Risus sardonicus explained

Risus sardonicus or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning. It may be caused by tetanus,^{[1] [2]} strychnine poisoning, or Wilson's disease, and has been reported after execution by hanging.

The condition's name, associated with the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin", which can appear sardonic or malevolent to the lay observer, displayed by those experiencing these muscle spasms.

Causes

It is most often observed as a sign of tetanus.^[3] It can also be caused by poisoning with strychnine^[4] or Wilson's disease.

In 2009, scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont wrote that they had identified hemlock water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) as the plant historically responsible for producing the sardonic grin.^{[5] [6]} This plant is the most likely candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant used perhaps for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Nuragic Sardinia.^[7]

See also

• Sardonicism
• Trismus
• Mr. Sardonicus
• The Man Who Laughs (1928 film)
• Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus, a 1970 music album by Spirit
• Joker (character)
• Smile (2022 film)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Tetanus: Clinical Presentation. Medscape.
2. Tetanus attacks an old person with inadequate vaccination showing 'Risus Sardonicus' face. 5577402. 2017. Kobayashi. A.. Iwasaki. H.. IDCases. 10. 38–39. 28875124. 10.1016/j.idcr.2017.08.009.
3. Web site: Tetanus. https://web.archive.org/web/20120122024106/http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/tetanus/en/index.html. dead. January 22, 2012. World Health Organization.
4. Book: Comprehensive Reviews in Toxicology: For Emergency Clinicians. 791. Bryson. Peter D.. 978-1560326120. CRC Press. 1996.
5. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=in-brief-aug-09 News Scan Briefs: Killer Smile
6. Journal of Natural Products. 2009. 72. 5. 962–965. Polyacetylenes from Sardinian Oenanthe fistulosa: A Molecular Clue to risus sardonicus. G. Appendino . F. Pollastro . L. Verotta . M. Ballero . A. Romano . P. Wyrembek . K. Szczuraszek . J. W. Mozrzymas . O. Taglialatela-Scafati . 10.1021/np8007717. 19245244. 2685611.
7. Web site: Redazione . 2023-01-23 . Il sacrificio degli anziani nella Sardegna antica, tra mito e tracce storiche . 2023-07-22 . Query Online . it-IT.