Rotwelsch Explained

Rotwelsch (pronounced as /de/, "beggar's foreign (language)") or Gaunersprache (pronounced as /de/ "crook's language") also Khokhmer Loshn (from Yiddish "Yiddish: חוכמער לשון", "tongue of the wise") is a secret language, a cant or thieves' argot, spoken by groups (primarily marginalized groups) in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Bohemia. The language is based on a mix of Low German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Romani, Latin, and Czech with a High German substrate.[1]

Name

Rotwelsch was first named by Martin Luther in his preface of Liber Vagatorum in the 16th century. Rot means "beggar" while welsch means "incomprehensible" (cf

): thus, rotwelsch signifies the incomprehensible cant of beggars.[2]

History

German: Rotwelsch was formerly common among travelling craftspeople and vagrants. The language is built on a strong substratum of German, but contains numerous words from other languages, notably from various German dialects, and other Germanic languages like Yiddish,[3] as well as from Romany languages. German: Rotwelsch has also played a great role in the development of the Yeniche language. In form and development it closely parallels the commercial speech ("shopkeeper language") of German-speaking regions.

During the 19th and 20th century, Rotwelsch was the object of linguistic repression, with systematic investigation by the German police.[4]

Examples

From Feraru's Muskel-Adolf & Co.

From:

Peter Feraru: Muskel-Adolf & Co.: Die ›Ringvereine‹ und das organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin [Muscle-Adolf & Co.: The ›Ring-Clubs‹ and Organised Crime in Berlin]. Argon, Berlin 1995.

Current status

Variants of Rotwelsch, sometimes toned down, can still be heard among travelling craftspeople and funfair showpeople as well as among vagrants and beggars. Also, in some southwestern and western locales in Germany, where travelling peoples were settled, many Rotwelsch terms have entered the vocabulary of the vernacular, for instance in the municipalities of Schillingsfürst and Schopfloch. Some Rotwelsch- and Yenish-speaking vagrant communities also exist in Switzerland due the country's neutral status during World War Two.[2]

A few Rotwelsch words have entered the colloquial language, for example, German: aufmucken, German: Bau, and German: berappen. German: Baldowern or German: ausbaldowern is very common in the Berlin dialect; German: Bombe is still used in German prison jargon. German: Bock haben is also still used all around Germany. The Manisch dialect of the German city of Gießen is still used, although it was only spoken fluently by approximately 700-750 people in 1976.[6]

Code

Josef Ludwig Blum from Lützenhardt (Black Forest) wrote from war prison:

"[E]s grüßt Dich nun recht herzlich Dein Mann, viele Grüße an Schofel und Bock. Also nochmals viel Glück auf ein baldiges Wiedersehen in der schönen Heimat. Viele Grüße an Mutter u. Geschwister sowie an die Deinen."

The censors allowed the passage to remain, apparently believing that Bock and Schofel were people. They were instead code words, German: Schofel ("bad") and German: Bock ("hunger"), which hid the message that the prisoners weren't doing well, and that they were starving.[7]

In arts

A variant of Rotwelsch was spoken by some American criminal groups in the 1930s and the 1940s, and harpist Zeena Parkins' 1996 album Mouth=Maul=Betrayer made use of spoken Rotwelsch texts.[8]

An example of Rotwelsch is found in Gustav Meyrink's Der Golem and reads as follows:

See also

Notes and references

References

  1. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/books/review/the-language-of-thieves-martin-puchner.html da Fonseca-Wollheim, Corinna "The Secret Code that threatened Nazi fantasies of Racial Purity" New York Times (Oct. 13, 2020)
  2. Book: Puchner . Martin . The language of thieves : my family's obsession with a secret code the Nazis tried to eliminate . 2020 . W.W. Norton & Company . New York . 978-1-324-00591-9 . 1. 1137818284.
  3. Web site: Puchner . Martin . On Rotwelsch, the Central European Language of Beggars, Travelers and Thieves . CrimeReads . 13 October 2020.
  4. Web site: Puchner . Martin . The Language Police Were Terrifyingly Real. My Grandfather Was One. . Literary Hub . 20 November 2020.
  5. Book: Peter . Feraru . Muskel-Adolf & Co.: die "Ringvereine" und das organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin . Argon . 1995 . 978-3-87024-785-0 . de . Muscle Adolf & Co.: Ring-Clubs and Organised Crime in Berlin . Berlin.
  6. Book: Hans-Günter . Lerch . Tschü lowi...Das Manische in Giessen . de . Tschü lowi ... The manic in Giessen . 1976 . 2005 . reprint . 22 . VVB Laufersweiler Verlag . 3-89687-485-3.
  7. Book: Christian . Efing . Das Lützenhardter Jenisch: Studien zu einer deutschen Sondersprache . The Lützenhardter Jenisch: Studies on a special German language . Harrassowitz . Wiesbaden . 2005 . 74 . 978-3447052085 . de.
  8. Proefrock, Stacia; Allmusic.com review of Mouth=Maul=Betrayer

Further reading

External links

=

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Rotwelsch".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.