Right-wing dictatorship explained

A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process); Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan; and a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] or those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

Military dictatorship

See main article: Military dictatorship. In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America. Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there. Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

See main article: Clerical fascism. Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

See main article: Fascism in Europe.

See also: European interwar dictatorships. The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Kingdom of Italy[9] [10] National Fascist Party[11] [12] Benito Mussolini[13] [14]
Latvian Farmers' Union (disbanded after coup) Kārlis Ulmanis[15]
Republic of Lithuania[16] Lithuanian Nationalist Union[17] Antanas Smetona[18] [19]
Republic of San Marino[20] 1923–1943Giuliano Gozi
Ukrainian State[21] Ukrainian People's Hromada1918Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[22]

Asia

See main article: Fascism in Asia. Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s, as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
[23]
Empire of China[24] Military1915–1916 Yuan Shikai
EOKA B[25] Nikos Sampson[26]
New Order under Golkar[27] [28] Suharto[29] [30] [31]
[32]
Republic of IraqArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region1979–2003Saddam Hussein[33]
Republic of Kazakhstan[34] 1999–2019 Nursultan Nazarbayev
Kingdom of Laos[35] Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests1959–1960 Sounthone Pathammavong
Concordia Association[36] [37] Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
China (1928–1949)
(1945–1987) 		Right-wing Kuomintang[38]
Syrian Republic[39] Military with the Arab Liberation Movement1951–1954 Adib Shishakli
1994–present Emomali Rahmon[40]
Kingdom of Thailand[41]
Turkmenistan978-974-9511-28-2"> 1991–present
United Arab Emirates[42] 1971–Present
Republic of Uzbekistan[43] 1991–present
Republic of Vietnam[44]

North, Central, and South America

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[45] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
Northern Argentina Argentine Confederation [46] Juan Manuel de Rosas
[47]
Plurinational State of Bolivia[48]
[49]
Republic of Chile[50] Augusto Pinochet
Republic of Colombia[51] 1953–1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
Republic of Costa Rica[52] [53] Military with the Peliquista Party[54] Federico Tinoco Granados
[55]
Dominican Party[56] [57] 1930–1962 Rafael Trujillo[58]
Republic of Ecuador[59] 1972–1979
Grenada[60] 1974–1979 Eric Gairy
[61]
Republic of El Salvador[62]
[63] [64] [65] [66]
Republic of Nicaragua[67]
Republic of Panama[68]
Republic of Paraguay[69]
Oriental Republic of Uruguay[70]
Republic of Venezuela[71]

Africa

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. They commonly have strong anti-communist stances, pro-western stances and have also lead to genocide and discrimination against other ethnic groups.

List of African right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
Republic of Burundi[72] 2005–present
Republic of Chad[73]
Republic of Zaire[74] 1965–1997 Mobutu Sese Seko
Republic of the Gambia[75] 1996–2017 Yahya Jammeh
Republic of Guinea[76] 1984–2008 Lansana Conté
Republic of Equatorial Guinea[77] Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Republic of Liberia[78] 1986–1990 Samuel Doe
Republic of Malawi[79] 1966–1994 Hastings Banda
Republic of Rwanda[80] 1961–1994 Juvénal Habyarimana
Republic of the Sudan[81] 1989–2019 Omar al-Bashir
Togolese Republic[82]
Second Republic of Uganda[83] 1971–1979 Idi Amin

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

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