Rhodamine B Explained

Rhodamine B is a chemical compound and a dye. It is often used as a tracer dye within water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport. Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with fluorometers.

Rhodamine B is used in biology as a staining fluorescent dye, sometimes in combination with auramine O, as the auramine-rhodamine stain to demonstrate acid-fast organisms, notably Mycobacterium. Rhodamine dyes are also used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA.

Other uses

Rhodamine B is often mixed with herbicides to show where they have been used.[1]

It is also being tested for use as a biomarker in oral rabies vaccines for wildlife, such as raccoons, to identify animals that have eaten a vaccine bait. The rhodamine is incorporated into the animal's whiskers and teeth.[2] Rhodamine B is an important hydrophilic xanthene dye well known for its stability and is widely used in the textile industry, leather, paper printing, paint, coloured glass and plastic industries.[3]

Rhodamine B (BV10) is mixed with quinacridone magenta (PR122) to make the bright pink watercolor known as Opera Rose.[4]

Properties

Rhodamine B can exist in equilibrium between two forms: an "open"/fluorescent form and a "closed"/nonfluorescent spirolactone form. The "open" form dominates in acidic condition while the "closed" form is colorless in basic condition.[5]

The fluorescence intensity of rhodamine B will decrease as temperature increases.[6]

The solubility of rhodamine B in water varies by manufacturer, and has been reported as 8 g/L and ~15 g/L, while solubility in alcohol (presumably ethanol) has been reported as 15 g/L. Chlorinated tap water decomposes rhodamine B. Rhodamine B solutions adsorb to plastics and should be kept in glass.[7] Rhodamine B is tunable around 610 nm when used as a laser dye.[8] Its luminescence quantum yield is 0.65 in basic ethanol,[9] 0.49 in ethanol,[10] 1.0,[11] and 0.68 in 94% ethanol.[12] The fluorescence yield is temperature dependent;[13] the compound is fluxional in that its excitability is in thermal equilibrium at room temperature.[14]

Safety and health

In California, rhodamine B is suspected to be carcinogenic and thus products containing it must contain a warning on its label.[15] Cases of economically motivated adulteration, where it has been illegally used to impart a red color to chili powder, have come to the attention of food safety regulators.[16]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Cai SS, Stark JD . Evaluation of five fluorescent dyes and triethyl phosphate as atmospheric tracers of agricultural sprays . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B . November 1997 . 32 . 6 . 969–83 . 10.1080/03601239709373123 . 1997JESHB..32..969C .
  2. Slate D, Algeo TP, Nelson KM, Chipman RB, Donovan D, Blanton JD, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE . 3 . Oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 3 . 12 . e549 . December 2009 . 20027214 . 2791170 . 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000549 . free . Bethony JM .
  3. Sudarshan . Shanmugam . Bharti . Vidya Shree . Harikrishnan . Sekar . Shukla . Satya Prakash . RathiBhuvaneswari . Govindarajan . Eco-toxicological effect of a commercial dye Rhodamine B on freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris . Archives of Microbiology . 2 October 2022 . 204 . 10 . 658 . 10.1007/s00203-022-03254-5. 36183287 . 2022ArMic.204..658S . 252647552 .
  4. Web site: Bruce . MacEvoy . vanc . Handprint: color making attributes . www.handprint.com .
  5. Birtalan E, Rudat B, Kölmel DK, Fritz D, Vollrath SB, Schepers U, Bräse S . 3 . Investigating rhodamine B-labeled peptoids: scopes and limitations of its applications . Biopolymers . 96 . 5 . 694–701 . 2011 . 22180914 . 10.1002/bip.21617 .
  6. Chauhan VM, Hopper RH, Ali SZ, King EM, Udrea F, Oxley CH, Aylott JW . 3. Thermo-optical characterization of fluorescent rhodamine B based temperature-sensitive nanosensors using a CMOS MEMS micro-hotplate . Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical . 192 . 126–133 . March 2014 . 25844025 . 4376176 . 10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.042 .
  7. Book: Detection and Prevention of Leaks from Dams . Antonio Plata . Bedmar . Luís Araguás . Araguás . vanc . Taylor & Francis . 2002 . 90-5809-355-7 .
  8. Web site: Scott . Prahl . vanc . Rhodamine B . OMLC .
  9. Fluorescence quantum yields of some rhodamine dyes. 1982. Kubin R . Journal of Luminescence. 27. 4. 455–462 . 10.1016/0022-2313(82)90045-X . 1982JLum...27..455K.
  10. 10.1021/j100334a023. Effect of solvent polarity on nonradiative processes in xanthene dyes: Rhodamine B in normal alcohols. 1988. Casey. Kelly G.. Quitevis. Edward L. . vanc . The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 92. 23. 6590–6594.
  11. 10.1063/1.1725672. Radiationless Intermolecular Energy Transfer. III. Determination of Phosphorescence Efficiencies. 1964. Kellogg RE, Bennett RG . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 41. 10. 3042–3045. 1964JChPh..41.3042K.
  12. 10.1016/0047-2670(82)87023-8. The photophysics of rhodamine B. 1982. Snare M . Journal of Photochemistry. 18. 4. 335–346.
  13. 10.1021/j100451a030. Rhodamine B and rhodamine 101 as reference substances for fluorescence quantum yield measurements. 1980. Karstens T, Kobs K . The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 84. 14. 1871–1872.
  14. Strack R . Bypassing bleaching with fluxional fluorophores . Nature Methods . 16 . 5 . 357 . May 2019 . 31040423 . 10.1038/s41592-019-0402-2 . Paper . free .
  15. Web site: Naval Jelly MSDS with Rhodamine B . Locite Corporation . 20 October 1998 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100415195507/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Visual_Art/documents/NavalJelly.pdf . 2010-04-15 .
  16. Lin . Shuang . vanc . Rapid and sensitive SERS method for determination of Rhodamine B in chili powder with paper-based substrates. Analytical Methods. 2015 . 7 . 12 . 5289 . 10.1039/c5ay00028a . 1 February 2018.

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