007/s007020050036 . 9428632 .
- Tasiemski A, Hammad H, Vandenbulcke F, Breton C, Bilfinger TJ, Pestel J, Salzet M . Presence of chromogranin-derived antimicrobial peptides in plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery and evidence of an immune origin of these peptides . Blood . 100 . 2 . 553–9 . July 2002 . 12091348 . 10.1182/blood.V100.2.553 . free .
