During World War II, a sea defense zone (Seeverteidigung) was a tactical area in the organization of the Kriegsmarine intended to provide operational command of all German naval forces, within a given geographical area, in the event of actual enemy attack on the coastline of occupied Europe.
The first sea defense zones were established in the spring of 1940 to protect the large amount of coast line which Germany had acquired after invading the Low Countries, Denmark, Norway, and France. Originally, commanders of the sea defense zones were known as "coastal commanders" (Küstenbefehlshaber). In the summer of 1940, in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the Kriegsmarine established seven "sea command sectors" (Seebefehlsstellen) which were commanded by officers ranked Kapitän zur See. All of the sea command sectors had been disestablished by the end of 1941.
Original Sea Command Sectors (1940)
In the spring 1940, the Kriegsmarine began to reorganize coastal defense under a new position known as Kommandant der Seeverteidigung (Sea Defense Zone Commander). Between 1941 and 1945, the sea defense zones were expanded and retracted, gaining and losing territory to other zones or to the advance of allied or Red Army (Soviet) forces. Logistically, the sea defense zones were strictly a Navy command, but were integrated into the Atlantic Wall which was generally overseen by the German Army.
Sea defense zones were normally commanded by an officer ranked as either Kapitän zur See or Konteradmiral. The sea defense zone commander answered to a Navy regional commander and would take tactical control over all shore forces in a given area should an enemy launch an attack against a segment of German coastline.
The only units permanently assigned to a sea defense zone were naval artillery batteries and anti-aircraft units. These units also maintained their own administrative chain of command in addition to falling under operational control of a sea defense zone. During an actual enemy attack, the sea defense commander became the direct superior for all Navy units in the zone's geographical area. This included all harbor defense units as well as naval infantry regiments. Typically, the sea defense zone commander would appoint as a deputy the commander of a major German port. The defense zone commander would himself report to a naval region commander who then acted in the capacity as a ground forces divisional commander. The ultimate command authority for all sea defense zones were the Navy Group commanders.
| Defense zone | Established | Headquarters | Region | Group | Disestablished |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Albanien" | South | ||||
| "Attika" | |||||
| "Baltischen Inseln" | North | ||||
| "Bergen" | |||||
| "Boulogne" | West | ||||
| "Brest" | Brest | ||||
| "Bretagne" | |||||
| "Calais" | |||||
| "Dänische Inseln" | North | ||||
| "Dalmatien" | Adriatic | South | |||
| "Dodekanes" | |||||
| "Drontheim" | Northern Norway | North | |||
| "Dünkirchen" | France | West | |||
| "Elbe-Weser" | North | ||||
| "Estland" | Eastern Baltic | ||||
| "Französische Riviera" | Southern France | West | |||
| "Gascogne" | Atlantic Coast | ||||
| "Hammerfest" | Polar Coast | North | |||
| "Harstad" | |||||
| "Istrien" | Adriatic | South | |||
| "Italienische Riviera" | Southern France | ||||
| "Kanalinseln" | West | ||||
| "Kirkenes" | Polar Coast | North | |||
| "Kreta" | Aegean Sea | South | |||
| "Kristiansand-Süd" | Southern Norway | North | |||
| "Languedoc" | Toulon | Southern France | West | ||
| "Lemnos" | Aegean Sea | South | |||
| "Lettland" | Eastern Baltic | North | |||
| "Libau" | |||||
| "Loire" | Atlantic Coast | West | |||
| "Mecklenburg" | Western Baltic | North | |||
| "Mittelholland" | Netherlands | West | |||
| "Molde" | Central Norway | North | |||
| "Narvik" | Polar Coast | ||||
| "Norddalmatien" | Adriatic | South | |||
| "Nordfriesland" | German Bight | North | |||
| "Nordgriechenland" | Aegean Sea | South | |||
| "Nordholland" | Netherlands | West | |||
| "Nordjütland" | Denmark | ||||
| "Normandie" | Channel Coast | ||||
| "Oslofjord" | Norway | North | |||
| "Ostende | Calais | Channel Coast | West | ||
| "Ostfriesland" | German Bight | North | |||
| "Ost und Westpreußen | Eastern Baltic | North | |||
| "Ostpreußen" | |||||
| "Pas de Calais" | Calais | Channel Coast | West | ||
| "Peloponnes" | Aegean Sea | South | |||
| "Polarküste" | Polar Coast | North | |||
| "Pommern" | Western Baltic | ||||
| "Saloniki" | Kevalla | Aegean Sea | South | ||
| "Sandnessjöen" | Northern Norway | North | |||
| "Schleswig-Holstein und Mecklenburg" | Western Baltic | ||||
| "Seine-Somme" | Channel Coast | West | |||
| "Stavanger" | Central Norway | North | |||
| "Südddalmatien" | Split | Adriatic | South | ||
| "Südholland" | Netherlands | West | |||
| "Südjütland"[1] | Copenhagen | ||||
| "Tromsö" | Polar Coast | North | |||
| "Ukraine"[2] | Independent | ||||
| "Westkrim"[3] | |||||
| "Westadria"" | Adriatic | South | |||
| "Westgriechenland" | Aegean Sea | ||||
| "Westpreußen" | Gotenhafen | Eastern Baltic | North | ||