School bullying explained

School bullying, like bullying outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim.[1] [2] Bullying can be verbal or physical.[1] [2] Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict.[3] Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.

The cost of school violence is significant across many nations but there are educational leaders who have had success in reducing school bullying by implementing certain strategies. Some strategies used to reduce or prevent school bullying include educating the students about bullying, restricting of recording devices in the classroom, employing security technology, and hiring school safety officers. How schools respond to bullying, however, varies widely. Effects on the victims of school bullying include feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, helplessness, and reduced school performance[4] Empirical research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin involving a national sample of US youth have found that some victims of school bullying have attempted to commit suicide.[5]

This behavior is not a one-off episode; it must be repetitive and habitual to be considered bullying. Students who are LGBTQIA+, have parents of lower educational levels, are thought to be provocative, are perceived to be vulnerable, or are atypical or considered outsiders are at higher risk of being victimized by bullies.[6] [7] [8] [9] Baron (1977) defined such "aggressive behaviour as behaviour that is directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment".[10]

Historically, Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days details intensive school bullying, but the first major scholarly journal article to address school bullying appears to have been written in 1897.[11] Research in school bullying has dramatically expanded over time, rising from 62 citations in the 90 years between 1900 and 1990, to 562 in the 4 years between 2000 and 2004.[12] Since 2004, research on school bullying has mushroomed. A 2022 South Korean TV series The Glory drew renewed attention to the phenomenon.[13] [14]

Criteria

Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior that is characterised by hostile intent (the harm caused is deliberate), imbalance of power (real or perceived power inequality between bully and victim), and repetition over a period of time.[15] [16] [17] More ordinary types of student-student conflicts, which are sometimes part of everyday school life, are not associated with an imbalance of power. In contrast to more ordinary conflicts, school bullying can severely harm victimized students.[18]

Power imbalance

By definition, bullying involves an imbalance of power.[19] A bully has power over another student because of factors such as size, gender, age, standing among peers, and/or assistance by other students.[20] [21] Among boys, bullying tends to involve differences in strength; among girls bullying is more focused on differences in physical appearance, emotional life, and/or academic status.[22]

Some bullies target peers with physical impairments, such as speech impediments (e.g., stuttering). Many stutterers experience some degree of bullying, harassment, or ridicule from peers and, sometimes, teachers.[23]

Warning signs

Signs that a child is being bullied may include:

Signs that a child is bullying others may include:

Signs that a child has witnessed bullying include:

Control of bullying

There are two main methods employed in controlling bullying: Prevention (acting before something happens) or reaction (acting when something is happening or has just happened).

Preventative solutions may include:

The recommended reactions to cases of bullying are manifold, and various methods may be called for, depending on the type of bullying, and the people who are involved. Some suggestions for appropriate reaction are:

Types of bullying

There are a number of ways in which school bullying takes place. These include verbal, physical, psychological, cyber, and sexual bullying. Direct bullying refers to an open physical or verbal attack on a victim.[44] Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect, but involves one or more forms of relational aggression, including social isolation via intentional exclusion, spreading rumors to defame the target's character or reputation, making faces or obscene gestures behind the target's back, and manipulating friendships or other relationships. Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. There is evidence that pack bullying was more common in high schools than in lower grades and lasts longer than bullying undertaken by individuals.[45]

Physical

See also: Physical abuse.

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Examples include:[46] [47] fighting, hazing, headlocks, inappropriate touching, kicking, pinching, poking, hair pulling, punching, pushing, slapping, spitting, stalking, or making unwanted and persistent eye contact with a victim, spilling liquids onto a victim, throwing small and lightweight objects at a victim, teasing, threatening, tickling, using weapons including improvised ones, theft and/or damaging of personal belongings.

Emotional

Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim's psyche and/or emotional well-being. Examples include: spreading malicious rumors about people, "ganging up" on others (this could also be considered physical bullying), ignoring people (e.g. the silent treatment or pretending the victim is non-existent), provoking others, belittling or saying hurtful things (which are also forms of verbal bullying).[48]

Verbal

See also: Verbal abuse.

Verbal bullying are slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include: foul language or (profanity) directed at the victim; using derogatory terms or deriding the person's name; commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body, etc., (personal abuse); tormenting, harassing, mocking and belittling, threatening to cause harm,[49] taunting, teasing, and making inappropriate sexual comments.

Cyberbullying

See also: Cyberbullying.

Coupled with the increasing use of computers and the internet, the use of such technology and social media has moved some bullying from the schoolyard to the internet.[50] According to the website Stop Cyberbullying, schools experience difficulties in controlling off-campus bullying due to the perception that their role stops at the gates of the schoolyard. Schools are under pressure to not exceed their authority and to avoid violating students' right to free speech.[51] Suggestions have been made that principals act to include cyberbullying in their code of ethics, allowing disciplining of bullying outside of school facilities and according to Professor Bernard James, "the timidity of educators in this context of emerging technology is working in the advantage of the bullies."[52] Educators do appear to have support from the students. For example, three high school students from Melville, New York, organized a Bullying Awareness Walk, where several hundred people turned out to show their support.[53]

Researcher Charisse Nixon found that students do not reach out for help with cyberbullying for four main reasons:

Research suggests that cyberbullying is sometimes an extension of bullying already taking place elsewhere.[55] Students who are cyberbullied have, in many cases, also been bullied in other ways before (e.g., physically or verbally at school). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet. Some cyber victims are physically stronger than cyber bullies, which leads these bullies to prefer online confrontations to face-to-face contact.[56]

Sexual

See main article: Sexual bullying.

Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender."[57] A BBC Panorama questionnaire aimed at English teens aged 11 to 19 found that, of the 273 respondents, 28 had been forced to do something sexual, 31 had seen it happen to someone else, and 40 had experienced unwanted touching.[58] U.K. government figures show that in the 2007–2008 school year, there were 3,450 fixed-period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct.[59] This included incidents such as groping and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, ChildLine counselled a total of 156,729 children, 26,134 of whom spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of whom spoke specifically about sexual bullying.[60] Sexting cases are also on the rise and have become a major source of bullying and the circulation of explicit photos of those involved, either around school or on the internet, put the originators in a position to be scorned and bullied.[61]

Bullying in higher education

About 15 percent of college students claim to have been victims of bullying.[62] The misconception that bullying does not occur in higher education began to receive attention after the suicide of college student Tyler Clementi. According to a recent study, around 21.5% of college students reported rarely being victims of cyberbullying while around 93.3% of students said they rarely bullied others.[63]

Characteristics of bullies

Several main categories of bullying have been identified. Coloroso noted that some bullies need to feel superior to others (the "confident bully"). Bullies with low self-esteem often try to bring others down (the "social bully"). Other bullies appear tough but are cowardly; they tend to want to be seen as tough (the "fully armored bully").[64]

Other factors associated with being a bully is lower school performance and higher self-esteem.[56]

Additional information about bullying in school

Bullying victims display a variety of defining characteristics, including emotional and physical behaviors. Increased susceptibility stands out as one prominent feature. Bullying frequently targets those who, for various reasons, may believe they are defenseless, different, or weak. Being introverted and feeling alone, they just avoid social situations at all costs. Because of this vulnerability, victims of bullying are more likely to experience anxiety, fear, and low self-esteem. In an effort to deal with the stress brought on by bullying, victims could isolate themselves, withdraw socially, or have a hard time forming relationships.

The worsening of mental health is another trait of bullied individuals. A variety of emotional problems, including sadness, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder, can result from persistent teasing and bullying. They are lonely and easily distracted especially in school. The stress and distraction brought on by bullying may also cause victims to do worse academically.[65] The serious effects of bullying on a person's mental health are highlighted by the fact that some victims may turn to self-harm or even consider suicide as a means of escaping the suffering.

In conclusion, understanding the characteristics of bullying victims is essential for the prevention and intervention of bullying. By recognizing and addressing these traits, educators, parents, and society as a whole can work together to create a safer and more supportive environment for all individuals, reducing the prevalence and impact of bullying. Empowering victims, fostering empathy, and implementing anti-bullying programs are steps in the right direction to combat this pervasive issue.[66]

Characteristics of victims

Victims of bullying tend to be physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn.[67] They are sometimes characterized as passive or submissive and might use self-depreciating or self-defeating humor styles.[68] Possessing these qualities makes these individuals vulnerable, as they are seen as being less likely to retaliate.[69]

Another risk factor for becoming a victim is low self-esteem; however, low self-esteem can also be a consequence of having been bullied.[56] [70] [71] [72] [73] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[56]

Locations and contexts

Bullying locations vary. Most bullying in elementary school happens on the playground. In middle school and high school, it occurs most often in hallways, which have little supervision. According to the U.S Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, more than 47% of victims report being bullied in hallways and stairways.[74] Bus stops and bus rides to and from school can also be sites of bullying; children tend to view the driver as someone with no disciplinary authority.[75]

Roles

McNamee and Mercurio state that there is a "bullying triangle," consisting of the person doing the bullying, the victim, and the bystander.[76] Conversely, the US Department of Health and Human Services divides the participants into 7 actors, consisting of the initial "triangle" plus those who assist, those who reinforce the actions of the bully, those who aren't involved but witness the bullying ("outsiders"), and those who come to the assistance of the victim after the fact ("defenders").

Complex cultural dynamics

School bullying might not end with interaction between students; other dynamics may be visible within a school. Students may bully each other or others (teachers, staff, parents), but the students may also experience bullying from teachers or staff. These dynamics may also be in play between staff and teachers, parents and teachers, or any other combination thereof.[77] [78]

Effects

As a result of bullying, victims may feel depressed, anxious, angry, stressed, helpless, out of control, and may experience a significant drop in school performance, or, in rare cases, commit suicide (bullycide).[79] They tend to feel more lonely and have difficulties adjusting to school. Over the long term, they may feel insecure, lack trust, exhibit extreme sensitivity or hypervigilance, develop mental illnesses such as avoidant personality disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or develop other health challenges.[56]

Victims of bullying may also desire revenge, sometimes leading them to torment others in return[80] or retaliate against their bullies with force.[81] A notable example of the latter was in 2011, when an Australian teenager named Casey Heynes became a viral sensation after throwing to the ground a bully who was punching him, which prompted both widespread public support for Heynes[82] [83] and the concern of some experts.[84] [85]

Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms are common among both bullies and their victims. Alcohol and substance abuse are at risk for developing later in life.[86] People suffering from depression often feel better when they talk to others about their lives; victims of bullying, however, may be reluctant to talk to others about their feelings because they fear being bullied for doing so, which can, in turn, worsen their depression.[87] According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.[88]

In the short term, bystanders who witnesses bullying may experience anger, fear, guilt, and sadness. If they are witness to regular episodes of bullying, they may begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the victims themselves.

While most bullies, in the long term, grow up to be emotionally functional adults, many have an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, which is linked to an increased risk of committing criminal acts (including domestic violence).[89] Bullies have been shown to have higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of adjustment to school.[56]

Educational quality and outcomes

The educational effects on victims of school violence and bullying are significant. Violence and bullying at the hands of students may make the victims afraid to go to school and interfere with their ability to concentrate in class or participate in school activities.[90] It can also have similar effects on bystanders. Bullied students may miss classes, avoid school activities, skip school, or drop out of school altogether. Bullied students may also have lower grades, greater academic difficulties, and be less likely to anticipate going on to higher education.[91] International analyses highlight the impact of bullying on learning outcomes, showing that bullying is related to lower achievement.[92] Further, unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception that teachers do not have control or do not care about the students, which reduces the quality of education for all.

Social and economic costs

The 2006 UN World Report on Violence Against Children shows that victims of corporal punishment, both at school and at home, may develop into adults who are passive and over-cautious or aggressive. Being bullied is also linked to a heightened risk of eating disorders and social and relationship difficulties. A 1958 study of children born in England, Scotland, and Wales looked at 7,771 children who had been bullied at ages 7 and 11 and found that by age 50, those who had been bullied as children were less likely to have obtained school qualifications and were less likely to live with a spouse or partner or to have adequate social support. These victims also scored lower in tests designed to measure cognitive IQ and were more likely to report that they had poor health.[93]

The economic impact of violence against children and adolescents is substantial.[94] Youth violence in Brazil alone is estimated to cost nearly US$19 billion every year, of which US$943 million can be linked to violence in schools, while the estimated cost to the economy in the USA is US$7.9 billion a year.[95] Studies show that school-related gender-based violence alone can be associated with the loss of one primary grade of schooling, which translates to an annual cost of around US$17 billion to low- and middle-income countries.[96] In Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria it is estimated that US$974 million, US$301 million, and US$1,662 million respectively are lost due to failures in the equal education of girls and boys, with violence in school listed as one of the key factors contributing to the under-representation of girls in education.[97] [98] In Argentina, the cost of early dropping out is estimated to be 11.4% of GDP, and in Egypt, nearly 7% of potential earnings is lost as a result of the number of children dropping out of school. It is not clear how much of these preceding losses may be attributable to school bullying.

Statistics

According to the American Psychological Association, "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers."[99] Various studies show that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and students with disabilities experience bullying more often than other students.[100] [101]

Victims

Statistics referencing the prevalence of bullying in schools may be inaccurate and tend to fluctuate. In a U.S. study of 5,621 students ages 12–18, 64% of the students had experienced bullying and did not report it.[112]

Bullies

School shootings

See main article: School shooting.

Although research suggests that there might be a weak association between school bullying and school shootings,[122] there is some evidence that having been a victim of school bullying is related to increased risk of a school shootings.[123] The media have portrayed some individuals, such as Charles Andrew Williams, Eric Hainstock, Seung-Hui Cho, Luke Woodham, Michael Carneal, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Karl Pierson, Jose Reyes, and Jeff Weise, as having experienced bullying and then becoming school shooters. However, research suggests that the vast majority of individuals who have been victims of bullying do not become school shooters.[124] [125] [126]

Institutional prevention

Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the engagement of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying.[127] Incidents of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying.[128] Classroom activities where students reflect on bullying decrease the cases of bullying while increasing the communication between students and school staff.[129]

The current literature shows that school-based anti-bullying programs are also effective in reducing bullying perpetration and bullying victimization by ~15%, based on moderate-quality evidence.[130] However, as there is variation in the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs, further research is required to identify specific programmatic features that make programs effective.[130] A 2019 study found that school-based anti-bullying programs may lower the incidence of bullying by as much as 25%.[131]

Measures such as instituting zero tolerance for fighting or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are actually ineffective in reducing bullying. Methods that are effective include increasing empathy for victims; adopting a program that includes teachers, students, and parents; and having students lead anti-bullying efforts.[132] Success is most associated with beginning interventions at an early age, constantly evaluating programs for effectiveness, and having some students take online classes to avoid bullies at school.[133] Another way to help victims is to provide peer support.[134] Peer support can help a victim improve his or her school performance.[134]

Effective national responses

Based on UNESCO case studies of six countries that have succeeded in reducing school violence and bullying (Eswatini, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Republic of Korea and Uruguay) as well as two countries that have maintained low levels over time (the Netherlands and Sweden), there are a number of factors that contribute to effective national responses.[135]

Factors that contribute to effective national responses include:

The case studies also identified a number of factors that can limit the effectiveness and impact of national responses. These include lack of data on specific aspects of school violence and bullying and on the sub-groups of students who are most vulnerable, low coverage of interventions, lack of systematic monitoring of school violence and bullying, and of robust evaluation of the impact of programmes.

Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings

See main article: Anti-bullying legislation.

United Kingdom

Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 provides for an anti-bullying policy for all state schools to be made available to parents.

United States

The victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.[137] At one point only 23 states had anti-bullying laws. In 2015, Montana became the last state to enact an anti-bullying law. At that point, all 50 states had an anti-bullying law. These laws are not going to abolish bullying, but it does bring attention to the behavior, and they let the aggressors know it will not be tolerated.[138]

Canada

In 2016, a legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied at his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ("duty of care") that the school board owes to its students. A similar bullying case was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College).[139]

Taiwan

The Ministry of Education has launched a series of projects. In 2006, they started the 'anti-bully plan'. In 2008, they launched the "prevent-bully video from public project"—which included encouraging informants and monitoring the school—in the hope that it could improve education quality.[140]

South Africa

Bullying is still not recognized as a specific crime in South Africa. However, four laws protect children in South Africa:

The South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (SASA)

The Children’s Act 38 of 2005

The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008

The Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Nansel . Tonja R. . Overpeck . Mary . Pilla . Ramani S. . Ruan . W. June . Simons-Morton . Bruce . Scheidt . Peter . 2001-04-25 . Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment . JAMA . American Medical Association . 285 . 16 . 2094–2100 . 10.1001/jama.285.16.2094 . 2435211 . 11311098.
  2. Nansel . Tonja R. . Craig . Wendy . Overpeck . Mary D. . Saluja . Gitanjali . Ruan . W. June . 2004-08-01 . Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine . American Medical Association . 158 . 8 . 730–736 . 10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730 . 2556236 . 15289243.
  3. ((Burger, C.)) . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment . 19 . 18 . 11809 . 2022 . 1661-7827 . 10.3390/ijerph191811809. 36142079 . 9517642 . free .
  4. ((Halliday, S.)), ((Gregory, T.)), ((Taylor, A.)), ((Digenis, C.)), ((Turnbull, D.)) . Journal of School Violence . The impact of bullying victimization in early adolescence on subsequent psychosocial and academic outcomes across the adolescent period: A systematic review . 20 . 3 . 351–373 . 2021 . 1538-8220 . 10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598. 235204391 .
  5. ((Hinduja, S.)), ((Patchin, J. W.)) . Journal of School Violence . Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying . 18 . 3 . 333–346 . 2019 . 1538-8220 . 10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417. 150186205 .
  6. Jeffrey . Linda R. . Miller . Demond . Linn . Margaret . Middle school bullying as a context for the development of passive observers to the victimization of others . Journal of Emotional Abuse . Informa UK Limited . 2 . 2–3 . 2001 . 10.1300/j135v02n02_09 . 143–156. 145004242 .
  7. Wong . Ching-Tsai . Cheng Ying-yao . Cheng . Ying-Yao . Chen . Li-Ming . Multiple perspectives on the targets and causes of school bullying . Educational Psychology in Practice . Informa UK Limited . 29 . 3 . 2013 . 10.1080/02667363.2013.837030 . 278–292. 145731042 .
  8. The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation's schools . Kosciw, J. G. . Greytak, E. A. . Giga, N. M. . Villenas, C. . Danischewski, D. J. . GLSEN . 2016 . New York, NY . .
  9. Pervanidou . P. . Makris . G. . Bouzios . I. . Chrousos . G. . Roma . E. . Chouliaras . G. . Bullying victimization: Associated contextual factors in a Greek sample of children and adolescents . Psychiatriki . Hellenic Psychiatric Association . 30 . 3 . 2019-10-01 . 10.22365/jpsych.2019.303.216 . 216–225. 31685453 . 207897798 . free .
  10. Book: Baron, R. A.. Human aggression. 1977. 978-0-306-31050-8. New York . Plenum.
  11. Koo . Hyojin . A time line of the evolution of school bullying in differing social contexts . Asia Pacific Education Review . 1 April 2007 . 8 . 1 . 107–116 . 10.1007/BF03025837 . 27359151 .
  12. Stassen Berger. Kathleen. March 2007. Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten?. Developmental Review. 27. 1. 90–126. 10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002.
  13. Web site: Jun-hee . Park . 2023-01-11 . Hair curler bullying scene in 'The Glory' stirs memories of similar case from 2006 . The Korea Herald.
  14. Burt . Kayti . 2023-03-10 . The Real Stories of Bullying Behind Netflix's 'The Glory' . Time.
  15. Burger . Christoph . Strohmeier . Dagmar . Spröber . Nina . Bauman . Sheri . Rigby . Ken . How teachers respond to school bullying: An examination of self-reported intervention strategy use, moderator effects, and concurrent use of multiple strategies . Teaching and Teacher Education . October 2015 . 51 . 191–202 . 10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.004 .
  16. Olweus, D. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. In P. K. Smith, J. Junger-Taqs, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). New York: Plenum.
  17. Goldsmid. S. . Howie. P. . 2014 . Bullying by definition: An examination of definitional components of bullying . Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties . 19. 2 . 210–225 . 10.1080/13632752.2013.844414 . 145146347.
  18. ((Burger, C.)) . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment . 19 . 18 . 11809 . 2022 . 1661-7827 . 10.3390/ijerph191811809. 36142079 . 9517642 . free .
  19. Meyer . Doug . The Gentle Neoliberalism of Modern Anti-bullying Texts: Surveillance, Intervention, and Bystanders in Contemporary Bullying Discourse . Sexuality Research and Social Policy . December 2016 . 13 . 4 . 356–370 . 10.1007/s13178-016-0238-9 . 148471672 .
  20. ((Noorden, T. H. J. van)), ((Haselager, G. J. T.)), ((Cillessen, A. H. N.)), ((Bukowski, W. M.)) . Journal of Youth and Adolescence . Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: a systematic review . 44 . 3 . 637–657 . 2015 . 0047-2891 . 10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6. 24894581 . 35937769 . 2066/138695 . free .
  21. Sylvester . Betty . Teacher as Bully: Knowingly or Unintentionally Bullying Students . The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin: The International Journal for Professional Educators . 1 January 2011 . 77 . 2 . 42–45 .
  22. Beaty. LA. Alexeyev. EB. 2008. The problem of school bullies: What the research tells us. Adolescence. 43. 169. 1–11. 18447077.
  23. Hugh-Jones S, Smith PK. 1999. Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer. The British Journal of Educational Psychology. 69 (Pt 2). 2. 141–58. 10.1348/000709999157626. 10405616. free.
  24. Web site: US Department of Health and Human Services. 16 October 2012. The Roles Kids Play. 25 September 2013. What is Bullying.
  25. Book: Fisher. Bonnie. Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. Lab. Steven. Miller. Holly Ventura. Miller. J. Mitchell. 2010. SAGE Publications, Inc.. 978-1-4129-6047-2. California. 818–820. School-Based Bullying Prevention. 10.4135/9781412979993.n274.
  26. Web site: 2018-03-27. Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment in Our Nation's Classrooms Training Toolkit Safe Supportive Learning. 2020-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327135720/https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/creating-safe-and-respectful-environment-our-nations-classrooms-training-toolkit. 27 March 2018.
  27. Web site: 2018-03-27. Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment on Our Nation's School Buses Training Toolkit Safe Supportive Learning. 2020-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327135707/https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/creating-safe-and-respectful-environment-our-nations-school-buses-training-toolkit. 27 March 2018.
  28. Web site: 2017-01-25. Creating a Supportive Bus Climate: Preventing Bullying. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125002603/https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/sssta/20120928_BusMod2WorkshopOverviewFINAL.pdf. 25 January 2017. 2020-08-27.
  29. Web site: 2017-02-09. See Something, Do Something: Intervening in Bullying Behavior. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170209104612/https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/sssta/20120928_BusMod1WorkshopOverviewFINAL.pdf. 9 February 2017. 2020-08-27.
  30. TTOFI. Maria M.. Farrington. David P.. Lösel. Friedrich. Loeber. Rolf. April 2011. The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: A systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. Systematic review and meta-analysis. 21. 2. 80–89. 10.1002/cbm.808. 21370293.
  31. Web site: Riley. Naomi Schaefer. 2017-02-07. To fight cyberbullying, ban cellphones from school. 2020-08-27. New York Post. en-US.
  32. Web site: 2017-02-15. Body cameras in schools: Are School Resource Officers (SROs) and principals missing the big picture? - School SecuritySchool Security. 2020-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20170215035923/http://schoolsecurity.org/2015/07/body-cameras-in-schools-are-school-resource-officers-sros-and-principals-missing-the-big-picture/. 15 February 2017.
  33. Web site: 2020-07-08. SROs work with schools to address bullying Local News somerset-kentucky.com. 2020-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708050442/https://somerset-kentucky.com/news/local_news/sros-work-with-schools-to-address-bullying/article_0c2d7ab7-9d0a-5c4f-bc79-a529fe5f05e0.html. 8 July 2020.
  34. Web site: School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part One). 2020-08-27. FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin. en.
  35. Web site: School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part Two). 2020-08-27. FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin. en.
  36. Web site: Helping Your Child - What Parents Should Know About Bullying - PACER's National Bullying Prevention Center. 2020-08-27. pacer.org. en.
  37. Web site: 2012-11-29. Anonymous Reporting for Bullying and Cyberbullying Incidents. 2020-08-27. Cyberbullying Research Center. en-US.
  38. Web site: How to talk to your child's school about bullying. Unicef.
  39. Web site: Affairs (ASPA). Assistant Secretary for Public. 2019-09-24. Support the Kids Involved. 2021-01-25. StopBullying.gov. en.
  40. ((Burger, C.)), ((Strohmeier, D.)), ((Kollerová, L.)) . Journal of Youth and Adolescence . Teachers can make a difference in bullying: Effects of teacher interventions on students' adoption of bully, victim, bully-victim or defender roles across time . 2022 . 51 . 12 . 2312–2327 . 0047-2891 . 10.1007/s10964-022-01674-6. 36053439 . 9596519 . 252009527 .
  41. ((Swearer, S. M.)), ((Martin, M.)), ((Brackett, M.)), ((Palacios, R. A., II)) . Adolescent Research Review . Bullying intervention in adolescence: The intersection of legislation, policies, and behavioral change . 2 . 1 . 23–35 . 2017 . 2363-8346 . 10.1007/s40894-016-0037-9. 52024268 . free .
  42. Web site: 2014-01-29. Bullying in Schools. 2020-08-27. Center for Injury Research and Prevention. en.
  43. Web site: 2020-07-08. Bullying in the Middle Years Westchester Health. 2020-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708050218/https://westchesterhealth.com/pediatrics/bullying-in-the-middle-years/. 8 July 2020.
  44. Book: Weinstein Books . 978-1-60286-184-8 . 792879631 . Hirsch . Lee . Lowen . Cynthia . Santorelli . Dina . Bully: An action plan for teachers and parents to combat the bullying crisis . New York . 2012 .
  45. Web site: Facts About School Bullies and Bullying Behaviors . Bullying Statistics . 2015-07-08 .
  46. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20090220222902/http://stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov/index.asp?area=whatbullyingis . 20 February 2009 . So what is bullying? . Stop Bullying Now!.
  47. Book: Boys Town Press . 978-1-889322-67-4 . Bolton, José . Graeve, Stan . No room for bullies: from the classroom to cyberspace . Nebraska . 2005 .
  48. Web site: The Effects of Belittling . Counselling Connect . 29 October 2013.
  49. stopbullying.gov
  50. Book: Kowalski, R. M. . Limber, S. . Agatston, P. W. . Cyberbullying: bullying in the digital age . 2012 . Wiley-Blackwell . Malden, M.A . 2nd .
  51. Web site: What is cyberbullying, exactly? . Stop cyberbullying . 29 October 2013.
  52. News: Hoffman . Jan . Online Bullies Pull Schools Into the Fray . The New York Times . 28 June 2010 .
  53. Web site: Eidler . Scott . Anti-bullying walk held in North Hempstead . Newsday . 21 September 2013 . 6 March 2013 .
  54. 10.2147/AHMT.S36456 . 5 . 143–158 . Nixon . Charisse L . Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health . Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics . 1 July 2014 . 25177157 . 4126576 . free .
  55. Waasdorp, T.E. . Bradshaw, C.P. . 2015 . The overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying . Journal of Adolescent Health . 56 . 5 . 483–488 . 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002 . 25631040 . free .
  56. Burger, C. . Bachmann, L. . 2021 . Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment . Int J Environ Res Public Health . 18 . 19 . 10429 . 10.3390/ijerph181910429 . 34639731 . 8508291 . free .
  57. Web site: NSPCC working definition of Sexual Bullying . . 22 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100613025646/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/resourcesforteachers/classroomresources/sexual_bullying_definition_wdf68769.pdf . 13 June 2010.
  58. News: Rising problem of sexual bullying in schools . . 5 January 2009 . 22 April 2010.
  59. Web site: Permanent and Fixed Period Exclusions from Schools in England 2007/08 . . 30 July 2009 . 22 April 2010.
  60. Web site: NSPCC policy summary . NSPCC . 22 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100613025631/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/policyandpublicaffairs/policysummaries/sexual_bullying_in_education_settings_wdf68771.pdf . 13 June 2010.
  61. Web site: Sexting . EyePAT . 14 September 2015.
  62. Web site: King . Michelle . The Truth About Bullying in College . HerCampus.com . 14 November 2012 . 22 March 2017.
  63. Walz . Garry . 2016 . Cyberbullying on Social Media Among College Students . Vistas Online . 8 .
  64. Book: Coloroso, Barbara. The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool To High School – How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence. Collins Living [HarperResource]. 2004. 978-0-06-174460-0. New York. 11–41.
  65. Web site: Center For Disease Control and Prevention . 2019 . Preventing Bullying .
  66. Web site: Identifying Bullies & Victims . 2 October 2014 .
  67. Olweus D. . 1994 . Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program . The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry . 35 . 7 . 1171–1190 . 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x . 7806605 .
  68. ((Burger, C.)) . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses . 19 . 18 . 11415 . 2022 . 1661-7827 . 10.3390/ijerph191811415. 36141686 . 9517355 . free .
  69. Nelson . E. D. . Lambert . R. D. . Sticks, Stones and Semantics: The Ivory Tower Bully's Vocabulary of Motives . Qualitative Sociology . 2001 . 24 . 1 . 83–106 . 10.1023/A:1026695430820 . 142541203 .
  70. Andreou E. . 2000 . Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8-to 12-year-old Greek schoolchildren . Aggressive Behavior . 26 . 1 . 49–56 . 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<49::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-M.
  71. Austin S. . Joseph S. . 1996 . Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8 to 11 year-olds . British Journal of Educational Psychology . 66 . 4 . 447–456 . 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x . 9008423 .
  72. Callaghan S. . Joseph S. . 1995 . Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren . Personality and Individual Differences . 18 . 1 . 161–163 . 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00127-E .
  73. Neary A. . Joseph S. . 1994 . Peer victimization and its relationship to self-concept and depression among schoolgirls . Personality and Individual Differences . 16 . 1 . 183–186 . 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90122-8 .
  74. Web site: Hallways, stairwells are bullying hot spots. 26 February 2016. The New Bullying. 16 February 2012.
  75. Web site: The places where bullying occurs; where bullying takes place. 26 February 2016. Child Safety and Abuse Prevention Programs.
  76. McNamee. Abigail. Mercurio. Mia. 1 August 2008. School-Wide Intervention in the Childhood Bullying Triangle. Childhood Education. 84. 6. 370–378. 10.1080/00094056.2008.10523045. 145062847.
  77. Book: Parsons, Les. Bullied Teacher – Bullied Student: How to Recognize the Bullying Culture in Your School And What to Do About It. Pembroke Publishers Limited. 2005. 978-1-55138-190-9. registration.
  78. Dake. J. A.. Price, J. H.. Telljohann, S. K.. 2003. The nature and extent of bullying in school. The Journal of School Health. 73. 5. 173–80. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03599.x. 12793102.
  79. Web site: The Devastating Effects of School Bullying . Northland Child Psychiatry . 13 June 2023 . 1 May 2023.
  80. Web site: Dombeck, Mark. The Long Term Effects of Bullying. 15 March 2019 .
  81. Web site: Healy . Karyn . Fighting back may stop some children from being bullied . The Conversation . 2023-01-23 . 2024-02-28.
  82. Web site: Klein . Nathan . Bully victim Casey breaks his silence . Daily Telegraph . 2011-03-21 . 2024-02-28.
  83. Web site: McKinnon . Alex . Video of bully retaliation in Australia sparks global interest . MassLive . 2011-03-24 . 2024-02-28.
  84. Web site: Teen wrong to body-slam alleged bully: expert . CBS News . 2011-03-21 . 2024-02-28.
  85. Web site: Elizabeth . Broderick . Bystanders must join fight against bullying (2011) . Australian Human Rights Commission . 2011-03-23 . 2024-02-28.
  86. KALTIALA HEINO. RIITTAKERTTU. RIMPELÄ. MATTI. RANTANEN. PÄIVI. RIMPELÄ. ARJA. 1 December 2000. Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence. 23. 6. 661–674. 10.1006/jado.2000.0351. 11161331.
  87. Book: Olweus. D. Bullying at school. 1993. Malden, MA.
  88. Web site: The State of Mental Health in America . 2023-10-28 . Mental Health America . en.
  89. Web site: Pappas, Stephanie. 20 February 2013. Long-Term Effects Of Bullying: Pain Lasts Into Adulthood (STUDY). 15 April 2014. Huffington Post.
  90. Book: UNESCO. School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report. Paris, UNESCO. 2017. 978-92-3-100197-0. 17, 29, 31.
  91. Nakamoto. Jonathan. Schwartz. David. May 2010. Is Peer Victimization Associated with Academic Achievement? A Meta-analytic Review. Social Development. Meta-analysis. 19. 2. 221–242. 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x.
  92. Devries. K. M. Child. J. C. Allen. E. Walakira. E. Parkes. J. Naker. D. 2014. School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda. Pediatrics. 133. 1. e129–37. 10.1542/peds.2013-2007. 24298004. 22862719.
  93. Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children . UNICEF . New York . 2014 . 978-92-806-4767-9 . 890360182 .
  94. WHO (2016). Inspire. Seven strategies for ending violence against children.
  95. Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children (2012). Tackling violence in schools: A global perspective bridging the gap between standards and practice.
  96. RTI International . USAID . 2015 . What is the cost of school-related gender-based violence? .
  97. Children in Focus: Paying the Price - The Economic Cost of Failing to Educate Girls . 2008 . Plan Ltd. . 12 October 2022 .
  98. Antonowicz . Laetitia . Castle . Sarah . Diallo . Violet . Too Often in Silence: A report on school-based violence in West and Central Africa . 12 October 2022 . 16 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160916153809/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/VAC_Report_english.pdf . dead .
  99. Web site: Graham. Sandra. Bullying: A Module for Teachers. 30 December 2012. American Psychological Association.
  100. Agirdag. O.. Demanet. J.. Van Houtte. M.. Van Avermaet. P.. Bettelheim. K. A.. 2011. Ethnic school composition and peer victimization: A focus on the interethnic school climate. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 35. 4. 465–473. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.009.
  101. Jackson. Dylan B.. Vaughn. Michael G.. Kremer. Kristen P.. 2018-09-17. Bully victimization and child and adolescent health: new evidence from the 2016 NSCH. Annals of Epidemiology . 29 . 60–66 . 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.09.004 . 30287165 . 52922598 .
  102. Smokowski. P. R.. Kopasz. K. H.. 2005. Sign In. Children & Schools. 27. 2. 101–110. 10.1093/cs/27.2.101.
  103. Meyer . Ilan H. . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. . Psychological Bulletin . September 2003 . 129 . 5 . 674–697 . 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 . 12956539 . en . 1939-1455. 2072932 .
  104. Web site: 2015-07-07. Gay Bullying Statistics – Bullying Statistics. 19 February 2016. Bullying Statistics.
  105. Web site: LGBT Youth. 11 February 2016. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
  106. Web site: CDC Bullying Fact Sheet. https://web.archive.org/web/20170927082731/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/Bullying_Factsheet.pdf. 27 September 2017. 11 September 2017. dmy-all.
  107. Web site: Why Bullies Have More Sex. 23 December 2017 .
  108. Mishna. F.. Cook. C.. Gadalla. T.. Daciuk. J.. Solomon. S.. 2010. Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 80. 3. 362–374. 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01040.x. 20636942. 1807/71862. free.
  109. Web site: 28 September 2012. Canadian Bullying Statistics. 29 October 2013. Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
  110. Web site: Nationwide Study on Bullying Behaviour in Irish Schools (O'Moore 1997), Anti Bullying Centre, Trinity College Dublin.. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015231/http://bully4u.ie/bullying-in-schools/understanding/statistics-on-bullying-in-irish-schools/. 16 November 2016. 15 November 2016. dmy-all.
  111. Fekkes. M.. Pijpers. F. I. M.. Verloove-Vanhorick. S. P.. 2005. Bullying: Who does what, when and where? involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research. 20. 1. 81–91. 10.1.1.498.9838. 10.1093/her/cyg100. 15253993.
  112. What characteristics of bullying, bullying victims, and schools are associated with increased reporting of bullying to school officials?. Petrosino, A.. Guckenburg, S.. 2010. Regional Educational Laboratory Northeast and Islands. DeVoe, J.. Hanson, T.. Issues & Answers Report. 92.
  113. Eslea. Mike. 27 January 2004. Ersilia Menesini, Yohji Morita Mona O'Moore Joaquin A. Mora-Merchán Beatriz Pereira Peter K. Smith. Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggressive Behavior. 30. 1. 71–83. 10.1002/ab.20006. free. 1822/23300.
  114. Dake. Joseph A.. Price. James H.. Telljohann. Susan K.. 1 May 2003. The Nature and Extent of Bullying at School. Journal of School Health. 73. 5. 173–180. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03599.x. 12793102.
  115. Perren. S.. Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger. E.. Malti. T.. Hymel. S.. 2012. Moral Reasoning and Emotion Attributions of Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 30. 4. 511–530. 10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02059.x. 23039330.
  116. Keelan. C.. Schenk. A.. McNally. M.. Fremouw. W.. 2014. The interpersonal worlds of bullies: Parents, peers, and partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 29. 7. 1338–1353. 10.1177/0886260513506278. 24305866. 33190375.
  117. Turcotte Benedict . Frances . Vivier . Patrick M. . Gjelsvik . Annie . Mental Health and Bullying in the United States Among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years . Journal of Interpersonal Violence . March 2015 . 30 . 5 . 782–795 . 10.1177/0886260514536279 . 24920001 . 22725181 .
  118. Shakoor. S.. Jaffee. S. R.. Bowes. L.. Ouellet-Morin. I.. Andreou. P.. Happé. F.. Arseneault. L.. 2012. A prospective longitudinal study of children's theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 53. 3. 254–261. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x. 3272094. 22081896.
  119. Web site: Wilde. Marian. The bully and the bystander. 30 December 2012. GreatSchools.
  120. Garby. Lisa. 2011. Direct Bullying: Criminal Act or Mimicking What Has Been Learned?. Education. 20. 1. 449.
  121. Web site: NIH. 26 June 2006. Bullying Widespread in U.S. Schools, Survey Finds. NICHD Archive.
  122. Mears . Daniel P. . Moon . Melissa M. . Thielo . Angela J. . Columbine Revisited: Myths and Realities About the Bullying–School Shootings Connection . Victims & Offenders . Informa UK Limited . 12 . 6 . 2017-10-24 . 10.1080/15564886.2017.1307295 . 939–955. 148745392 .
  123. News: Moore . David W. . Americans Look to Parents to Stop School Shootings . 12 December 2021 . Gallup . 5 April 2001.
  124. Book: Langman, Peter . Why kids kill: inside the minds of school shooters . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . 2009 . 978-0-230-10148-7 . 240189360 .
  125. Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States, 2004 . Vossekuil . Fein . Reddy . Borum . Modzeleski . 2004.
  126. Book: Newman . Katherine S. . Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings . 2004 . Basic Books . 978-0-465-05103-8 .
  127. O'Brennan . L. M. . Waasdorp . T. E. . Bradshaw . C. P. . 2014 . Strengthening bullying prevention through school staff connectedness . Journal of Educational Psychology . 106 . 3 . 870–880 . 10.1037/a0035957.
  128. Book: Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-533587-3. Vernberg. Eric M . Biggs. Bridget K . Guerra . Nancy G . Williams . Kirk R . Preventing and treating bullying and victimization . Implementing bullying prevention in diverse settings : geographic, economic, and cultural influences . New York . 2010 . 426066162.
  129. . Ansary . Nadia S. . Elias . Maurice J. . Greene . Michael B. . Green . Stuart . Bullying in schools: research has yet to precisely prescribe a remedy for school bullying, but some guidelines are emerging to help schools choose programs that best fit their situation . Phi Delta Kappan . 1 October 2015 . 97 . 2 . 30 . 10.1177/0031721715610088 . 146317934 .
  130. Gaffney . Hannah . Ttofi . Maria M. . Farrington . David P. . Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying perpetration and victimization: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis . Campbell Systematic Reviews . June 2021 . 17 . 2 . e1143 . 10.1002/cl2.1143 . 37131921 . 8356322 . 233556486 . free .
  131. Web site: TXABC . 2023-11-09 . TXABC . en-US.
  132. Book: Berger, Kathleen Stassen . Invitation to the Life Span . Worth Publishers . 2014 . 978-1464172052 . New York .
  133. Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? . Berger . Kathleen Stassen . 2007 . Developmental Review . 10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002 . 27 . 90–126.
  134. Tzani-Pepelasi . Calli . Ioannou . Maria . Synnott . John . McDonnell . Dean . Peer Support at Schools: the Buddy Approach as a Prevention and Intervention Strategy for School Bullying . International Journal of Bullying Prevention . June 2019 . 1 . 2 . 111–123 . 10.1007/s42380-019-00011-z . 151013214 .
  135. Book: Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. UNESCO. 2019. 978-92-3-100306-6.
  136. Finkelhor . David . Vanderminden . Jennifer . Turner . Heather . Shattuck . Anne . Hamby . Sherry . Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample . Child Abuse & Neglect . 1 April 2014 . 38 . 4 . 677–686 . 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010 . 24630440 .
  137. Web site: Brownstein . Andrew . The bully pulpit: post-Columbine harassment victims take schools to court . Trial . December 2002.
  138. News: All 50 States Now have a Bullying Law. Now What? . Temkin . Deborah . 27 April 2015 . Huffington Post.
  139. Web site: Murray . Melissa . Family wins precedent-setting case against public school board . Ottawa Community News . 19 June 2016 .
  140. 陳利銘 . 鄭英耀 . 黃正鵠 . 反霸凌政策之分析與改進建議 . Analyzing Anti-bullying Policies in Taiwan . 教育政策論壇 . 13 . 3 . 2010 . 1–25 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "School bullying".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.