Remnant cholesterol explained

Remnant cholesterol, also known as remnant lipoprotein, is a very atherogenic lipoprotein composed primarily of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).[1] Stated another way, remnant cholesterol is all plasma cholesterol that is not LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol, which are triglyceride-poor lipoproteins.[2] However, remnant cholesterol is primarily chylomicron and VLDL, and each remnant particle contains about 40 times more cholesterol than LDL.[3]

According to one study, high remnant cholesterol is more predictive of myocardial infarction than any other lipid particle.[4] Remnant cholesterol is especially predictive of coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol.[5] [6]

High plasma remnant cholesterol is associated with increased plasma triglyceride levels.[7] Hypertriglyceridemia is characteristic of high plasma remnant cholesterol, but persons with high plasma triglycerides without high remnant cholesterol rarely have coronary artery disease.[8]

Remnant cholesterol has about twice the association with ischemic heart disease as LDL cholesterol.[9] Although remnant cholesterol tends to be higher in people who are overweight (high body mass index), normal-weight persons with high remnant cholesterol tend to have a higher risk of myocardial infarction.[10]

Remnant cholesterol is associated with chronic inflammation, whereas LDL cholesterol is not.[11]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, West AS, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A . Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction . . 34 . 24 . 1826–1833 . 2013 . 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs431 . 23248205 . free .
  2. Nordestgaard BG . Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From Epidemiology, Genetics, and Biology . . 118 . 4 . 547–563 . 2016 . 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306249 . 26892957 . free .
  3. Dallinga-Thie GM, Kroon J, Borén J, Chapman MJ . Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Remnants: Targets for Therapy? . Current Cardiology Reports . 18 . 7 . 67 . 2016 . 10.1007/s11886-016-0745-6 . 4877422 . 27216847 .
  4. Goliasch G, Wiesbauer F, Blessberger H, Demyanets S, Wojta J, Huber K, Maurer G, Schillinger M, Speidl WS . Premature myocardial infarction is strongly associated with increased levels of remnant cholesterol . Journal of Clinical Lipidology . 9 . 6 . 801–6.e1 . 2015 . 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.08.009 . 26687701 .
  5. Masuoka H, Kamei S, Wagayama H, Ozaki M, Kawasaki A, Tanaka T, Kitamura M, Katoh S, Shintani U, Misaki M, Sugawa M, Ito M, Nakano T . Association of remnant-like particle cholesterol with coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol levels . . 139 . (2 Pt 1). 305–310 . 2000 . 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.024 . 10650304 .
  6. Nakamura T, Kugiyama K. Triglycerides and remnant particles as risk factors for coronary artery disease . . 8 . 2. 107–110 . 2006 . 16510044 . 10.1007/s11883-006-0047-3 .
  7. Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, Andreotti F, Borén J, Catapano AL, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Nordestgaard BG, Ray KK, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoglu L, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF, ((European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel)) . Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management . . 32 . 11 . 1345–1361 . 2011 . 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112 . 3105250 . 21531743 .
  8. Fujioka Y, Ishikawa Y . Remnant lipoproteins as strong key particles to atherogenesis . Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis . 16 . 3 . 145–154 . 2009 . 19556722 . 10.5551/jat.E598 . free .
  9. Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG . Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease . . 61 . 4 . 427–436 . 2013 . 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026 . 23265341 . free .
  10. Varbo A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG . Remnant Cholesterol and Myocardial Infarction in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study . . 64 . 1 . 219–230 . 2018 . 10.1373/clinchem.2017.279463 . 29021326 . free .
  11. Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG . Remnant cholesterol and ischemic heart disease . Current Opinion in Lipidology . 25 . 4 . 266–273 . 2014 . 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000093 . 24977981 .

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