In combinatorial mathematics, a circular shift is the operation of rearranging the entries in a tuple, either by moving the final entry to the first position, while shifting all other entries to the next position, or by performing the inverse operation. A circular shift is a special kind of cyclic permutation, which in turn is a special kind of permutation. Formally, a circular shift is a permutation σ of the n entries in the tuple such that either
\sigma(i)\equiv(i+1)
\sigma(i)\equiv(i-1)
The result of repeatedly applying circular shifts to a given tuple are also called the circular shifts of the tuple.
For example, repeatedly applying circular shifts to the four-tuple (a, b, c, d) successively gives
and then the sequence repeats; this four-tuple therefore has four distinct circular shifts. However, not all n-tuples have n distinct circular shifts. For instance, the 4-tuple (a, b, a, b) only has 2 distinct circular shifts. The number of distinct circular shifts of an n-tuple is
| n | |
| k |
In computer programming, a bitwise rotation, also known as a circular shift, is a bitwise operation that shifts all bits of its operand. Unlike an arithmetic shift, a circular shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a floating-point number's exponent from its significand. Unlike a logical shift, the vacant bit positions are not filled in with zeros but are filled in with the bits that are shifted out of the sequence.
Circular shifts are used often in cryptography in order to permute bit sequences. Unfortunately, many programming languages, including C, do not have operators or standard functions for circular shifting, even though virtually all processors have bitwise operation instructions for it (e.g. Intel x86 has ROL and ROR).However, some compilers may provide access to the processor instructions by means of intrinsic functions. In addition, some constructs in standard ANSI C code may be optimized by a compiler to the "rotate" assembly language instruction on CPUs that have such an instruction. Most C compilers recognize the following idiom, and compile it to a single 32-bit rotate instruction.[1] [2]
uint32_t rotl32 (uint32_t value, unsigned int count)
uint32_t rotr32 (uint32_t value, unsigned int count)
This safe and compiler-friendly implementation was developed by John Regehr,[3] and further polished by Peter Cordes.[4] [5]
A simpler version is often seen when the count is limited to the range of 1 to 31 bits:count is 0 or 32, it asks for a 32-bit shift, which is undefined behaviour in the C language standard. However, it tends to work anyway, because most microprocessors implement value >> 32 as either a 32-bit shift (producing 0) or a 0-bit shift (producing the original value), and either one produces the correct result in this application.
If the bit sequence 0001 0111 were subjected to a circular shift of one bit position... (see images below)
If the bit sequence 1001 0110 were subjected to the following operations:| left circular shift by 1 position: | 0010 1101 | |
| left circular shift by 2 positions: | 0101 1010 | |
| left circular shift by 3 positions: | 1011 0100 | |
| left circular shift by 4 positions: | 0110 1001 | |
| left circular shift by 5 positions: | 1101 0010 | |
| left circular shift by 6 positions: | 1010 0101 | |
| left circular shift by 7 positions: | 0100 1011 | |
| left circular shift by 8 positions: | 1001 0110 |
| right circular shift by 1 position: | 0100 1011 | |
| right circular shift by 2 positions: | 1010 0101 | |
| right circular shift by 3 positions: | 1101 0010 | |
| right circular shift by 4 positions: | 0110 1001 | |
| right circular shift by 5 positions: | 1011 0100 | |
| right circular shift by 6 positions: | 0101 1010 | |
| right circular shift by 7 positions: | 0010 1101 | |
| right circular shift by 8 positions: | 1001 0110 |
Cyclic codes are a kind of block code with the property that the circular shift of a codeword will always yield another codeword. This motivates the following general definition: For a string s over an alphabet Σ, let shift(s) denote the set of circular shifts of s,and for a set L of strings, let shift(L) denote the set of all circular shifts of strings in L. If L is a cyclic code, then shift(L) ⊆ L; this is a necessary condition for L being a cyclic language. The operation shift(L) has been studied in formal language theory. For instance, if L is a context-free language, then shift(L) is again context-free.[6] [7] Also, if L is described by a regular expression of length n, there is a regular expression of length O(n3) describing shift(L).[8]