| Sacral plexus | |
| Latin: | plexus sacralis |
| Branchfrom: | L4-L5, S1-S4 |
In human anatomy, the sacral plexus is a nerve plexus which provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg and foot, and part of the pelvis. It is part of the lumbosacral plexus and emerges from the lumbar vertebrae and sacral vertebrae (L4-S4).[1] A sacral plexopathy is a disorder affecting the nerves of the sacral plexus, usually caused by trauma, nerve compression, vascular disease, or infection. Symptoms may include pain, loss of motor control, and sensory deficits.
The sacral plexus is formed by:
The nerves forming the sacral plexus converge toward the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen, and unite to form a flattened band, from the anterior and posterior surfaces of which several branches arise.The band itself is continued as the sciatic nerve, which splits on the back of the thigh into the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve; these two nerves sometimes arise separately from the plexus, and in all cases their independence can be shown by dissection. Often, the sacral plexus and the lumbar plexus are considered to be one large nerve plexus, the lumbosacral plexus. The lumbosacral trunk connects the two plexuses.
The sacral plexus lies on the back of the pelvis in front of the piriformis muscle and the pelvic fascia. In front of it are the internal iliac artery, internal iliac vein, the ureter, and the sigmoid colon. The superior gluteal artery and vein run between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and the inferior gluteal artery and vein between the second and third sacral nerves.
All the nerves entering the plexus, with the exception of the third sacral, split into ventral and dorsal divisions, and the nerves arising from these are as follows of the table below:
| Nerve | Segment | Innervated muscles | Cutaneous branches | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L4-S1 | ||||
| L5-S2 | ||||
| Posterior cutaneous femoral | S1-S3 | |||
| S2-S3 | ||||
| Direct branches from plexus | ||||
| S1-2 | ||||
| L5, S1-2 | ||||
| L4-5, S1 | ||||
| Sciatic | ||||
| L4-S3 | Semitendinosus (Tib) Semimembranosus (Tib) Biceps femoris
Adductor magnus (medial part, Tib) | |||
| L4-S2 | Lateral sural cutaneous Communicating fibular | |||
| Medial dorsal cutaneous Intermediate dorsal cutaneous | ||||
| Lateral cutaneous nerve of big toe Intermediate dorsal cutaneous | ||||
| L4-S3 | Medial sural cutaneous Medial calcaneal Lateral dorsal cutaneous | |||
| Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor hallucis brevis (medial head) Lumbrical (first and second) | Proper digital plantar | |||
| Proper plantar digital | ||||
| Pudendal and coccygeal | ||||
| Pudendal (Pudendal plexus) | S2-S4 | Inferior rectal Perineal
| ||
| Coccygeal (Coccygeal plexus) | S5-Co1 | Anococcygeal Dorsal branches | ||
