| Above: | Advanced tongue root (ATR) |
| Ipa Symbol: | ◌̘ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ◌꭪ |
| Ipa Number: | 417 |
| Showbelow: | yes |
| Above: | Retracted tongue root (RTR) |
| Ipa Symbol: | ◌̙ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ◌꭫ |
| Ipa Number: | 418 |
In phonetics, advanced tongue root (ATR) and retracted tongue root (RTR) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa, but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. ATR vs RTR was once suggested to be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but that no longer seems tenable.
Advanced tongue root, abbreviated ATR or +ATR, also called expanded, involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel. The lowering of the larynx sometimes adds a breathy quality to the vowel.
Voiced stops such as pronounced as /[{{IPAlink|b}}], [{{IPAlink|d}}], [{{IPAlink|ɡ}}]/ can often involve non-contrastive tongue root advancement whose results can be seen occasionally in sound changes relating stop voicing and vowel frontness such as voicing stop consonants before front vowels in the Oghuz Turkic languages or in Adjarian's law: the fronting of vowels after voiced stops in certain dialects of Armenian.[1]
True uvular consonants appear to be incompatible with advanced tongue root, i.e. they are inherently [−ATR]. Combined with the above tendency for voiced stops to be [+ATR], that motivates the extreme rarity of the voiced uvular stop pronounced as /[ɢ]/ compared to its voiceless counterpart pronounced as /[q]/.[1]
The International Phonetic Alphabet represents ATR with a "left tack" diacritic, pronounced as /[<big> ̘</big> ]/.
In languages in which they occur, advanced-tongue-root vowels very often contrast with retracted tongue root (RTR) vowels in a system of vowel harmony, which occurs commonly in large parts of West Africa.
ATR vowels involve a certain tension in the tongue, often in the lips and jaw as well; the ear can often perceive this tension as a "brightness" (narrow formants) compared to RTR vowels. Nonetheless, phoneticians do not refer to ATR vowels as tense vowels since the word tense already has several meanings in European phonetics.
Retracted tongue root, abbreviated RTR, is the retraction of the base of the tongue in the pharynx during the pronunciation of a vowel, the opposite articulation of advanced tongue root. This type of vowel has also been referred to as pharyngealized.
The neutral position of the tongue during the pronunciation of a vowel, contrasting with advanced tongue root and thus marked -ATR, is also sometimes referred to as retracted tongue root.
The diacritic for RTR in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the right tack, pronounced as /[<big> ̙</big> ]/.
As mentioned above, many African languages, such as Maasai, have systems of vowel harmony based on tongue root position. That is illustrated here with the Fante dialect of Akan, which has fifteen vowels: five +ATR vowels, five −ATR vowels, and five nasal vowels.
| i | pronounced as //i̘// | pronounced as /[i]/ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| e | pronounced as //e̘// | pronounced as //i// | pronounced as /[e]/, pronounced as /[ɪ]/ | |
| ɛ | pronounced as //e// | pronounced as /[ɛ]/ | ||
| a | pronounced as //a̘// | pronounced as //a// | pronounced as /[æ]/, pronounced as /[ɑ]/ | |
| ɔ | pronounced as //o// | pronounced as /[ɔ]/ | ||
| o | pronounced as //o̘// | pronounced as //u// | pronounced as /[o]/, pronounced as /[ʊ]/ | |
| u | pronounced as //u̘// | pronounced as /[u]/ |
There are two harmonization rules that govern the vowels that may co-occur in a word:
In the Twi language, the ±ATR distinction has merged in the low vowel and so pronounced as //a// is harmonically neutral, occurring with either set of vowels. In addition, the two vowels written e (pronounced as //e̘// and pronounced as //i//) and o (pronounced as //o̘// and pronounced as //u//) are often not distinguished and are approximately equivalent to European pronounced as /[e]/ and pronounced as /[o]/, as reflected in the orthography; for such people, the second harmonization rule does not apply.[2]
With advances in fiber-optic laryngoscopy at the end of the twentieth century, new types of phonation were discovered that involve more of the larynx than just the glottis. One of the few languages studied thus far, the Togolese language Kabiyé, has a vocalic distinction that had been assumed to be one of tongue root. However, it turned out to be a phonation distinction of faucalized voice versus harsh voice.[3]
It is not yet clear whether that is characteristic of ±ATR distinctions in general.