Sapienic acid explained

Sapienic acid is a fatty acid that is a major component of human sebum. Unique to humans, it takes its scientific name from the root sapiens. The equivalent fatty acid in mouse sebum is palmitoleic acid.[1] Sapienic acid salts, esters, anion, and conjugate base are known as sapienates.

Deficient production of sapienic acid has been implicated in the development of atopic dermatitis,[2] and sapienic acid has potent antibacterial activity against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus.[3] [4] Reduced omega-3 intake has been linked to lower sapienic acid levels in sebum.[5]

Delta-6-desaturation of palmitic acid leads to the biosynthesis of sapienic acid. In other tissues linoleic acid is the target for delta 6 desaturase, but linoleic acid is degraded in sebaceous cells, allowing the enzyme to desaturate palmitic to sapienic acid.[6] [7] A two-carbon extension product of sapienic acid, sebaleic acid, is also present in sebum.Sapienic acid can lead to the decanal which is likely what mosquitoes use to identify human prey.[8]

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Notes and References

  1. Katsuta Y, Iida T, Inomata S, Denda M . Unsaturated fatty acids induce calcium influx into keratinocytes and cause abnormal differentiation of epidermis . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 124 . 5 . 1008–13 . May 2005 . 15854043 . 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23682.x . Nature Publishing Group . free .
  2. Takigawa H, Nakagawa H, Kuzukawa M, Mori H, Imokawa G . Deficient production of hexadecenoic acid in the skin is associated in part with the vulnerability of atopic dermatitis patients to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus . Dermatology . 211 . 3 . 240–8 . 2005 . 16205069 . 10.1159/000087018 . 1574784 .
  3. Book: Webster, Guy F.. Acne and Its Therapy. Anthony V. Rawlings. CRC Press. 2007. 978-0-8247-2971-4. Basic and clinical dermatology. 40. 311.
  4. Neumann Y, Ohlsen K, Donat S, Engelmann S, Kusch H, Albrecht D, Cartron M, Hurd A, Foster SJ . 6 . The effect of skin fatty acids on Staphylococcus aureus . Archives of Microbiology . 197 . 2 . 245–67 . March 2015 . 25325933 . 4326651 . 10.1007/s00203-014-1048-1 . 2015ArMic.197..245N .
  5. Park HG, Kothapalli KS, Park WJ, DeAllie C, Liu L, Liang A, Lawrence P, Brenna JT . 6 . Palmitic acid (16:0) competes with omega-6 linoleic and omega-3 ɑ-linolenic acids for FADS2 mediated Δ6-desaturation . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids . 1861 . 2 . 91–97 . February 2016 . 26597785 . 4691389 . 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.11.007 .
  6. Pappas A, Anthonavage M, Gordon JS . Metabolic fate and selective utilization of major fatty acids in human sebaceous gland . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 118 . 1 . 164–71 . January 2002 . 11851890 . 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01612.x . Nature Publishing Group . free .
  7. Ge L, Gordon JS, Hsuan C, Stenn K, Prouty SM . Identification of the delta-6 desaturase of human sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 120 . 5 . 707–14 . May 2003 . 12713571 . 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12123.x . Nature Publishing Group . free .
  8. Chemical signatures of human odour generate a unique neural code in the brain of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 10.1101/2020.11.01.363861. 2020. Zhao. Zhilei. Zung. Jessica L.. Kriete. Alexis L.. Iqbal. Azwad. Younger. Meg A.. Matthews. Benjamin J.. Merhof. Dorit. Thiberge. Stephan. Strauch. Martin. McBride. Carolyn S.. 226263862.

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