Rhomboid protease explained

Symbol:Rhomboid
Rhomboid
Pfam:PF01694
Pfam Clan:CL0207
Merops:S54
Scop:144092
Opm Family:165
Opm Protein:2ic8
Interpro:IPR002610
Tcid:9.B.104

The rhomboid proteases are a family of enzymes that exist in almost all species. They are proteases: they cut the polypeptide chain of other proteins. This proteolytic cleavage is irreversible in cells, and an important type of cellular regulation. Although proteases are one of the earliest and best studied class of enzyme, rhomboids belong to a much more recently discovered type: the intramembrane proteases. What is unique about intramembrane proteases is that their active sites are buried in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, and they cleave other transmembrane proteins within their transmembrane domains.[1] About 30% of all proteins have transmembrane domains, and their regulated processing often has major biological consequences. Accordingly, rhomboids regulate many important cellular processes, and may be involved in a wide range of human diseases.

Intramembrane proteases

Rhomboids are intramembrane serine proteases.[2] [3] [4] [5] The other types of intramembrane protease are aspartyl- and metallo-proteases, respectively. The presenilins and signal peptide peptidase-like family, which are intramembrane aspartyl proteases, cleave substrates that include the Notch receptor and the amyloid precursor protein, which is implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The site-2 protease family, which are intramembrane metalloproteases, regulate among other things cholesterol biosynthesis and stress responses in bacteria. The different intramembrane protease families are evolutionarily and mechanistically unrelated, but there are clear common functional themes that link them. Rhomboids are perhaps the best characterised class.

History

Rhomboids were first named after a mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila, discovered in a famous genetic screen that led to a Nobel Prize for Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus.[6] In that screen they found a number of mutants with similar phenotypes: ‘pointy’ embryonic head skeletons. They named them each with a pointy-themed name – one was rhomboid. At first this was noticed because a mutation disrupted development,[7] genetic analysis later proved that this group of genes were members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signalling pathway,[8] [9] and that rhomboid was needed to generate the signal that activates the EGF receptor.[10] [11] The molecular function of rhomboid took a bit longer to unravel but a combination of genetics and molecular techniques led to the discovery that Drosophila rhomboid and other members of the family were the first known intramembrane serine proteases.

Function

Rhomboids were first discovered as proteases that regulate EGF receptor signalling in Drosophila. By releasing the extracellular domain of the growth factor Spitz, from its transmembrane precursor, rhomboid triggers signalling. Since then, many other important biological functions have been proposed.[12]

Structure

Rhomboids were the first intramembrane proteases for which a high resolution crystal structure was solved.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] These structures confirmed predictions that rhomboids have a core of six transmembrane domains, and that the catalytic site depends on a serine and histidine catalytic dyad. The structures also explained how a proteolytic reaction, which requires water molecules, can occur in the hydrophobic environment of a lipid bilayer: one of the central mysteries of intramembrane proteases.[40] The active site of rhomboid protease is in a hydrophilic indentation, in principle accessible to water from the bulk solution. However, it has been proposed that there might be an auxiliary mechanism to facilitate access of water molecules to the catalytic dyad at the bottom of the active site to ensure catalytic efficiency.[41]

The active site of rhomboid protease is protected laterally from the lipid bilayer by its six constituent transmembrane helices, suggesting that substrate access to rhomboid active site is regulated. One area of uncertainty has been the route of substrate access. Substrates were initially proposed to enter between transmembrane segments (TMSs) 1 and 3, but current evidence strongly supports an alternative access point, between TMSs 2 and 5.[42] [43] This notion is also supported by the fact that mutations in TMS 5 have only a marginal effect on the thermodynamic stability of rhomboid, unlike other regions of the molecule.[44] Very recently, the first ever co-crystal structure of an intramembrane protease – Escherichia coli's version of the rhomboid protease GlpG – and a substrate-derived peptide bound in the active site[45] confirms and extends this substrate access model and provides implications for the mechanism of other rhomboid-superfamily proteins. E. coli's GlpG is unusual for its low enzyme/substrate binding affinity. The details of how a substrate TMS may be recognized by rhomboid are however still unclear. Some authors propose that substrate access involves a large lateral displacement movement of TMS 5 to open up the core of rhomboid. Other reports instead suggest that large lateral movement of TMS 5 is not required,[46] and propose that the surface of TMSs 2 and 5 rather serves as an "intramembrane exosite" mediating the recognition of substrate TMS.[47] The rhomboid ortholog in D. suzukii is Dsuz\DS10_00004507.[48]

Enzymatic specificity

Rhomboids do not cleave all transmembrane domains. In fact, they are highly specific, with a limited number of substrates. Most natural Rhomboid substrates known so far are type 1 single transmembrane domain proteins, with their amino termini in the luminal/extracellular compartment. However, recent studies suggested that type 2 membrane protein (i.e. with opposite topology: the amino terminus is cytoplasmic),[49] or even multipass membrane proteins could act as rhomboid substrates.[50] The specificity of rhomboids underlies their ability to control functions in a wide range of biological processes and, in turn, understanding what makes a particular transmembrane domain into a rhomboid substrate can shed light on rhomboid function in different contexts.

Initial work indicated that rhomboids recognise instability of the transmembrane alpha-helix at the site of cleavage as the main substrate determinant.[51] More recently, it has been found that rhomboid substrates are defined by two separable elements: the transmembrane domain and a primary sequence motif in or immediately adjacent to it. This recognition motif directs where the substrate is cleaved, which can occur either within, or just outside, the transmembrane domain, in the juxtamembrane region. In the former case helix destabilising residues downstream in substrate TMS are also necessary for efficient cleavage. A detailed enzyme kinetics analysis has in fact shown that the recognition motif interactions with rhomboid active site determine the kcat of substrate cleavage.[52] The principles of substrate TMS recognition by rhomboid remain poorly understood, but numerous lines of evidence indicate that rhomboids (and perhaps also other intramembrane proteases) somehow recognise the structural flexibility or dynamics of transmembrane domain of their substrates.[53] Full appreciation of the biophysical and structural principles involved will require structural characterisation of the complex of rhomboid with the full transmembrane substrate.[54] As a first step towards this goal, a recent co-crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with a substrate-derived peptide containing mechanism-based inhibitor explains the observed recognition motif sequence preferences in rhomboid substrates structurally, and provides a significant advance in the current understanding of rhomboid specificity and mechanism of rhomboid-family proteins.

In some Gram-negative bacteria, including Shewanella and Vibrio, up to thirteen proteins are found with GlyGly-CTERM, a C-terminal homology domain consisting of a glycine-rich motif, a highly hydrophobic transmembrane helix, and a cluster of basic residues. This domain appears to be the recognition sequence for rhombosortase, a branch of the rhomboid protease family limited to just those bacteria with the GlyGly-CTERM domain.[55]

Medical significance

The diversity of biological functions already known to depend on rhomboids is reflected in evidence that rhomboids play a role in a variety of diseases including cancer, parasite infection, and diabetes. It is important to note, however, that there is no case yet established where a precise medical significance is fully validated.

No drugs that modulate rhomboid activity have yet been reported, although a recent study has identified small molecule, mechanism-based inhibitors that could provide a basis for future drug development.[56]

The rhomboid-like family

Rhomboid proteases appear to be conserved in all eukaryotes and the vast majority of prokaryotes. Bioinformatic analysis highlights that some members of the rhomboid family lack the amino acid residues essential for proteolysis, implying that they cannot cleave substrates. These ‘pseudoproteases’ include a subfamily that have been named the iRhoms[57] (also known as RHBDF1 and RHBDF2). iRhoms can promote the ER associated degradation (ERAD) of EGF receptor ligands in Drosophila, thus providing a mechanism for regulating EGF receptor activity in the brain.[58] This implies that the fundamental cellular quality control mechanism is exploited by multicellular organisms to regulate signalling between cells. In mice, iRhoms are key trafficking chaperones required for the ER export of ADAM17/TACE and its maturation. iRhoms are thus required for the TNF-alpha and EGF receptor signalling, making them medically highly attractive.[59] [60] [61] [62]

Phylogenetic analysis indicates that rhomboids are in fact members of a larger rhomboid-like superfamily or clan, which includes the derlin proteins, also involved in ERAD.[63]

Kinetoplastids have an unusually small rhomboid family repertoire, in Trypanosoma brucei XP 001561764 and XP 001561544, and in T. cruzi XP 805971, XP 802860, and XP 821055.[64]

Various rhomboid family proteins are vital to Toxoplasma gondii virulence and motility, including TgMIC2, TgMIC6, various AMA1 variants including TgAMA1, TgROM1, TgROM4, and TgROM5.[65]

Trypanosome mitochondria have TimRhom I and TimRhom II (two rhomboid family members with proteolytic function deactivated) in their presequence translocases. The difficulty in finding greater similarity either to eukaryotic or bacterial relatives may mean these came as part of the original mitochondrial progenitor.[66] Rhomboid-relatives may be membrane transport proteins in the ERAD and SELMA systems.[66]

iRhoms

iRhoms are rhomboid-like proteins, but are not proteases. As with rhomboids they were first discovered in Drosophilae. To the contrary of rhomboids, however, iRhoms inhibit EGFr signaling. Knockout mice for iRhom2 have severe immune compromise.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Brown MS, Ye J, Rawson RB, Goldstein JL . Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans . Cell . 100 . 4 . 391–8 . February 2000 . 10693756 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80675-3 . 12194770 . free .
  2. Urban S, Lee JR, Freeman M . Drosophila rhomboid-1 defines a family of putative intramembrane serine proteases . Cell . 107 . 2 . 173–82 . October 2001 . 11672525 . 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00525-6 . 9026083 . free .
  3. Lemberg MK, Menendez J, Misik A, Garcia M, Koth CM, Freeman M . Mechanism of intramembrane proteolysis investigated with purified rhomboid proteases . The EMBO Journal . 24 . 3 . 464–72 . February 2005 . 15616571 . 548647 . 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600537 .
  4. Urban S, Wolfe MS . Reconstitution of intramembrane proteolysis in vitro reveals that pure rhomboid is sufficient for catalysis and specificity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 . 6 . 1883–8 . February 2005 . 15684070 . 548546 . 10.1073/pnas.0408306102 . 2005PNAS..102.1883U . free .
  5. Freeman M . Rhomboid proteases and their biological functions . . 42 . 191–210 . 2008 . 18605900 . 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091628 .
  6. Jürgens G, Wieschaus E, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Kluding H . Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster : II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome . Wilhelm Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology . 193 . 5 . 283–295 . September 1984 . 28305338 . 10.1007/BF00848157 . 26608498 .
  7. Freeman M . The rhomboid-like superfamily: molecular mechanisms and biological roles . . 30 . 235–54 . 2014 . 25062361 . 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012944 . 31705365 . free .
  8. Sturtevant MA, Roark M, Bier E . The Drosophila rhomboid gene mediates the localized formation of wing veins and interacts genetically with components of the EGF-R signaling pathway . Genes & Development . 7 . 6 . 961–73 . June 1993 . 8504935 . 10.1101/gad.7.6.961 . free .
  9. Freeman M . The spitz gene is required for photoreceptor determination in the Drosophila eye where it interacts with the EGF receptor . Mechanisms of Development . 48 . 1 . 25–33 . October 1994 . 7833286 . 10.1016/0925-4773(94)90003-5 . 40396109 .
  10. Wasserman JD, Urban S, Freeman M . A family of rhomboid-like genes: Drosophila rhomboid-1 and roughoid/rhomboid-3 cooperate to activate EGF receptor signaling . Genes & Development . 14 . 13 . 1651–63 . July 2000 . 10.1101/gad.14.13.1651 . 10887159 . 316740 .
  11. Bang AG, Kintner C . Rhomboid and Star facilitate presentation and processing of the Drosophila TGF-alpha homolog Spitz . Genes & Development . 14 . 2 . 177–86 . January 2000 . 10.1101/gad.14.2.177 . 10652272 . 316351 .
  12. Urban S . Making the cut: central roles of intramembrane proteolysis in pathogenic microorganisms . Nature Reviews. Microbiology . 7 . 6 . 411–23 . June 2009 . 19421188 . 2818034 . 10.1038/nrmicro2130 .
  13. Adrain C, Strisovsky K, Zettl M, Hu L, Lemberg MK, Freeman M . Mammalian EGF receptor activation by the rhomboid protease RHBDL2 . EMBO Reports . 12 . 5 . 421–7 . May 2011 . 21494248 . 3090019 . 10.1038/embor.2011.50 .
  14. Pascall JC, Brown KD . Intramembrane cleavage of ephrinB3 by the human rhomboid family protease, RHBDL2 . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 317 . 1 . 244–52 . April 2004 . 15047175 . 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.039 .
  15. Lohi O, Urban S, Freeman M . Diverse substrate recognition mechanisms for rhomboids; thrombomodulin is cleaved by Mammalian rhomboids . Current Biology . 14 . 3 . 236–41 . February 2004 . 14761657 . 10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.025 . 17760607 . free .
  16. Cheng TL, Wu YT, Lin HY, Hsu FC, Liu SK, Chang BI, Chen WS, Lai CH, Shi GY, Wu HL . 6 . Functions of rhomboid family protease RHBDL2 and thrombomodulin in wound healing . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 131 . 12 . 2486–94 . December 2011 . 21833011 . 10.1038/jid.2011.230 . free .
  17. Herlan M, Vogel F, Bornhovd C, Neupert W, Reichert AS . Processing of Mgm1 by the rhomboid-type protease Pcp1 is required for maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and of mitochondrial DNA . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 278 . 30 . 27781–8 . July 2003 . 12707284 . 10.1074/jbc.m211311200 . free .
  18. McQuibban GA, Saurya S, Freeman M . Mitochondrial membrane remodelling regulated by a conserved rhomboid protease . Nature . 423 . 6939 . 537–41 . May 2003 . 12774122 . 10.1038/nature01633 . 2003Natur.423..537M . 4398146 . free .
  19. McQuibban GA, Lee JR, Zheng L, Juusola M, Freeman M . Normal mitochondrial dynamics requires rhomboid-7 and affects Drosophila lifespan and neuronal function . Current Biology . 16 . 10 . 982–9 . May 2006 . 16713954 . 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.062 . 18751418 . free .
  20. Cipolat S, Rudka T, Hartmann D, Costa V, Serneels L, Craessaerts K, Metzger K, Frezza C, Annaert W, D'Adamio L, Derks C, Dejaegere T, Pellegrini L, D'Hooge R, Scorrano L, De Strooper B . 6 . Mitochondrial rhomboid PARL regulates cytochrome c release during apoptosis via OPA1-dependent cristae remodeling . Cell . 126 . 1 . 163–75 . July 2006 . 16839884 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.021 . 6396519 . free .
  21. Civitarese AE, MacLean PS, Carling S, Kerr-Bayles L, McMillan RP, Pierce A, Becker TC, Moro C, Finlayson J, Lefort N, Newgard CB, Mandarino L, Cefalu W, Walder K, Collier GR, Hulver MW, Smith SR, Ravussin E . 6 . Regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and insulin signaling by the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL . Cell Metabolism . 11 . 5 . 412–26 . May 2010 . 20444421 . 3835349 . 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.04.004 .
  22. Whitworth AJ, Lee JR, Ho VM, Flick R, Chowdhury R, McQuibban GA . Rhomboid-7 and HtrA2/Omi act in a common pathway with the Parkinson's disease factors Pink1 and Parkin . Disease Models & Mechanisms . 1 . 2–3 . 168–74; discussion 173 . 2008 . 19048081 . 2562193 . 10.1242/dmm.000109 .
  23. Deas E, Plun-Favreau H, Gandhi S, Desmond H, Kjaer S, Loh SH, Renton AE, Harvey RJ, Whitworth AJ, Martins LM, Abramov AY, Wood NW . 6 . PINK1 cleavage at position A103 by the mitochondrial protease PARL . Human Molecular Genetics . 20 . 5 . 867–79 . March 2011 . 21138942 . 3033179 . 10.1093/hmg/ddq526 .
  24. Meissner C, Lorenz H, Weihofen A, Selkoe DJ, Lemberg MK . The mitochondrial intramembrane protease PARL cleaves human Pink1 to regulate Pink1 trafficking . Journal of Neurochemistry . 117 . 5 . 856–67 . June 2011 . 21426348 . 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07253.x . free .
  25. Bisio H, Soldati-Favre D . Signaling Cascades Governing Entry into and Exit from Host Cells by Toxoplasma gondii . Annual Review of Microbiology . 73 . 1 . 579–599 . September 2019 . 31500539 . 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120235 . . 202405949 .
  26. McKerrow JH, Caffrey C, Kelly B, Loke P, Sajid M . Proteases in parasitic diseases . Annual Review of Pathology . 1 . 1 . 497–536 . 2006 . 18039124 . 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100151 . .
  27. Urban S, Freeman M . Substrate specificity of rhomboid intramembrane proteases is governed by helix-breaking residues in the substrate transmembrane domain . Molecular Cell . 11 . 6 . 1425–34 . June 2003 . 12820957 . 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00181-3 . free .
  28. Baker RP, Wijetilaka R, Urban S . Two Plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria . PLOS Pathogens . 2 . 10 . e113 . October 2006 . 17040128 . 1599764 . 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020113 . free .
  29. O'Donnell RA, Hackett F, Howell SA, Treeck M, Struck N, Krnajski Z, Withers-Martinez C, Gilberger TW, Blackman MJ . 6 . Intramembrane proteolysis mediates shedding of a key adhesin during erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite . The Journal of Cell Biology . 174 . 7 . 1023–33 . September 2006 . 17000879 . 2064393 . 10.1083/jcb.200604136 .
  30. Santos JM, Ferguson DJ, Blackman MJ, Soldati-Favre D . Intramembrane cleavage of AMA1 triggers Toxoplasma to switch from an invasive to a replicative mode . Science . 331 . 6016 . 473–7 . January 2011 . 21205639 . 10.1126/science.1199284 . 2011Sci...331..473S . 26806264 .
  31. Srinivasan P, Coppens I, Jacobs-Lorena M . Distinct roles of Plasmodium rhomboid 1 in parasite development and malaria pathogenesis . PLOS Pathogens . 5 . 1 . e1000262 . January 2009 . 19148267 . 2607553 . 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000262 . free .
  32. Lin JW, Meireles P, Prudêncio M, Engelmann S, Annoura T, Sajid M, Chevalley-Maurel S, Ramesar J, Nahar C, Avramut CM, Koster AJ, Matuschewski K, Waters AP, Janse CJ, Mair GR, Khan SM . 6 . Loss-of-function analyses defines vital and redundant functions of the Plasmodium rhomboid protease family . Molecular Microbiology . 88 . 2 . 318–38 . April 2013 . 23490234 . 10.1111/mmi.12187 . free .
  33. Baxt LA, Baker RP, Singh U, Urban S . An Entamoeba histolytica rhomboid protease with atypical specificity cleaves a surface lectin involved in phagocytosis and immune evasion . Genes & Development . 22 . 12 . 1636–46 . June 2008 . 18559479 . 2428061 . 10.1101/gad.1667708 .
  34. Stevenson LG, Strisovsky K, Clemmer KM, Bhatt S, Freeman M, Rather PN . Rhomboid protease AarA mediates quorum-sensing in Providencia stuartii by activating TatA of the twin-arginine translocase . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 . 3 . 1003–8 . January 2007 . 17215357 . 1783354 . 10.1073/pnas.0608140104 . 2007PNAS..104.1003S . free .
  35. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ha Y . Crystal structure of a rhomboid family intramembrane protease . Nature . 444 . 7116 . 179–80 . November 2006 . 17051161 . 10.1038/nature05255 . 2006Natur.444..179W . 4350345 .
  36. Wu Z, Yan N, Feng L, Oberstein A, Yan H, Baker RP, Gu L, Jeffrey PD, Urban S, Shi Y . 6 . Structural analysis of a rhomboid family intramembrane protease reveals a gating mechanism for substrate entry . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 13 . 12 . 1084–91 . December 2006 . 17099694 . 10.1038/nsmb1179 . 8308111 .
  37. Ben-Shem A, Fass D, Bibi E . Structural basis for intramembrane proteolysis by rhomboid serine proteases . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 . 2 . 462–6 . January 2007 . 17190827 . 1766407 . 10.1073/pnas.0609773104 . 2007PNAS..104..462B . free .
  38. Lemieux MJ, Fischer SJ, Cherney MM, Bateman KS, James MN . The crystal structure of the rhomboid peptidase from Haemophilus influenzae provides insight into intramembrane proteolysis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 . 3 . 750–4 . January 2007 . 17210913 . 1783385 . 10.1073/pnas.0609981104 . 2007PNAS..104..750L . free .
  39. Vinothkumar KR . Structure of rhomboid protease in a lipid environment . Journal of Molecular Biology . 407 . 2 . 232–47 . March 2011 . 21256137 . 3093617 . 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.029 .
  40. Lemberg MK, Freeman M . Cutting proteins within lipid bilayers: rhomboid structure and mechanism . Molecular Cell . 28 . 6 . 930–40 . December 2007 . 18158892 . 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.12.003 . free .
  41. Moin SM, Urban S . Membrane immersion allows rhomboid proteases to achieve specificity by reading transmembrane segment dynamics . eLife . 1 . e00173 . November 2012 . 23150798 . 3494066 . 10.7554/eLife.00173 . free .
  42. Baker RP, Young K, Feng L, Shi Y, Urban S . Enzymatic analysis of a rhomboid intramembrane protease implicates transmembrane helix 5 as the lateral substrate gate . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 . 20 . 8257–62 . May 2007 . 17463085 . 1895938 . 10.1073/pnas.0700814104 . free .
  43. Wang Y, Maegawa S, Akiyama Y, Ha Y . The role of L1 loop in the mechanism of rhomboid intramembrane protease GlpG . Journal of Molecular Biology . 374 . 4 . 1104–13 . December 2007 . 17976648 . 2128867 . 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.014 .
  44. Baker RP, Urban S . Architectural and thermodynamic principles underlying intramembrane protease function . Nature Chemical Biology . 8 . 9 . 759–68 . September 2012 . 22797666 . 10.1038/nchembio.1021 . 4028635 .
  45. Zoll S, Stanchev S, Began J, Skerle J, Lepšík M, Peclinovská L, Majer P, Strisovsky K . Substrate binding and specificity of rhomboid intramembrane protease revealed by substrate-peptide complex structures . The EMBO Journal . 33 . 20 . 2408–21 . October 2014 . 25216680 . 4253528 . 10.15252/embj.201489367 .
  46. Xue Y, Ha Y . Large lateral movement of transmembrane helix S5 is not required for substrate access to the active site of rhomboid intramembrane protease . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 288 . 23 . 16645–54 . June 2013 . 23609444 . 3675599 . 10.1074/jbc.M112.438127 . free .
  47. Strisovsky K, Sharpe HJ, Freeman M . Sequence-specific intramembrane proteolysis: identification of a recognition motif in rhomboid substrates . Molecular Cell . 36 . 6 . 1048–59 . December 2009 . 20064469 . 2941825 . 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.11.006 .
  48. Web site: FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\rho . . 2021-04-13 . 2021-06-08. Larkin A, Marygold SJ, Antonazzo G, Attrill H, Dos Santos G, Garapati PV, Goodman JL, Gramates LS, Millburn G, Strelets VB, Tabone CJ, Thurmond J . 6 . FlyBase: updates to the Drosophila melanogaster knowledge base . Nucleic Acids Research . 49 . D1 . D899–D907 . January 2021 . 33219682 . 7779046 . 10.1093/nar/gkaa1026 .
  49. Tsruya R, Wojtalla A, Carmon S, Yogev S, Reich A, Bibi E, Merdes G, Schejter E, Shilo BZ . 6 . Rhomboid cleaves Star to regulate the levels of secreted Spitz . The EMBO Journal . 26 . 5 . 1211–20 . March 2007 . 17304216 . 1817629 . 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601581 .
  50. Fleig L, Bergbold N, Sahasrabudhe P, Geiger B, Kaltak L, Lemberg MK . Ubiquitin-dependent intramembrane rhomboid protease promotes ERAD of membrane proteins . Molecular Cell . 47 . 4 . 558–69 . August 2012 . 22795130 . 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.008 . free .
  51. Akiyama Y, Maegawa S . Sequence features of substrates required for cleavage by GlpG, an Escherichia coli rhomboid protease . Molecular Microbiology . 64 . 4 . 1028–37 . May 2007 . 17501925 . 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05715.x . 33930463 .
  52. Dickey SW, Baker RP, Cho S, Urban S . Proteolysis inside the membrane is a rate-governed reaction not driven by substrate affinity . Cell . 155 . 6 . 1270–81 . December 2013 . 24315097 . 3917317 . 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.053 .
  53. Langosch D, Scharnagl C, Steiner H, Lemberg MK . Understanding intramembrane proteolysis: from protein dynamics to reaction kinetics . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 40 . 6 . 318–27 . June 2015 . 25941170 . 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.04.001 .
  54. Strisovsky K . Structural and mechanistic principles of intramembrane proteolysis--lessons from rhomboids . The FEBS Journal . 280 . 7 . 1579–603 . April 2013 . 23432912 . 10.1111/febs.12199 . 6316872 .
  55. Haft DH, Varghese N . GlyGly-CTERM and rhombosortase: a C-terminal protein processing signal in a many-to-one pairing with a rhomboid family intramembrane serine protease . PLOS ONE . 6 . 12 . e28886 . 22194940 . 3237569 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0028886 . 2011 . 2011PLoSO...628886H . free .
  56. Pierrat OA, Strisovsky K, Christova Y, Large J, Ansell K, Bouloc N, Smiljanic E, Freeman M . Monocyclic β-lactams are selective, mechanism-based inhibitors of rhomboid intramembrane proteases . ACS Chemical Biology . 6 . 4 . 325–35 . April 2011 . 21175222 . 3077804 . 10.1021/cb100314y .
  57. Lemberg MK, Freeman M . Functional and evolutionary implications of enhanced genomic analysis of rhomboid intramembrane proteases . Genome Research . 17 . 11 . 1634–46 . November 2007 . 17938163 . 2045146 . 10.1101/gr.6425307 .
  58. Zettl M, Adrain C, Strisovsky K, Lastun V, Freeman M . Rhomboid family pseudoproteases use the ER quality control machinery to regulate intercellular signaling . Cell . 145 . 1 . 79–91 . April 2011 . 21439629 . 3149277 . 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.047 .
  59. Adrain C, Zettl M, Christova Y, Taylor N, Freeman M . Tumor necrosis factor signaling requires iRhom2 to promote trafficking and activation of TACE . Science . 335 . 6065 . 225–8 . January 2012 . 22246777 . 3272371 . 10.1126/science.1214400 . 2012Sci...335..225A .
  60. McIlwain DR, Lang PA, Maretzky T, Hamada K, Ohishi K, Maney SK, Berger T, Murthy A, Duncan G, Xu HC, Lang KS, Häussinger D, Wakeham A, Itie-Youten A, Khokha R, Ohashi PS, Blobel CP, Mak TW . 6 . iRhom2 regulation of TACE controls TNF-mediated protection against Listeria and responses to LPS . Science . 335 . 6065 . 229–32 . January 2012 . 22246778 . 4250273 . 10.1126/science.1214448 . 2012Sci...335..229M .
  61. Christova Y, Adrain C, Bambrough P, Ibrahim A, Freeman M . Mammalian iRhoms have distinct physiological functions including an essential role in TACE regulation . EMBO Reports . 14 . 10 . 884–90 . October 2013 . 23969955 . 3807218 . 10.1038/embor.2013.128 .
  62. Li X, Maretzky T, Weskamp G, Monette S, Qing X, Issuree PD, Crawford HC, McIlwain DR, Mak TW, Salmon JE, Blobel CP . 6 . iRhoms 1 and 2 are essential upstream regulators of ADAM17-dependent EGFR signaling . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 . 19 . 6080–5 . May 2015 . 25918388 . 10.1073/pnas.1505649112 . 2015PNAS..112.6080L . 4434755 . free .
  63. Web site: Clan: Rhomboid-like (CL0207) . Pfam .
  64. M Santos J, Graindorge A, Soldati-Favre D . New insights into parasite rhomboid proteases . Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology . 182 . 1–2 . 27–36 . 2012 . 22173057 . 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.11.010 . .
  65. Dogga SK, Soldati-Favre D . Biology of rhomboid proteases in infectious diseases . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 60 . 38–45 . December 2016 . 27567708 . 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.020 . . 41 . 34820332 . 2.3.1 .
  66. Harsman A, Schneider A . Mitochondrial protein import in trypanosomes: Expect the unexpected . Traffic . 18 . 2 . 96–109 . February 2017 . 27976830 . 10.1111/tra.12463 . . 206334512 . free .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Rhomboid protease".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.