Scolopendromorpha Explained

Scolopendromorpha is an order of centipedes also known as tropical centipedes[1] or bark centipedes.[2] [3] This order includes about 700 species in five families. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide, with tropical and subtropical regions providing the richest diversity in species.[4] This order includes the only known amphibious centipedes, Scolopendra cataracta, Scolopendra paradoxa, and Scolopendra alcyona.[5] [6] [7] [8]

Description

The centipedes in this order are epimorphic, hatching with a full complement of segments.[9] They usually possess 21 or 23 trunk segments with the same number of paired legs. The number of leg pairs is fixed at 21 for most species in this order and fixed at 23 for the remaining species, except for two species with intraspecific variation: Scolopendropsis bahiensis, which has 21 or 23 leg pairs, and S. duplicata, which has 39 or 43 leg pairs.[10] Species in this order have flattened bodies ranging from 9 mm to 30 cm in length. Colors vary but can be vivid sometimes. Antennae are usually gradually attenuated and have from 14 to 34 segments (but usually have 17 to 21 segments).

Families

The order comprises the five families Cryptopidae, Scolopendridae, Mimopidae, Scolopocryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae. Nearly all species in the family Scolopendridae have four ocelli (simple eyes) on each side of the head, and the genus Mimops (family Mimopidae) features a pale area often considered an ocellus on each side of the head, whereas the other three families are blind. Species in the family Scolopocryptopidae have 23 leg-bearing segments, whereas species in all other families in this order have only 21 leg-bearing segments (with the exception of the genus Scolopendropsis in Scolopendridae).[11] [12] [13] [14]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Proute . Jenelle . 2017 . Scolopendra gigantea (Giant Centipede) . The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago.
  2. Web site: Bark Centipedes - Encyclopedia of Life . 2022-12-30 . eol.org.
  3. Web site: Order Scolopendromorpha - Bark Centipedes . 2024-07-23 . bugguide.net.
  4. Book: Bonato . Lucio . The Myriapoda. Volume 1 . Edgecombe . Gregory D. . Zapparoli . Marzio . 2011 . Brill . 2011 . 978-90-04-18826-6 . Minelli . Alessandro . Leiden . 363–443 [392-393] . Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview . 812207443.
  5. Web site: Bates . M. . 26 June 2016 . 'Horrific' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160626122234/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/amphibious-centipede-discovered-laos-scolopendra-cataracta-new-species/ . June 26, 2016 . 1 July 2016 . National Geographic.
  6. Siriwut . W. . Edgecombe . G. D. . Sutcharit . C. . Tongkerd . P. . Panha . S. . 2016 . A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos . . 590 . 1–124 . 10.3897/zookeys.590.7950 . 4926625 . 27408540 . free.
  7. News: Holmes . O. . 1 July 2016 . Giant swimming, venomous centipede discovered by accident in world-first . 1 July 2016 . The Guardian.
  8. Web site: Sho . T. . 12 April 2021 . A new amphibious species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan . 2022-01-10 . Biotaxa. >
  9. Fusco. Giuseppe. 2005. Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods. Evolution & Development. en. 7. 6. 608–617. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. 16336414. 21401688. 1525-142X.
  10. Minelli. Alessandro. 2020. Arthropod segments and segmentation – lessons from myriapods, and open questions. Opuscula Zoologica. 51(S2). 7–21. 10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7. 226561862.
  11. Edgecombe . Gregory D. . Giribet . Gonzalo . 2007 . Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) . Annual Review of Entomology . 52 . 151–170. 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326 . 16872257 .
  12. Vahtera. Varpu. Edgecombe. Gregory D.. Giribet. Gonzalo. 2012. Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data. Cladistics. en. 28. 1. 4–20. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x. 34856735. 84329980. 1096-0031. free.
  13. Jiang. Chao. Bai. Yunjun. Shi. Mengxuan. Liu. Juan. 2020-12-05. Rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships of the scolopendromorph centipede Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 (Chilopoda): a monotypic species of Mimopidae endemic to China, for more than one century. ZooKeys. en. 932. 75–91. 10.3897/zookeys.932.51461. 32476974. 7239954. 1313-2970. free.
  14. Benavides . Ligia R. . Jiang . Chao . Giribet . Gonzalo . 2021-09-01 . Mimopidae is the sister group to all other scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): a phylotranscriptomic approach . Organisms Diversity & Evolution . en . 21 . 3 . 591–598 . 10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2 . 239688370 . 1618-1077.

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