Wu Chinese has four major schools of romanization.
The most popular school, Common Wu Pinyin (Chinese: 通用吴语拼音), was developed by amateur language clubs and local learners. There are two competing schemes; both adhere to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and are very similar to each other. The initial scheme was "Wu Chinese Society pinyin" (Chinese: 吴语协会拼音, developed around 2005), and it formed the basis of "Wugniu pinyin" (Chinese: 吴语学堂拼音, around 2016). Wu Chinese Society pinyin in general does not mark tones.[1] The name Wugniu comes from the Shanghainese pronunciation of 吴语. Either of them is the default romanization scheme in most learning materials.
The second and historical school is the missionary school (see). This school of English-based Latin orthographies was developed by Western missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and used to write Bible translations and other educational texts. A representative romanization from this school is the Edkins romanization of Shanghainese.[2]
Another school is the Latin Phonetic Method (Chinese: 吴语拉丁式注音法, French-Wu or Fawu [{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|法吴}}]). Its use is in decline. It utilizes the similarities between French and Wu phonetics and thus adheres to both IPA and French orthography. It was developed in 2001 by a Shanghai-born surgeon living in Lyon, France.[3] [4]
The final, and least used school, is developed by modifying Hanyu pinyin as sanctioned by the State Council. It is the only school developed by professional linguists, mostly working in state-administered universities. While more than 20 competing schemes within this school have been published since the 1980s, the most notable one is the Shanghainese Pinyin (Chinese: 上海话拼音方案, often shortened to Qian's Pin [钱拼]), developed by Qian Nairong in 2006.[5] This school is often used in formally published dictionaries and textbooks compiled by Qian and others.[6] [7] [8]
Comparison chart| IPA | Romanization schemes | Characters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu Chinese Society | Wugniu | French-Wu | Qian's Pinyin | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ | p | p | p | b | 巴百 | |
| pronounced as /pʰ/ | ph | ph | ph | p | 怕捧 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | b | b | b | bh | 旁别 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | m | m | m | mh | 没母 | |
| pronounced as /ˀm/ | 'm | m | mh | m | 闷美 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | f | f | f | f | 夫反 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | v | v | v | fh | 佛犯 | |
| pronounced as /ˀv/ | v | v | vh | v | 朆/ˀvəɲ⁵³/ | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | t | t | t | d | 多德 | |
| pronounced as /tʰ/ | th | th | th | t | 体通 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | d | d | d | dh | 地同 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | n | n | n | nh, -n | 纳努 | |
| pronounced as /ˀn/ | 'n | n | nh | ng | 囡呢 | |
| pronounced as /ȵ/ | ny | gn | gn | nh | 尼女 | |
| pronounced as /ˀȵ/ | 'ny | gn | kn | n | 研妞 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | l | l | l | lh | 勒路 | |
| pronounced as /ˀl/ | 'l | l | lh | l | 拎了 | |
| pronounced as /ts/ | ts | tz | z | 煮增質 | ||
| pronounced as /tsʰ/ | tsh | ts | c | 處倉出 | ||
| pronounced as /ink/ | s | s | s | s | 书三 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | z | z | z | sh | 传食 | |
| pronounced as /ˀz/ | 'z | z | zh | sh | 乳（杭州）/ˀzʉ⁵³/ | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | c | c | c | j | 居尖 | |
| pronounced as /tɕʰ/ | ch | ch | ch | q | 曲青 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | j | j | dj | jh | 求极 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | sh | sh | x | x | 需血 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | zh | zh | j | xh | 谢墙 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | k | k | k | g | 工各 | |
| pronounced as /kʰ/ | kh | kh | kh | k | 苦客 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | g | g | g | gh | 共搞 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | ng | ng | ng | nhg-, -ng | 鹅牙 | |
| pronounced as /ˀŋ/ | ng | ng | nk | ng | 我砑 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | h | h | h | h | 好黑 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | gh / w / y | gh / w / y | r /w / y | hh/wh/yh | 红合 | |
| pronounced as /ˀɦ/ | rh | h | 嗨 /ˀɦɛ⁵³/ | |||
| pronounced as /ˀ/ | -/u/i | -/u/i | -/u/i | -/w/y | 恩en乌u衣i迂iu | |
| Shanghainese IPA | Suzhounese IPA[9] | Romanization schemes | Characters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu Chinese Society | Wu Chinese Society | Wugniu | French-Wu | Qian's Pinyin | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | a | a | a | a | 蟹 | |
| pronounced as /ua/ | pronounced as /uɑ/ | ua | ua | ua | ua | 怪 | |
| pronounced as /ia/ | pronounced as /iɑ/ | ia | ia | ia | ia | 写 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | o | o | au | o | 沙 | |
| pronounced as /io/ | pronounced as /io/ | io | io | iau | io | 靴 | |
| pronounced as /ɿ/(pronounced as /ink/) | pronounced as /ɿ/(pronounced as /ink/) | y | y | y | y | 斯 | |
| - | pronounced as /ʮ/(pronounced as /ink/) | yu | yu | y | y | 书 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | i | i | i | i | 移 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | u | u | u | u | 副 | |
| pronounced as /-/ | pronounced as /əu/ | ou | ou | u | u | 乌 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | iu | iu | ü | (y)u | 遇 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ae | ae | e | ae | 兰 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | e | e | e | e | 雷 | |
| pronounced as /uɛ/ | pronounced as /uɛ/ | uae | uae | ue | ue | 还 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | au | au | o | ao | 包 | |
| pronounced as /iɔ/ | pronounced as /iæ/ | iau | iau | io | iao | 萧 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /øʏ/ | eu | eu | oe | ou | 勾 | |
| pronounced as /iɤ/ | pronounced as /iøʏ/ | ieu | ieu | ioe | iou | 旧 | |
| pronounced as /-/ | pronounced as /iɪ/ | ie | ie | i | i | 先 | |
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | oe | oe | eu | oe | 干 | |
| pronounced as /uø/ | pronounced as /uø/ | uoe | uoe | ueu | uoe | 碗 | |
| pronounced as /yø/ | pronounced as /iø/ | ioe | ioe | ieu | ioe | 捐 | |
| pronounced as /ã/ | pronounced as /ã/ | an | an | aen | an | 梗 | |
| pronounced as /uã/ | pronounced as /uã/ | uan | uan | uaen | uan | 横 | |
| pronounced as /iã/ | pronounced as /iã/ | ian | ian | iaen | ian | 阳 | |
| pronounced as /ɑ̃/ | pronounced as /ɑ̃/ | aon | aon | an | ang | 刚 | |
| pronounced as /uɑ̃/ | pronounced as /uɑ̃/ | uaon | uaon | uan | uang | 黄 | |
| pronounced as /iɑ̃/ | pronounced as /iɑ̃/ | iaon | iaon | ian | iang | 旺 | |
| pronounced as /oŋ/ | pronounced as /oŋ/ | on | on | on | ong | 东 | |
| pronounced as /ioŋ/ | pronounced as /ioŋ/ | ion | ion | ion | iong | 兄 | |
| pronounced as /ən/ | pronounced as /ən/ | en | en | en | eng | 真 | |
| pronounced as /uəɲ/ | pronounced as /uəɲ/ | uen | uen | uen | ueng | 昆 | |
| pronounced as /iɪɲ/ | pronounced as /iɪɲ/ | in | in | in | in | 清 | |
| pronounced as /yɪn/ | pronounced as /yən/ | iuin | iun | ün | (y)un | 君 | |
| pronounced as /ɐʔ/ | pronounced as /aʔ/ | aeh | aeq | aq | ak | 鸭 | |
| pronounced as /uɐʔ/ | pronounced as /uaʔ/ | uaeh | uaeq | uaq | uak | 刮 | |
| pronounced as /iɐʔ/ | pronounced as /iaʔ/ | iaeh | iaeq | iaq | iak | 甲 | |
| pronounced as /yɪʔ/ | pronounced as /yaʔ/ | iuaeh | iuaeq | uiq | yuik | 曰 | |
| pronounced as /ɐʔ/ | pronounced as /ɑʔ/ | ah | aq | aq | ak | 格 | |
| pronounced as /uɐʔ/ | pronounced as /uɑʔ/ | uah | uaq | uaq | uak | 猾 | |
| pronounced as /iɐʔ/ | pronounced as /iɑʔ/ | iah | iaq | iaq | iak | 脚 | |
| pronounced as /əʔ/ | pronounced as /əʔ/ | eh | eq | eq | ek | 黑 | |
| pronounced as /uəʔ/ | pronounced as /uəʔ/ | ueh | ueq | ueq | uek | 阔 | |
| pronounced as /iɪʔ/ | pronounced as /iəʔ/ | ih | iq | iq | ik | 立 | |
| pronounced as /yɪʔ/ | pronounced as /yəʔ/ | iuih | iuq | uiq | yuik | 决 | |
| pronounced as /oʔ/ | pronounced as /oʔ/ | oh | oq | oq | ok | 读 | |
| pronounced as /ioʔ/ | pronounced as /ioʔ/ | ioh | ioq | ioq | iok | 局 | |
| pronounced as /ɦəl/ | pronounced as /əl/ | r | er | er | er | 而 | |
| pronounced as /m̩/ | pronounced as /m̩/ | m | m | m | m | 无 | |
| pronounced as /n̩/ | pronounced as /n̩/ | n | n | n | n | 尔 | |
| pronounced as /ŋ̍/ | pronounced as /ŋ̍/ | ng | ng | ng | ng | 五 | |
| Shanghainese IPA | Suzhounese IPA[10] | Wenzhounese IPA | Romanization schemes | Characters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu Chinese Society | Wugniu | French-Wu | Qian's Pinyin | |||||
| ˥˧(53) | ˥(44) | ˧(33) | 1 | 1 | / | 天听知 | ||
| ˦(22)or˩˩˧(113) | ˨˨˦(223) | ˨˧(23) | 1 | 2 | / | 人华词 | ||
| ˦˧˦(434)or˨˨˥(334) | ˥˩(51) | ˧˥(35) | 2 | 3 | -h | 可海洗 | ||
| ˨˩˧(213)or˩˩˧(113) | - | ˧˥(35) | 2 | 4 | -h | 尾有近 | ||
| ˨˨˥(334) | ˥˨˦(523) | ˥˨(42) | 3 | 5 | -r | 去会唱 | ||
| ˩˩˧(113) | ˨˧˩(231) | ˨˧(23) | 3 | 6 | -r | 定烂自 | ||
| ˥(55) | ˥˧(43) | ˨˩˧(213) | 4 | 7 | -q | 只不结 | ||
| ˩˨(12) | ˨˧(23) | ˨˩˧(213) | 4 | 8 | -q | 日绝缚 | ||