Catharanthus roseus explained

Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as bright eyes, Cape periwinkle, graveyard plant, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, pink periwinkle, rose periwinkle, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, but is grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant, and now has a pantropical distribution. It is a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine, used to treat cancer.[1] It was formerly included in the genus Vinca as Vinca rosea.

It has many vernacular names among which are arivotaombelona or rivotambelona, tonga, tongatse or trongatse, tsimatiririnina, and vonenina.[2]

Taxonomy

Two varieties are recognized

Synonymy for this variety

Catharanthus roseus var. angustus Steenis ex Bakhuizen f.[3]

Catharanthus roseus var. albus G.Don[4]

Catharanthus roseus var. occellatus G.Don

Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[5]

Lochnera rosea f. alba (G.Don) Woodson[6]

Lochnera rosea var. ocellata (G.Don) Woodson

Synonymy for this variety

Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[8]

Lochnera rosea var. angusta Steenis[9]

Description

Catharanthus roseus is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing 10NaN0 tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, NaN1NaN1 long and NaN1NaN1 wide, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole NaN1NaN1 long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers range from white with a yellow or red center to dark pink with a darker red center, with a basal tube NaN1NaN1 long and a corolla NaN1NaN1 diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles NaN1NaN1 long and 31NaN1 wide.[10] [11] [12] [13] https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51620-2_7[</ref> == Ecology == In its natural range along the dry coasts of southern Madagascar, Catharanthus roseus is considered weedy and invasive, often self-seeding prolifically in disturbed areas along roadsides and in fallow fields. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Andriamanalintsoa |first1=Jean Joseph |title=Contribution a l'etude de la producition de la pervenche de Madagascar ou Catharanthus roseus, Cas d' Ambovombe, d'Amboasary-sud, de Beloha et Tsihombe |date=1995 |publisher=Universityersité d'Antananarivo, Ecole Superieur des Sciences Agronomiques |location=Antananarivo, Madagascar |language=French |format=PhD Dissertation| url=http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/documents/v4312_MEM%2012099.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neimark |first1=Ben |title=Green grabbing at the 'pharm' gate: rosy periwinkle production in southern Madagascar |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |date=2012 |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=423-445 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2012.666975 |s2cid=153584071 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03066150.2012.666975?scroll=top&needAccess=true&role=tab |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> It is also, however, widely cultivated and is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in subtropical and tropical areas of the world such as Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the United States. It is so well adapted to growth in Australia that it is listed as a noxious weed in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory,[14] and also in parts of eastern Queensland.[15]

Cultivation

As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below NaNC, and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet, and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions.

Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).

In the U.S. it often remains identified as "Vinca" although botanists have shifted its identification and it often can be seen growing along roadsides in the south.

In the United Kingdom it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[16] (confirmed 2017).[17]

Uses

Traditional

In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, although poisonous, are used against several diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.[18] In the 1950s, vinca alkaloids, including vinblastine and vincristine, were isolated from Catharanthus roseus while screening for anti-diabetic drugs.[19] This chance discovery led to increased research into the chemotherapeutic effects of vinblastine and vincristine. Conflict between historical indigenous use, and a patent from 2001 on C. roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.[20]

Medicinal

Vinblastine and vincristine, chemotherapy medications used to treat several types of cancers, are found in the plant[21] [22] [23] [24] and are biosynthesised from the coupling of the alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline.[25] The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine, used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer,[26] can be prepared either from vindoline and catharanthine[27] or from the vinca alkaloid leurosine,[28] in both cases via anhydrovinblastine. The insulin-stimulating vincoline has been isolated from the plant.[29] [30]

Research

Despite the medical importance and wide use, the desired alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine) are naturally produced at very low yields. Additionally, it is complex and costly to synthesize the desired products in a lab, resulting in difficulty satisfying the demand and a need for overproduction.[31] Treatment of the plant with phytohormones, such as salicylic acid[32] and methyl jasmonate,[33] [34] have been shown to trigger defense mechanisms and overproduce downstream alkaloids. Studies using this technique vary in growth conditions, choice of phytohormone, and location of treatment. Concurrently, there are various efforts to map the biosynthetic pathway producing the alkaloids to find a direct path to overproduction via genetic engineering.[35] [36]

C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas.[37] This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.[38]

In 1995 and 2006 Malagasy agronomists and American political ecologists studied the production of Catharanthus roseus around Fort Dauphin and Ambovombe and its export as a natural source of the alkaloids used to make vincristine, vinblastine and other vinca alkaloid cancer drugs. Their research focused on the wild collection of periwinkle roots and leaves from roadsides and fields and its industrial cultivation on large farms.[39] [40] [41]

Biology

Rosinidin is the pink anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of C. roseus.[42] Lochnericine is a major alkaloid in roots.[43]

Toxicity

C. roseus can be extremely toxic if consumed orally by humans, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159. All parts of the plant are poisonous. On consumption, symptoms consist of mild stomach cramps, cardiac complications, hypotension, systematic paralysis eventually leading to death.[44]

According to French botanist Pierre Boiteau, its poisonous properties are made known along generations of Malagasy people as a poison consumed in ordeal trials, even before the tangena fruit was used. This lent the flower one of its names vonenina, from Malagasy: vony enina meaning "flower of remorse".[45]

References

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51620-2_7

Notes and References

  1. Moudi. Maryam. Go. Rusea. Yien. Christina Yong Seok. Nazre. Mohd.. 2013-11-04. Vinca Alkaloids. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 4. 11. 1231–1235. 2008-7802. 3883245. 24404355.
  2. Botanical scientific bames. Malagasy Dictionary and Malagasy Encyclopedia. en. 2001. Jean-Marie. de La Beaujardière. 2022-11-01. 2022-11-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20221101234935/https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/taxonLists?kingdom=B&order=1&range=C#catharanthusroseus. dead.
  3. Steenis ex Bakhuizen f., Blumea 6: 384. 1950.
  4. [George Don|G.Don]
  5. Markgr., Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
  6. Woodson, N. Amer. Fl. 29: 124. 1938.
  7. Bakh. f.Blumea 6 (2): 384. 1950.
  8. Markgr. Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
  9. Steenis Trop. Nat. 25: 18. 1936.
  10. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan .
  11. Flora of China: Catharanthus roseus
  12. College of Micronesia: Catharanthus roseus
  13. Jepson Flora: Catharanthus roseus
  14. Web site: Catharanthus roseus. Orpheus Island Research Station – James Cook University. 2 November 2015.
  15. Web site: Factsheet – Catharanthus roseus. Queensland Government. 2 November 2015. 12 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312000251/http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Catharanthus_roseus.htm. dead.
  16. Web site: RHS Plantfinder - Catharanthus roseus. 12 January 2018.
  17. Web site: AGM Plants - Ornamental . July 2017 . 16 . Royal Horticultural Society . 24 January 2018.
  18. Nejat . Naghmeh . Valdiani . Alireza . Cahill . David . Tan . Yee-How . Maziah . Mahmood . Abiri . Rambod . 2015 . Ornamental Exterior versus Therapeutic Interior of Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): The Two Faces of a Versatile Herb . The Scientific World Journal . en . 2015 . 982412 . 10.1155/2015/982412 . 2356-6140 . 4312627 . 25667940 . free.
  19. Heijden. Robert. Jacobs. Denise. Snoeijer. Wim. Hallard. Didier. Verpoorte. Robert. 2004-03-01. The Catharanthus Alkaloids:Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 11. 5. 607–628. 10.2174/0929867043455846. 15032608. 0929-8673.
  20. Karasov. Corliss. 2001. Who Reaps the Benefits of Biodiversity?. Environmental Health Perspectives. 109. 12. A582–A587. 10.2307/3454734. 3454734. 1240518. 11748021.
  21. Book: Gansäuer. Andreas. Metal Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents. Justicia. José. Fan. Chun-An. Worgull. Dennis. Piestert. Frederik. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007. 978-3-540-72879-5. Krische. Michael J.. Michael J. Krische. Topics in Current Chemistry. 279. 25–52. Reductive C—C bond formation after epoxide opening via electron transfer. 10.1007/128_2007_130. https://books.google.com/books?id=A5xcVmT9iIQC&pg=PA25.
  22. Book: Cooper. Raymond. Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World. Deakin. Jeffrey John. CRC Press. 2016. 978-1-4987-0430-4. 46–51. Africa's gift to the world. https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46.
  23. Keglevich. Péter. Hazai. Laszlo. Kalaus. György. Szántay. Csaba. 2012. Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine. Molecules. 17. 5. 5893–5914. 10.3390/molecules17055893. 6268133. 22609781. free.
  24. Book: Raviña, Enrique. The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. 978-3-527-32669-3. 157–159. Vinca alkaloids. https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA157.
  25. Book: Hirata. K.. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26. Miyamoto. K.. Miura. Y.. Springer-Verlag. 1994. 978-3-540-56391-4. Bajaj. Y. P. S.. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. VI. 46–55. Catharanthus roseus L. (Periwinkle): Production of Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures. https://books.google.com/books?id=e64hCDBddowC&pg=PA47.
  26. Faller. Bryan A.. Pandi. Trailokya N.. 2011. Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. . 5. 131–144. 10.4137/CMO.S5074. 3117629. 21695100.
  27. Ngo. Quoc Anh. Roussi. Fanny. Cormier. Anthony. Thoret. Sylviane. Knossow. Marcel. Guénard. Daniel. Guéritte. Françoise. 2009. Synthesis and biological evaluation of Vinca alkaloids and phomopsin hybrids. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52. 1. 134–142. 10.1021/jm801064y. 19072542.
  28. Hardouin. Christophe. Doris. Eric. Rousseau. Bernard. Mioskowski. Charles. 2002. Concise synthesis of anhydrovinblastine from leurosine. Organic Letters. 4. 7. 1151–1153. 10.1021/ol025560c. 11922805.
  29. Aynilian. GH. Weiss. SG. Cordell. GA. Abraham. DJ. Crane. FA. Farnsworth. NR. 1974. Catharanthus alkaloids. XXIX. Isolation and structure elucidation of vincoline. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 63. 4. 536–8. 10.1002/jps.2600630409. 4828700.
  30. Yao. XG. Chen. F. Li. P. Quan. L. Chen. J. Yu. L. Ding. H. Li. C. Chen. L. Gao. Z. Wan. P. 2013. Natural product vindoline stimulates insulin secretion and efficiently ameliorates glucose homeostasis in diabetic murine models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 150. 1. 285–97. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.043. 24012527. L. Jiang. H. Shen. X. Hu.
  31. Pan. Qifang. Wang. Chenyi. Xiong. Zhiwei. Wang. Hang. Fu. Xueqing. Shen. Qian. Peng. Bowen. Ma. Yanan. Sun. Xiaofen. Tang. Kexuan. 2019-07-18. CrERF5, an AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Bisindole Alkaloids and Their Precursors in Catharanthus roseus. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10. 931. 10.3389/fpls.2019.00931. 31379908. 6657538. 1664-462X. free.
  32. ABABAF. M. OMIDI. H. BAKHSHANDEH. A M. Germination Indices and Antioxidant Activity Enzyme Responses of Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don) Under Pretreatment by Salicylic Acid. 2019. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 17. 2. 3989–4005. 10.15666/aeer/1702_39894005. 1589-1623. free.
  33. Khataee. Elham. Karimi. Farah. Razavi. Khadijeh. 2021. Different carbon sources and their concentrations change alkaloid production and gene expression in Catharanthus roseus shoots in vitro. Functional Plant Biology. en. 48. 1. 40–53. 10.1071/FP19254. 32690131. 220670971 . 1445-4408.
  34. Fraser. Valerie N.. Philmus. Benjamin. Megraw. Molly. September 2020. Metabolomics analysis reveals both plant variety and choice of hormone treatment modulate vinca alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Direct. en. 4. 9. e00267. 10.1002/pld3.267. 33005857. 7520646. 2475-4455. free.
  35. Singh. Sanjay Kumar. Patra. Barunava. Paul. Priyanka. Liu. Yongliang. Pattanaik. Sitakanta. Yuan. Ling. April 2020. Revisiting the ORCA gene cluster that regulates terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Science. 293. 110408. 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110408. 32081258. 2020PlnSc.29310408S . 211231123 . 0168-9452.
  36. Mortensen. Samuel. Weaver. Jessica D.. Sathitloetsakun. Suphinya. Cole. Lauren F.. Rizvi. Noreen F.. Cram. Erin J.. Lee-Parsons. Carolyn W. T.. December 2019. The regulation of ZCT1, a transcriptional repressor of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Direct. en. 3. 12. e00193. 10.1002/pld3.193. 31909362. 6937483. 2475-4455. free.
  37. C. . Marcone . A. . Ragozzino . E. . Seemuller . 1997 . Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) . . 27 . 6 . 347–350 . 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb01449.x.
  38. Chung-Jan . Chang . Pathogenicity of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri on Periwinkle . . 88 . 12 . 1998 . 1347–1350 . 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1347 . 18944838 . free.
  39. Book: Andriamanalintsoa . Jean Joseph . Contribution a l'etude de la producition de la pervenche de Madagascar ou Catharanthus roseus, Cas d' Ambovombe, d'Amboasary-sud, de Beloha et Tsihombe . 1995 . Universityersité d'Antananarivo, Ecole Superieur des Sciences Agronomiques . Antananarivo, Madagascar . French . PhD Dissertation.
  40. Book: Neimark . Benjamin . Industrial Heartlands of Nature: The Political Economy of Biological Prospecting in Madagascar . 2009 . Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey . New Brunswick . 70-112 . English . PhD Dissertation . At the "Pharm" gate: The case study of the rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). 10.7282/T3WD40Q7 .
  41. Neimark . Ben . Green grabbing at the 'pharm' gate: rosy periwinkle production in southern Madagascar . The Journal of Peasant Studies . 2012 . 39 . 2 . 423-445 . 10.1080/03066150.2012.666975 . 153584071 . 14 July 2023.
  42. Toki. Kenjiro. Saito. Norio. Irie. Yuki. Tatsuzawa. Fumi. Shigihara. Atsushi. Honda. Toshio. 7-O-Methylated anthocyanidin glycosides from Catharanthus roseus. Phytochemistry. 69. 5. 1215–1219. 2008. 18164044. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.11.005. 2008PChem..69.1215T .
  43. Web site: American Society of Plant Biologists . August 2018 .
  44. Web site: Is Periwinkle Plant Poisonous or Toxic?. 9 June 2020 .
  45. vonenina. Pierre. Boiteau. Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux. fr. 1999. Editions Alzieu. IV. Malagasy Dictionary and Malagasy Encyclopedia. 2022-11-01. 2022-11-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20221101233210/https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/teny2/vonenina. dead.

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