In response to court action in a number of states, the United States federal government and a number of state legislatures passed or attempted to pass legislation either prohibiting or allowing same-sex marriage or other types of same-sex unions.
On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.
In 1996, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 104–199, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Section 3 of DOMA defines "marriage" and "spouse" for purposes of both federal law and any ruling, regulation, or interpretation by an administrative bureau or agency of the United States government. The impact of Section 2 of DOMA, which relieves jurisdictions within the United States of any obligation to recognize same-sex relationships legally established in any other jurisdiction, is less clear.
In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of Section 3 of DOMA, which defines marriage for federal purposes as the union of a man and a woman.[1] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional.[2]
The State Marriage Defense Act, introduced in the House of Representatives on January 9, 2014, would require the federal government to recognize the validity of a marriage based on a person's legal residence (place of domicile), rather than on the validity of the marriage when and where it was solemnized (place of celebration). The Obama administration has generally used the latter standard. Its sponsors described it as a way to clarify the federal government's response to Windsor and restore the ability of the a state to control the definition of marriage within its borders.[3] [4]
In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage licenses as well as state bans on recognition of same-sex marriages from other states. On June 26, 2015, the court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Fourteenth Amendment obliges states to license same-sex marriages and to recognize same-sex marriages from other states.[5]
In the, and Congresses, the Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA) was introduced by House and Senate Democrats to repeal DOMA.[6] These efforts eventually prevailed in 2022, with the bill passing the House 267–157 and the Senate 61–36. President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on December 13, 2022.[7]
See also: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state.
Votes by state legislatures to recognize various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:
State | Date | Type of same-sex union | Upper house | Lower house | Governor | Final outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
District of Columbia | June 1992 | Domestic partnership[8] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
California | September 1994 | Domestic partnership[9] [10] | 21 | 17 | 41 | 26 | Vetoed | No |
Hawaii | March 1996 | Domestic partnership[11] | 14 | 11 | Failed | — | No | |
Hawaii | June 1997 | Reciprocal beneficiary relationship[12] | 24 | 7 | 43 | 27 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 1998 | Domestic partnership[13] | 21 | 17 | 41 | 36 | Vetoed | No |
California | October 1999 | Domestic partnership[14] | 23 | 13 | 41 | 38 | Vetoed | No |
California | October 1999 | Domestic partnership[15] | 22 | 14 | 41 | 36 | Signed | Yes |
Vermont | April 2000 | Civil union[16] | 19 | 11 | 79 | 68 | Signed | Yes |
Rhode Island | July 2001 | Domestic partnership[17] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
California | August 2001 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[18] | 22 | 12 | 41 | 27 | Signed | Yes |
California | October 2001 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[19] | 23 | 11 | 41 | 32 | Signed | Yes |
New York | August 2002 | Domestic partnership[20] | Passed | 147 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
New York | August 2002 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[21] | Passed | 147 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
California | September 2002 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[22] | 26 | 11 | 41 | 31 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 2002 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[23] | 23 | 13 | 43 | 27 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | April 2003 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[24] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
California | September 2003 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[25] | 23 | 14 | 41 | 33 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | January 2004 | Domestic partnership[26] | 23 | 9 | 41 | 28 | Signed | Yes |
Maine | April 2004 | Domestic partnership[27] | 18 | 14 | 84 | 58 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | May 2004 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[28] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
California | September 2004 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[29] | 23 | 12 | 46 | 29 | Signed | Yes |
New York | September 2004 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[30] | Passed | 141 | 1 | Signed | Yes | |
District of Columbia | December 2004 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[31] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
District of Columbia | January 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[32] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Connecticut | April 2005 | Civil union[33] | 27 | 9 | 85 | 63 | Signed | Yes |
Maryland | May 2005 | Domestic partnership[34] | 31 | 16 | 83 | 50 | Vetoed | No |
California | June 2005 | Marriage[35] | — | — | Failed | — | No | |
Rhode Island | June 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[36] [37] | Passed | — | — | — | No | |
Rhode Island | July 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[38] [39] | Passed | — | — | — | No | |
California | September 2005 | Marriage[40] | 21 | 15 | 41 | 35 | Vetoed | No |
California | September 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[41] | 23 | 15 | 47 | 28 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[42] | 21 | 14 | 47 | 32 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | December 2005 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[43] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New Jersey | January 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[44] | 39 | 0 | 67 | 8 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | January 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[45] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New York | March 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[46] | Passed | 96 | 25 | Signed | Yes | |
Maine | April 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[47] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New York | June 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[48] | — | — | 114 | 27 | — | No |
New York | June 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[49] | — | — | 116 | 27 | — | No |
Rhode Island | June 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[50] [51] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | June 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[52] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | July 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[53] [54] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | July 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[55] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | July 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[56] [57] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
California | September 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[58] | 24 | 15 | 46 | 29 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[59] | 23 | 15 | 47 | 31 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | December 2006 | Civil union[60] | 23 | 12 | 56 | 19 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | December 2006 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[61] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New Hampshire | April 2007 | Civil union[62] | — | — | Failed | — | No | |
Washington | April 2007 | Registered domestic partnership[63] | 28 | 19 | 63 | 35 | Signed | Yes |
Oregon | May 2007 | Domestic partnership[64] | 21 | 9 | 34 | 26 | Signed | Yes |
Maine | May 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[65] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New Hampshire | May 2007 | Civil union[66] | 14 | 10 | 243 | 129 | Signed | Yes |
Maine | June 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[67] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Maine | June 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[68] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New York | June 2007 | Marriage[69] | — | — | 85 | 61 | — | No |
Rhode Island | July 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[70] [71] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
California | September 2007 | Marriage[72] | 22 | 15 | 42 | 34 | Vetoed | No |
California | October 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[73] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | October 2007 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[74] | Passed | Passed | Vetoed | Yes | ||
New Hampshire | January 2008 | Contractual cohabitation[75] | Failed | — | — | — | No | |
New York | January 2008 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[76] | Passed | — | — | — | No | |
New Mexico | February 2008 | Domestic partnership[77] | — | — | 33 | 31 | — | No |
Washington | March 2008 | Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[78] [79] ' | 29 | 20 | 62 | 32 | Signed | Yes |
Maine | March 2008 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[80] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Maryland | April 2008 | Domestic partnership[81] | — | — | 86 | 51 | — | No |
Maryland | May 2008 | Domestic partnership[82] | 30 | 17 | 88 | 46 | Signed | Yes |
Maryland | May 2008 | Domestic partnership[83] | 27 | 20 | 86 | 47 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | May 2008 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[84] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New Mexico | February 2009 | Domestic partnership[85] | 17 | 25 | — | — | — | No |
Vermont | April 2009 | Marriage[86] | 23 | 5 | 100 | 49 | Vetoed | Yes |
Colorado | April 2009 | Designated beneficiary agreement[87] | 23 | 10 | 41 | 24 | Signed | Yes |
Connecticut | April 2009 | Marriage (codification)[88] | 28 | 7 | 100 | 44 | Signed | Yes |
Maine | May 2009 | Marriage[89] | 21 | 14 | 89 | 58 | Signed | No |
District of Columbia | May 2009 | Marriage (recognition only)[90] [91] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Washington | May 2009 | Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[92] | 30 | 18 | 62 | 35 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | May 2009 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[93] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Maine | May 2009 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[94] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nevada | May 2009 | Domestic partnership[95] [96] | 14 | 7 | 28 | 14 | Vetoed | Yes |
New Hampshire | June 2009 | Marriage[97] | 14 | 10 | 198 | 176 | Signed | Yes |
Oregon | June 2009 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[98] | 27 | 0 | 41 | 8 | Signed | Yes |
Wisconsin | June 2009 | Domestic partnership | 17 | 16 | 50 | 48 | Signed | Yes |
New York | August 2009 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[99] | Passed | 142 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
California | October 2009 | Out-of-state pre-proposition 8 marriage recognition[100] | 24 | 14 | 44 | 27 | Signed | Yes |
New York | December 2009 | Marriage[101] | 24 | 38 | 89 | 52 | — | No |
District of Columbia | December 2009 | Marriage[102] | 11 | 2 | Signed | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | January 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[103] [104] | Passed | Passed | Vetoed | Yes | ||
Rhode Island | January 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[105] [106] | Passed | Passed | Vetoed | Yes | ||
New York | January 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[107] [108] | 61 | 0 | 142 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | January 2010 | Marriage[109] | 14 | 20 | — | — | — | No |
New York | March 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[110] | — | — | 119 | 20 | — | No |
New York | March 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[111] [112] | Passed | 137 | 5 | Signed | Yes | |
New York | April 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[113] [114] | — | — | 132 | 9 | — | No |
Minnesota | May 2010 | Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[115] | 41 | 24 | 78 | 55 | Vetoed | No |
Hawaii | July 2010 | Civil union[116] | 18 | 7 | 31 | 20 | Vetoed | No |
New York | August 2010 | Committed partnership[117] [118] | 50 | 11 | 107 | 26 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 2010 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[119] | 23 | 12 | 53 | 24 | Signed | Yes |
Illinois | January 2011 | Civil union[120] [121] [122] | 32 | 24 | 61 | 52 | Signed | Yes |
Hawaii | February 2011 | Civil union[123] | 18 | 5 | 31 | 19 | Signed | Yes |
New Hampshire | March 2011 | Domestic union[124] | — | — | Failed | — | No | |
Maryland | March 2011 | Marriage[125] [126] | 25 | 21 | — | — | — | No |
Colorado | March 2011 | Civil union[127] [128] | 23 | 12 | — | — | — | No |
Washington | April 2011 | Recognition of out-of-state union as registered domestic partnership[129] | 28 | 19 | 58 | 39 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | May 2011 | Recognition of out-of-state union as domestic partnership[130] | 21 | 0 | 41 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
May 2011 | Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[131] | 27 | 21 | 57 | 40 | Signed | Yes | |
Delaware | May 2011 | Civil union[132] | 13 | 6 | 26 | 15 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | May 2011 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[133] | 11 | 10 | — | — | — | No |
New York | June 2011 | Marriage[134] | 33 | 29 | 80 | 63 | Signed | Yes |
Rhode Island | July 2011 | Civil union[135] | 21 | 16 | 62 | 11 | Signed | Yes |
California | September 2011 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[136] | 22 | 13 | 52 | 25 | Signed | Yes |
California | October 2011 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[137] | 25 | 15 | Passed | Signed | Yes | |
California | October 2011 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[138] | 24 | 13 | Passed | Signed | Yes | |
Washington | February 2012 | Marriage[139] | 28 | 21 | 55 | 43 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | February 2012 | Marriage[140] | 24 | 16 | 42 | 33 | Vetoed | No |
Maryland | March 2012 | Marriage[141] | 25 | 22 | 72 | 67 | Signed | Yes |
New York | April 2012 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[142] | — | — | 129 | 10 | — | No |
Colorado | May 2012 | Civil union[143] | 23 | 12 | — | — | — | No |
New Jersey | August 2012 | Civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[144] | 21 | 11 | 41 | 33 | Vetoed | No |
Wyoming | January 2013 | Domestic partnership[145] | — | — | 24 | 35 | — | No |
Colorado | March 2013 | Civil union[146] | 21 | 14 | 39 | 26 | Signed | Yes |
Rhode Island | May 2013 | Marriage[147] [148] | 26 | 12 | 56 | 15 | Signed | Yes |
Delaware | May 2013 | Marriage[149] | 12 | 9 | 23 | 18 | Signed | Yes |
Minnesota | May 2013 | Marriage[150] | 37 | 30 | 75 | 59 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | June 2013 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[151] | 21 | 0 | 41 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Hawaii | November 2013 | Marriage[152] | 19 | 4 | 30 | 19 | Signed | Yes |
Illinois | November 2013 | Marriage[153] [154] | 32 | 21 | 61 | 54 | Signed | Yes |
New York | February 2014 | Marriage (codification)[155] [156] | — | — | 125 | 10 | — | No |
Wyoming | February 2014 | Marriage[157] | — | — | 17 | 41 | — | No |
New York | April 2014 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[158] [159] | — | — | 124 | 14 | — | No |
California | July 2014 | Marriage (statutory codification)[160] [161] [162] | 25 | 10 | 51 | 11 | Signed | Yes |
Virginia | February 2015 | Marriage (statutory codification)[163] [164] [165] | 20 | 18 | — | — | — | No |
Utah | March 2015 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[166] | 26 | 0 | 39 | 30 | Signed | Yes |
New Mexico | April 2015 | Marriage (partial codification)[167] [168] | 35 | 5 | 37 | 10 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | June 2015 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[169] | 21 | 0 | 42 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | June 2015 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[170] | 19 | 0 | 41 | 1 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | June 2015 | Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[171] | 21 | 13 | 43 | 25 | Vetoed | No |
Maine | June 2015 | Marriage (expansion)[172] | 35 | 0 | 141 | 0 | Vetoed | Yes |
Oregon | July 2015 | Marriage (statutory codification)[173] | 18 | 11 | 40 | 18 | Signed | Yes |
Guam | August 2015 | Marriage (codification)[174] [175] [176] | 13 | 2 | align=center | Yes | ||
New York | September 2015 | Marriage (codification)[177] [178] | 60 | 0 | 146 | 1 | Signed | Yes |
District of Columbia | December 2015 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[179] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Oregon | March 2016 | Marriage (statutory codification)[180] [181] | 18 | 11 | 43 | 13 | Signed | Yes |
New York | March 2016 | Marriage (codification)[182] [183] | — | — | 129 | 12 | — | No |
New York | April 2016 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[184] | — | — | 120 | 15 | — | No |
Colorado | June 2016 | Conversion of civil union into marriage[185] [186] | 34 | 0 | 52 | 13 | Signed | Yes |
North Carolina | June 2016 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[187] | — | — | Passed | — | No | |
California | July 2016 | Marriage and domestic partnership (statutory codification)[188] [189] | 34 | 0 | 63 | 1 | Signed | Yes |
North Dakota | January 2017 | Marriage (statutory codification)[190] [191] | 15 | 31 | — | — | — | No |
New Mexico | February 2017 | Marriage (partial codification)[192] [193] | — | — | 63 | 0 | — | No |
Utah | March 2017 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[194] | 26 | 0 | 74 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2017 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[195] | 29 | 0 | 69 | 3 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2017 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[196] | 27 | 0 | 68 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Maryland | May 2017 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[197] | 138 | 2 | 45 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | May 2017 | Marriage (statutory codification)[198] | 20 | 1 | 28 | 10 | Signed | Yes |
Nevada | June 2017 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[199] | 21 | 0 | 41 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
New York | June 2017 | Marriage (codification)[200] | 62 | 0 | 139 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
New Jersey | June 2017 | Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[201] | 22 | 15 | — | — | — | No |
North Carolina | July 2017 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[202] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Maine | July 2017 | Marriage (codification)[203] | Passed | Passed | align=center | Yes | ||
Maryland | January 2018 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[204] | 135 | 2 | 45 | 1 | Vetoed | No |
New Mexico | February 2018 | Marriage (partial codification)[205] | — | — | 60 | 2 | — | No |
New York | March 2018 | Marriage (codification)[206] | — | — | 129 | 6 | — | No |
Utah | March 2018 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[207] | 27 | 0 | 70 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2018 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[208] | 23 | 0 | 73 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2018 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[209] | 23 | 4 | 44 | 24 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2018 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[210] | 25 | 3 | 45 | 26 | Signed | Yes |
New York | April 2018 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[211] | — | — | 114 | 17 | — | No |
Minnesota | May 2018 | Marriage (codification)[212] | 34 | 33 | 78 | 50 | Vetoed | No |
New Jersey | May 2018 | Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[213] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New York | June 2018 | Marriage (codification)[214] | 57 | 4 | — | — | — | No |
New Hampshire | June 2018 | Marriage (equalization of marriageable age)[215] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Arkansas | March 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[216] | 35 | 0 | 96 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Nebraska | March 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[217] | 38 | 6 | Signed | Yes | ||
New Mexico | March 2019 | Marriage (partial codification)[218] | — | — | 53 | 2 | — | No |
Virginia | March 2019 | Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[219] | 28 | 12 | 63 | 36 | Signed | Yes |
New Mexico | March 2019 | Marriage (partial codification)[220] | 32 | 8 | 40 | 25 | Signed | Yes |
Nebraska | March 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[221] | 45 | 0 | Signed | Yes | ||
Utah | March 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[222] | 22 | 2 | 55 | 6 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[223] | 29 | 0 | 69 | 4 | Signed | Yes |
New Mexico | April 2019 | Marriage (partial codification)[224] | 39 | 0 | 62 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Maryland | May 2019 | Marriage (expansion)[225] | 34 | 10 | 121 | 15 | Signed | Yes |
Maryland | May 2019 | Marriage (expansion)[226] | 31 | 14 | 133 | 6 | Signed | Yes |
Oklahoma | May 2019 | Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[227] | 33 | 10 | 84 | 6 | Signed | Yes |
Nebraska | May 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[228] | 40 | 3 | Signed | Yes | ||
Nebraska | May 2019 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[229] | 33 | 8 | Vetoed | No | ||
Minnesota | May 2019 | Marriage (codification)[230] [231] | 52 | 15 | 74 | 50 | Signed | Yes |
Rhode Island | June 2019 | Marriage (expansion)[232] | 35 | 0 | — | — | — | No |
Maine | June 2019 | Marriage (codification)[233] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Delaware | July 2019 | Marriage (codification)[234] | 20 | 1 | 37 | 4 | Signed | Yes |
New York | October 2019 | Marriage (codification)[235] | 61 | 0 | 121 | 23 | Signed | Yes |
Hawaii | December 2019 | Marriage and civil union (codification)[236] | — | — | Passed | — | No | |
New York | December 2019 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[237] [238] | 59 | 0 | 122 | 24 | Signed | Yes |
New Hampshire | January 2020 | Marriage (codification)[239] | — | — | Failed | — | No | |
New Mexico | February 2020 | Marriage (partial codification)[240] | 42 | 0 | 64 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Nebraska | February 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[241] | 47 | 0 | Signed | Yes | ||
New Mexico | February 2020 | Marriage (partial codification)[242] | 40 | 0 | 67 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Virginia | March 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[243] | 28 | 12 | 63 | 34 | Signed | Yes |
Virginia | March 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[244] | 25 | 13 | 62 | 38 | Signed | Yes |
Virginia | March 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[245] | 33 | 6 | 58 | 42 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[246] | 24 | 1 | 70 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Utah | March 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[247] | 27 | 0 | 71 | 0 | Signed | Yes |
Virginia | April 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[248] | 39 | 1 | 91 | 6 | Signed | Yes |
New York | April 2020 | Marriage (expansion)[249] [250] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Virginia | April 2020 | Marriage (statutory codification)[251] | 24 | 16 | 53 | 43 | Signed | Yes |
New York | April 2020 | Domestic partnership (expansion)[252] [253] | 62 | 0 | 131 | 11 | Signed | Yes |
Puerto Rico | June 2020 | Marriage (codification)[254] [255] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
North Carolina | June 2020 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[256] | 47 | 0 | Passed | Signed | Yes | |
New Hampshire | July 2020 | Marriage (codification)[257] | Passed | 209 | 119 | Signed | Yes | |
Rhode Island | July 2020 | Marriage (expansion)[258] | 34 | 1 | 64 | 1 | Signed | Yes |
Rhode Island | July 2020 | Marriage (expansion)[259] | 36 | 1 | 67 | 1 | Signed | Yes |
Indiana | 2023 | Marriage (codification)[260] | Pending | |||||
Michigan | 2023 | Marriage (codification)[261] | Pending | |||||
North Carolina | 2023 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[262] | Pending | |||||
Pennsylvania | 2023 | Marriage (codification)[263] | Pending | |||||
North Carolina | 2023 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[264] | 50 | 0 | Pending | |||
Nebraska | September 15, 2023 | Marriage (partial statutory codification)[265] | Pending | |||||
Kansas | January 8, 2024 | Marriage (codification)[266] | Pending |
Votes by state legislatures to prohibit recognition of various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:
State | Date | Type of same-sex union | Upper House | Lower house | Governor | Final outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||||
Maryland | May 1973 | Marriage[267] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Texas | June 1973 | Marriage[268] [269] [270] [271] [272] | 30 | 1 | 113 | 17 | Signed | Yes | |
Oklahoma | February 1975 | Marriage[273] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Arizona | April 1975 | Marriage[274] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Virginia | August 1975 | Marriage[275] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Utah | April 1977 | Marriage[276] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Florida | June 1977 | Marriage[277] [278] [279] | 37 | 0 | 101 | 11 | Signed | Yes | |
Illinois | June 1977 | Marriage[280] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
California | August 1977 | Marriage[281] | 23 | 5 | 68 | 2 | Signed | Yes | |
Wyoming | October 1977 | Marriage[282] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Wisconsin | July 1979 | Marriage[283] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New Hampshire | July 1987 | Marriage[284] [285] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Louisiana | 1987 | Marriage | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
New Hampshire | March 1994 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[286] | 11 | 12 | — | — | — | No | |
Guam | May 1994 | Marriage[287] | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||||
Hawaii | June 1994 | Marriage[288] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Utah | March 1995 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[289] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
South Dakota | January 1996 | Marriage[290] | 26 | 8 | 49 | 18 | Signed | Yes | |
Idaho | February 1996 | Marriage[291] | 24 | 6 | 66 | 4 | Signed | Yes | |
Idaho | March 1996 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[292] | 28 | 4 | 59 | 6 | Signed | Yes | |
Colorado | March 1996 | Marriage[293] | Passed | Passed | Vetoed | No | |||
Kansas | April 1996 | Marriage[294] | 39 | 1 | 87 | 38 | Signed | Yes | |
Georgia | April 1996 | Marriage[295] [296] | 47 | 0 | 135 | 10 | Signed | Yes | |
Arizona | May 1996 | Marriage[297] | 21 | 9 | 50 | 5 | Signed | Yes | |
Alaska | May 1996 | Marriage and civil union[298] [299] | 16 | 3 | 31 | 9 | align=center | Yes | |
Illinois | May 1996 | Marriage[300] [301] | 42 | 9 | 87 | 17 | Signed | Yes | |
Tennessee | May 1996 | Marriage | 31 | 0 | 90 | 1 | Signed | Yes | |
South Carolina | May 1996 | Marriage[302] [303] | 45 | 0 | 82 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
Michigan | June 1996 | Marriage[304] [305] | 31 | 2 | 88 | 14 | Signed | Yes | |
Michigan | June 1996 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage | 32 | 2 | 74 | 28 | Signed | Yes | |
Delaware | June 1996 | Marriage[306] | 17 | 3 | 39 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
North Carolina | June 1996 | Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[307] [308] [309] | 41 | 4 | 98 | 10 | Signed | Yes | |
Missouri | July 1996 | Marriage[310] [311] | 29 | 2 | 131 | 10 | Signed | Yes | |
California | August 1996 | Marriage[312] | 20 | 21 | Passed | — | No | ||
Oklahoma | September 1996 | Marriage | 42 | 2 | 99 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
Pennsylvania | October 1996 | Marriage[313] [314] | 43 | 5 | 189 | 13 | Signed | Yes | |
Mississippi | February 1997 | Marriage | 50 | 0 | 118 | 3 | Signed | Yes | |
Arkansas | February 1997 | Marriage[315] | 34 | 0 | 92 | 2 | Signed | Yes | |
North Dakota | February 1997 | Marriage[316] | 43 | 6 | 73 | 18 | Signed | Yes | |
Texas | February 1997 | Marriage[317] [318] [319] [320] | 31 | 0 | 143 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
Washington | February 1997 | Marriage[321] | 33 | 15 | 63 | 35 | Vetoed | No | |
Virginia | March 1997 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[322] | 40 | 0 | 87 | 9 | Signed | Yes | |
Maine | March 1997 | Marriage[323] | 24 | 10 | 106 | 39 | align=center | Yes | |
Indiana | April 1997 | Marriage[324] [325] | 38 | 10 | 85 | 9 | Signed | Yes | |
Montana | April 1997 | Marriage and civil union[326] | 45 | 5 | 73 | 23 | Signed | Yes | |
Florida | May 1997 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[327] | 33 | 5 | 97 | 19 | align=center | Yes | |
Minnesota | June 1997 | Marriage[328] [329] | 64 | 0 | 108 | 20 | Signed | Yes | |
Colorado | June 1997 | Marriage[330] | Passed | Passed | Vetoed | No | |||
Washington | February 1998 | Marriage[331] [332] | 34 | 11 | 65 | 28 | Vetoed | Yes | |
Kentucky | April 1998 | Marriage and recognition out-of-state marriage[333] | 32 | 2 | 84 | 9 | Signed | Yes | |
Alabama | May 1998 | Marriage[334] | 30 | 0 | 79 | 12 | Signed | Yes | |
Hawaii | November 1998 | Marriage | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Puerto Rico | March 1999 | Marriage[335] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Louisiana | July 1999 | Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[336] | 32 | 0 | 95 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
West Virginia | March 2000 | Marriage[337] | Passed | 96 | 3 | Signed | Yes | ||
New Hampshire | March 2000 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[338] | — | — | 128 | 232 | — | No | |
Vermont | April 2000 | Marriage[339] | 19 | 11 | 79 | 68 | Signed | Yes | |
Connecticut | April / May 2000 | Marriage[340] [341] | 31 | 5 | 96 | 51 | Signed | Yes | |
Colorado | May 2000 | Marriage[342] | 33 | 32 | 37 | 28 | Signed | Yes | |
New Hampshire | March 2001 | Recognition of out-of-state civil union[343] | — | — | 88 | 276 | — | No | |
Missouri | July 2001 | Marriage[344] [345] | 31 | 0 | 124 | 20 | Signed | Yes | |
American Samoa | March 2003 | Marriage[346] | Failed | — | — | — | No | ||
Texas | May 2003 | Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriage and civil union[347] [348] [349] | 22 | 9 | 118 | 9 | Signed | Yes | |
Wisconsin | November 2003 | Marriage[350] [351] | 22 | 10 | 68 | 29 | Vetoed | No | |
Ohio | February 2004 | Marriage, recognition of out-of-state marriage, and civil union[352] | 18 | 15 | 72 | 22 | Signed | Yes | |
Utah | March 2004 | Civil union | 24 | 4 | 62 | 12 | Signed | Yes | |
Virginia | April 2004 | Civil union[353] | 27 | 12 | 69 | 30 | align=center | Yes | |
New Hampshire | May 2004 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[354] | 16 | 7 | 215 | 137 | Signed | Yes | |
Connecticut | April 2005 | Marriage[355] | 27 | 9 | 85 | 63 | Signed | Yes | |
Wyoming | February 2007 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[356] | 21 | 8 | — | — | — | No | |
New Hampshire | March 2009 | Civil union[357] | — | — | 136 | 205 | — | No | |
New Hampshire | February 2010 | Marriage[358] | — | — | 109 | 210 | — | No | |
Wyoming | March 2011 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage[359] | 14 | 16 | 31 | 28 | — | No | |
New Hampshire | March 2012 | Marriage[360] | — | — | 116 | 211 | — | No | |
Wyoming | February 2014 | Recognition of out-of-state marriage | — | — | 29 | 31 | — | No |
State | Date | Type of same-sex union | State senate | Lower house | % of legislative vote required | Final outcome | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||||
Vote | % | Vote | % | Vote | % | Vote | % | |||||
Hawaii | Marriage ban permitted | Passed | 66.67% | Advanced | ||||||||
50.01% | Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on the ballot | |||||||||||
Alaska | [362] | Same-sex marriage | 14 | 70% | 6 | 30% | 28 | 70% | 12 | 30% | 66.67% | Measure 2 placed on the ballot |
Indiana | [363] | Same-sex marriage | 42 | 84% | 7 | 14% | — | 50.01% | Died in committee | |||
Georgia | [364] ---------- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 40 | 71.43% | 14 | 25% | 117 | 65% | 50 | 27.78% | 66.67% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on the ballot |
122 | 67.78% | 52 | 28.89% | |||||||||
Mississippi | [365] [366] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 51 | 98.08% | 0 | 0% | 97 | 79.51% | 17 | 13.93% | 66.67% | Amendment 1 placed on the ballot |
Missouri | [367] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 26 | 76.47% | 6 | 17.65% | 130 | 79.75% | 26 | 15.95% | 50.01% | Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot |
Wisconsin | [368] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 20 | 60.61% | 13 | 39.39% | 68 | 68.69% | 27 | 27.27% | 50.01% | Advanced |
[369] -----February 28, 2006 | 19 | 57.56% | 14 | 42.42% | 62 | 62.63% | 31 | 31.31% | Referendum 1 placed on ballot | |||
Utah | [370] | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 20 | 68.97% | 7 | 24.14% | 58 | 77.33% | 14 | 18.67% | 66.67% | Constitutional Amendment 3 placed on ballot |
Kansas | [371] -----[372] | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | — | 88 | 70.4% | 36 | 28.8% | 66.67% | Bill was amended | |||
[373] | Same-sex marriage | 17 | 42.5% | 16 | 40% | — | Rejected | |||||
Kentucky | [374] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 33 | 86.84% | 5 | 13.16% | 85 | 85% | 11 | 11% | 60% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
Oklahoma | [375] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 26 | 54.17% | 19 | 39.58% | 92 | 91.09% | 4 | 3.96% | 50.01% | State Question 711 placed on ballot |
Kansas | [376] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 27 | 67.5% | 13 | 32.5% | 79 | 63.2% | 45 | 36% | 66.67% | Rejected |
Tennessee | [377] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 28 | 84.85% | 1 | 3.03% | 85 | 85.86% | 5 | 5.05% | 50.01% | Advanced |
[378] ----- | 29 | 87.88% | 3 | 9.09% | 88 | 88.89% | 7 | 7.07% | 66.67% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot | ||
Louisiana | [379] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 31 | 79.49% | 6 | 15.38% | 88 | 83.81% | 13 | 12.38% | 66.67% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
Kansas | [380] [381] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 28 | 70% | 11 | 27.5% | 86 | 68.8% | 37 | 29.6% | 66.67% | Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
South Dakota | [382] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 20 | 57.14% | 14 | 40% | 55 | 78.57% | 14 | 20% | 50.01% | Amendment C placed on ballot |
Virginia | [383] | All types of same-sex unions | 30 | 75% | 10 | 25% | 79 | 79% | 17 | 17% | 50.01% | Advanced |
[384] ----- | 28 | 70% | 11 | 27.5% | 85 | 85% | 12 | 12% | Question 1 placed on ballot | |||
South Carolina | [385] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 42 | 91.3% | 1 | 2.17% | 96 | 77.42% | 3 | 2.42% | 66.67% | Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
[386] ----- | 41 | 89.13% | 1 | 2.17% | 92 | 74.19% | 7 | 5.65% | Amendment 1 ratified | |||
Alabama | [387] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 30 | 85.71% | 0 | 0% | 85 | 80.95% | 7 | 6.67% | 60% | Amendment 774 placed on ballot |
Texas | [388] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 21 | 67.74% | 8 | 25.81% | 101 | 67.33% | 29 | 19.33% | 66.67% | Proposition 2 placed on ballot |
Idaho | [389] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 26 | 74.29% | 9 | 25.71% | 53 | 75.71% | 17 | 24.29% | 66.67% | Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot |
Pennsylvania | [390] | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | — | 136 | 66.97% | 61 | 30.05% | 66.67% | Died in committee | |||
Same-sex marriage | 38 | 76% | 12 | 24% | — | |||||||
Arizona | [391] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 16 | 53.33% | 4 | 13.33% | 35 | 55% | 25 | 41.67% | 50.01% | Proposition 102 placed on ballot |
Wyoming | [392] | Same-sex marriage | — | 25 | 40.32% | 35 | 56.45% | 66.67% | Died in committee | |||
West Virginia | [393] | Same-sex marriage | — | 30 | 30% | 67 | 67% | 66.67% | ||||
Indiana | [394] | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 38 | 76% | 10 | 20% | — | 50.01% | ||||
New Hampshire | [395] | Same-sex marriage | — | 135 | 33.75% | 201 | 50.25% | 60% | ||||
Wyoming | [396] | Same-sex marriage | 20 | 64.52% | 10 | 32.26% | — | 66.67% | ||||
Iowa | [397] | Same-sex marriage | — | 62 | 62% | 37 | 37% | 50.01% | ||||
Indiana | [398] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 40 | 80% | 10 | 20% | 70 | 70% | 26 | 26% | 50.01% | Advanced, but bill was amended |
[399] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 32 | 64% | 17 | 34% | 57 | 57% | 40 | 40% | Advanced | ||
119th General Assembly of the Indiana General Assembly[400] [401] | — | Not reintroduced 119th General Assembly of the Indiana General Assembly | ||||||||||
Minnesota | [402] ----- | Same-sex marriage | 37 | 55.22% | 27 | 40.3% | 70 | 52.24% | 62 | 46.27% | 50.01% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
North Carolina | [403] ----- | Same-sex marriage and civil unions | 30 | 60% | 16 | 32% | 75 | 62.5% | 42 | 35% | 60% | Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot |
See also: List of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type and U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions. The following table shows all popular vote results regarding state constitutional amendments concerning same-sex marriage, and in some cases civil unions and domestic partnerships. The Hawaii amendment is different in that it granted the legislature authority to "reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples" (which the legislature had already done).
State | Initiated or legislatively referred ballot measure | Ban on | Date | Yes vote | No vote | Total votes | Voter turnout | Electorate | Final outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||||||
Alaska | Measure 2 | Marriage | 152,965[404] | 68.11% | 71,631 | 31.89% | 224,596 | 49.54% | 453,332 | Yes | ||
Hawaii | Constitutional Amendment 2 | Marriage ban permitted | 285,384[405] | 69.18% | 117,827 | 28.56% | 412,520 | 67.19% | 601,404 | Yes | ||
Nebraska | Initiative Measure 416 | All types of same-sex unions | 477,571[406] | 70.1% | 203,667 | 29.9% | 681,238 | 62.77% | 1,085,217 | Yes | ||
Nevada | Ballot Question 2 | Marriage | 412,688[407] | 69.62% | 180,077 | 30.38% | 592,765 | 67.8% | 874,304 | Yes | ||
337,197[408] | 67.2% | 164,573 | 32.8% | 501,770 | 57.68% | 869,859 | Yes | |||||
Missouri | Constitutional Amendment 2 | 1,055,771[409] [410] | 70.61% | 439,529 | 29.39% | 1,495,300 | 42.93% | 3,483,481 | Yes | |||
Louisiana | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 619,908[411] [412] | 77.78% | 177,067 | 22.22% | 796,975 | 27.91% | 2,855,561 | Yes | ||
Kentucky | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 1,222,125[413] [414] | 74.56% | 417,097 | 25.44% | 1,639,222 | 58.7% | 2,794,286 | Yes | ||
Georgia | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 2,454,930[415] [416] | 76.15% | 768,716 | 23.85% | 3,223,646 | 75.87% | 4,248,837 | Yes | ||
Ohio | State Issue 1 | Marriage and civil union | 3,329,335[417] | 61.71% | 2,065,462 | 38.29% | 5,394,797 | 67.66% | 7,972,826 | Yes | ||
Mississippi | Amendment 1 | Marriage | 957,104[418] [419] | 86.01% | 155,648 | 13.99% | 1,112,752 | 53.78% | 2,068,766 | Yes | ||
Oklahoma | State Question 711 | Marriage and civil union | 1,075,216[420] [421] | 75.59% | 347,303 | 24.41% | 1,422,519 | 66.35% | 2,143,978 | Yes | ||
Arkansas | Constitutional Amendment 3 | Marriage and civil union | 753,770[422] [423] | 74.95% | 251,914 | 25.05% | 1,053,399 | 62.47% | 1,686,124 | Yes | ||
Michigan | State Proposal - 04-2 | All types of same-sex unions | 2,698,077[424] [425] | 58.62% | 1,904,319 | 41.38% | 4,602,396 | 64.24% | 7,164,047 | Yes | ||
Montana | Constitutional Initiative 96 | Marriage | 295,070[426] | 66.56% | 148,263 | 33.44% | 443,333 | 69.44% | 638,474 | Yes | ||
Utah | Constitutional Amendment 3 | Marriage and civil union | 593,297[427] | 65.86% | 307,488 | 34.14% | 900,785 | 70.47% | 1,278,251 | Yes | ||
North Dakota | Constitutional Measure 1 | Marriage and civil union | 223,538[428] | 73.23% | 81,708 | 26.77% | 305,246 | 62.68% | 487,010 | Yes | ||
Oregon | State Measure 36 | Marriage | 1,028,546[429] [430] | 56.63% | 787,556 | 43.37% | 1,816,102 | 84.82% | 2,141,249 | Yes | ||
Kansas | Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 417,627[431] [432] | 69.95% | 179,432 | 30.05% | 597,059 | 35.35% | 1,688,926 | Yes | ||
Texas | Proposition 2 | Marriage and civil union | 1,723,782[433] [434] | 76.25% | 536,913 | 23.75% | 2,260,695 | 17.97% | 12,577,545 | Yes | ||
Alabama | Amendment 774 | Marriage and civil union | 697,591[435] [436] | 81.18% | 161,694 | 18.82% | 859,285 | 35.61% | 2,413,279 | Yes | ||
South Carolina | Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 829,360[437] [438] | 77.97% | 234,316 | 22.03% | 1,063,676 | 43.37% | 2,452,714 | Yes | ||
Virginia | Question 1 | All types of same-sex unions | 1,328,537[439] [440] | 57.06% | 999,687 | 42.94% | 2,328,224 | 51.12% | 4,554,683 | Yes | ||
Tennessee | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage | 1,419,434[441] [442] | 81.25% | 327,536 | 18.75% | 1,746,970 | 46.73% | 3,738,703 | Yes | ||
Wisconsin | Referendum 1 | Marriage and civil union | 1,264,310[443] [444] | 59.43% | 862,924 | 40.57% | 2,127,234 | 49.97% | 4,256,721 | Yes | ||
South Dakota | Amendment C | All types of same-sex unions | 172,305[445] [446] [447] | 51.83% | 160,152 | 48.17% | 332,457 | 65.56% | 507,132 | Yes | ||
Colorado | Amendment 43 | Marriage | 855,206[448] | 55.02% | 699,030 | 44.98% | 1,554,236 | 62.6% | 2,533,058 | Yes | ||
Arizona | Proposition 107 | Marriage and civil union | 721,789[449] | 48.21% | 775,498 | 51.79% | 1,496,987 | 58.28% | 2,568,401 | No | ||
Idaho | Constitutional Amendment 2 | Marriage and civil union | 282,386[450] | 63.35% | 163,384 | 36.65% | 445,770 | 58.27% | 764,880 | Yes | ||
Florida | Constitutional Amendment 2 | Marriage and civil union | 4,890,883[451] [452] | 61.92% | 3,008,026 | 38.08% | 8,456,329 | 75.18% | 11,247,634 | Yes | ||
Arizona | Proposition 102 | Marriage | 1,258,355[453] | 56.2% | 980,753 | 43.8% | 2,239,078 | 74.95% | 2,987,451 | Yes | ||
California | Proposition 8 | 7,001,084[454] [455] | 52.24% | 6,401,482 | 47.76% | 13,743,177 | 79.42% | 17,304,091 | Yes | |||
North Carolina | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage and civil union | 1,317,178[456] [457] | 61.04% | 840,802 | 38.96% | 2,157,980 | 34.27% | 6,296,759 | Yes | ||
Minnesota | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Marriage | 1,399,916[458] [459] | 47.44% | 1,510,434 | 51.19% | 2,950,780 | 76.42% | 3,861,043 | No |
State | Date | Type of same-sex union | Upper House | Lower house | Final outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
Nevada | 2017 | Same-sex marriage | 19 | 2 | 27 | 14 | Advanced |
March/May 2019 | 19 | 2 | 37 | 2 | Placed on Ballot | ||
November 2020 | Referendum (62.4%) | Yes | |||||
Virginia | February 2021 | Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons | 24 | 12 | 60 | 33 | Advanced |
2022 | 25 | 14 | - | - | No | ||
California | 2023 | Same-sex marriage | 31 | 0 | 67 | 0 | Placed on Ballot |
Pending Referendum | Pending | ||||||
November 2024 | |||||||
Hawaii | March/April 2024 | Legislative authority to enact same-sex marriage ban | 24 | 1 | 43 | 6 | Placed on Ballot |
November 2024 | Pending Referendum | Pending | |||||
Colorado | April/May 2024 | Same-sex marriage | 29 | 5 | 46 | 14 | Placed on Ballot |
November 2024 | Pending Referendum | Pending | |||||
Virginia | 2025 | Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons | Pending | ||||
The following consists of votes by statutory initiatives that ban same-sex marriage and/or civil unions and domestic partnerships:
Notes:The following lists cases seeking to overturn marriage bans: