List of religious slurs explained

The following is a list of religious slurs or religious insults in the English language that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about adherents or non-believers of a given religion or irreligion, or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or insulting manner.

Christians

Non-denominational

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
	North America	Pentecostals	A dysphemism for people who believe in the fundamentalist authority of the Bible, particularly those from a Pentecostal or fundamentalist denomination.^[1] It is also a slang term for an evangelising Christian. Commonly used universally against Christians who are perceived to go out of their way to energetically preach their faith to others.	^[2] ^[3]
Bible thumper	United States	Christian people	Someone perceived as aggressively imposing their Christian beliefs upon others. The term derives from preachers thumping their hands down on the Bible, or thumping the Bible itself, to emphasize a point during a sermon. The term's target domain is broad and can often extend to anyone engaged in a public show of religion, fundamentalist or not. The term is frequently used in English-speaking countries.	^[4]
Cafeteria Christian	United States	Selection of Christian doctrines	Used by some Christians, and others, to accuse other Christian individuals or denominations of selecting which Christian doctrines they will follow, and which they will not.	^[5]
	Punjab, Pakistan	Lower-class Christians and menial workers; later used against Christians in general. Also used against Pakistani Hindu people.	Derived from the name of the Chuhra caste, historically a Dalit caste whose traditional occupation was sweeping and cleaning. Most Christians in Punjab are from this community, and still they are the majority of street sweepers in Punjab province. The term became an abuse for all Christians.	^[6] ^[7]
	United States	Christian fundamentalists	Shortening of fundamentalist. Usually used to mean a Christian fundamentalist.	^[8]
God botherer	Australia	Christian people	Similar to Bible basher, a person who is very vocal about their religion and prayer.	^[9]
Isai, Saai	Pakistan	Christian people	From Isa, the name of Jesus Christ from the Qur'an as a prophet of Islam. The term literally means '[person/people] of Jesus', but it later meant 'street sweeper' or 'labourer'.	^[10]
Rice Christian, Rice bag	United Kingdom, India	Materially benefiting ChristiansIn India: Christians (especially lower caste converts)	Someone who has formally declared themself a Christian for material benefits rather than for religious reasons. In India, the term has been extended to refer to any Christian convert.	^[11] ^[12]

Protestants

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Campbellite	United States	Followers of Church of Christ	Followers of the Church of Christ, from American Restoration Movement leaders Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, the latter being one of two key people considered the founders of the movement.	^[13]
	United States	Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians	Named after Church services involving rolling on the floor in an uncontrolled manner.	^[14]
Hun	United Kingdom, Ireland	Christian Protestants, especially Glasgow Rangers supporters	Used by Irish republicans against Protestant unionists, especially by Glasgow Celtic supporters against those of Glasgow Rangers	^[15]
Jaffa	United Kingdom	Christian Protestants	Named after a common orange-flavoured cake/biscuit in Ireland and UK.	^[16]
Prod, Proddy	United Kingdom, Ireland	Christian Protestants	Particularly used by bullies to disparage a child who attends a Protestant school. and are used in children's school rhymes in Cork.	^[17]
Orangie	Ireland	Ulster Protestants	Referring to the Orange Order
Russellite	United States	Jehovah's Witnesses	Jehovah's Witnesses, from American religious leader Charles Taze Russell.	^[18] ^[19]
Shaker	United States	Christian people	Member of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. Originated as "Shaking Quakers", in reference to their similarity to Quakers as well as their charismatic worship practices, which involved dancing, shouting, and speaking in tongues. The term was originally derogatory, but very early on was embraced and used by the Shakers themselves.	^[20] ^[21] ^[22]
Soup-taker	Ireland	Christian who has sold out their beliefs	Person who has sold out their beliefs, referring to the Great Famine of Ireland when some Catholics converted to a Protestant faith in order to gain access to a free meal.	^[23]

Catholics

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Left-footer	United Kingdom	Roman Catholics	An informal phrase for a Roman Catholic, particularly in the armed forces. Derived from a belief that Irish laborers kick their shovels into the ground with their left foot.	^[24] ^[25]
Fenian	United Kingdom	Irish Catholics	A term originally referencing the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, organizations which supported a united Ireland. Today the term is used as a sectarian slur by Protestants, especially in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Australia.	^[26]
Mackerel Snapper	North America	Roman Catholics	The term originated in the U.S. in the 1850s and refers to the custom of Friday abstinence. The Friday abstinence from meat (red meat and poultry) distinguishes Catholics from other Christians, especially in North America.	^[27] ^[28]
Mick	United Kingdom	Irish Catholic	Usually an Irish Catholic (a reference to the common "Mc" patronymic of Irish surnames, or a hypocorism of "Michael").	^[29]
Papist	Northern Ireland, North America	Roman Catholic	Usually Irish Catholic; online often used generically for any Catholic.^[30]
Red letter tribe	North America	Roman Catholics	A name given to Catholics for their keeping so many holy days - marked in their almanacs with red-coloured letters.	^[31]
Redneck	Ireland	Roman Catholics	Roman Catholic person, now considered archaic due to its association with the better-known American term.	^[32]
Romanist	England	Roman Catholics		^[33] ^[34]
Shaveling	Unknown	Roman Catholics	Usually disparaging: a tonsured clergyman, priest.
Taig	Northern Ireland	Irish Catholics	From, Irish for "Timothy".	^[35]

Latter Day Saint movement

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Molly Mormon	United States	Latter Day Saint	Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" female member of LDS Church.	^[36]
Peter Priesthood	United States	Latter Day Saint	Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" male member of LDS Church.	^[37]
Jack Mormon	United States	Latter Day Saint	A non-faithful LDS person or a non-Mormon altogether. Jack Mormon is usually used by non-Mormons to describe Mormons that do not follow the Word of Wisdom (dietary and health practices that exclude the use of tobacco or alcohol) and by Mormons to describe members that do not sufficiently follow practices. It is also used by Mormons to describe those who were Mormon but remain friendly to the church. It may be applied to ex-Mormons who have repudiated the church and its teachings but that is a rare usage.	^[38]

Jews

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Abbie, Abie	North America	Jewish male	A Jewish male. From the proper name Abraham. Originated before the 1950s.^[39]
Christ-killer		Jews	In reference to Jewish deicide.	^[40]
Feuj (verlan for)	France	Jews	A corruption of the French word for Jewish, . Originating from the French argot Verlan.	^[41]
Heeb, Hebe	United States	Jews	Derived from the word Hebrew.	^[42]
Hymie	United States	Jews	Derived from the Hebrew Chaim ('life'). Also used in the term Hymietown, a nickname for Brooklyn, New York, and as a first name.	^[43]
Ikey, Ike	United States	Jews	Derived from Isaac, an important figure in Judaism and common Hebrew given name.	^[44]
Itzig	Nazi Germany	Jews	From Yiddish, a variant or pet form of the name Isaak (alternatively Isaac). The Nazis before World War II (but after taking power in 1933–1934) started persecution and imprisonment of Jews before escalating to genocide, resulting in the Holocaust.	^[45]
Jewboy	United States	Young Jewish boys	For a young Jewish male, originally young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London.	^[46] ^[47]
Jidan	Romania	Jews	From , Romanian equivalent of yid.	^[48]
Kike	United States	Jews	Possibly from the Yiddish word for 'circle', , It was suggested by Leo Rosten that the term originates from Jews who entered the United States at Ellis Island signed their names with a circle instead of a cross because they associated the cross with Christianity.	^[49] ^[50]
Mocky	United States	Jews	First used in the 1930s, possibly from the Yiddish word meaning 'plague'.	^[51] ^[52]
Red Sea pedestrian	Australia	Jews	A Jew, from the story of Moses leading the Jewish people out of Egypt in the Book of Exodus.	^[53]
Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian: безродный космополит)	Soviet Union	Jews	Soviet epithet as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the Soviet Union.	^[54]
Sheeny	Europe	Jews	From Yiddish sheyn or German meaning 'beautiful'.
Shylock	England	Jews	Jewish people as shrewd and money-loving; derived from the character in Shakespeare's play "Merchant of Venice".	^[55]
Yid	Europe	Jews	Yiddish word for 'Jew'.	^[56]
ZhydZhydovka	RussiaUkraine	Jews	From Russian and other Slavic languages, originally neutral, but became pejorative during debate over the Jewish question in the 1800s. Its use was banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.	^[57]

Muslims

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Abdul, Abdool	India	Muslims	Derives from the common Muslim name Abdul.	^[58]
Chuslim	India	Muslims	Portmanteau of the words Chutiya+Muslim, chutiya being a common swear word in Hindi/Urdu.	^[59]
Jihadi	India	Muslims, especially fundamentalist Jihadists	Derives from jihad.	^[60]
Kadrun	Indonesia	Islamic fundamentalism and reactionaries	Portmanteau of meaning 'desert lizard'. Originated as a social media political insult, the term is used for closed-minded Muslims influenced by Islamic extremism and fundamentalism from the Middle East.	^[61] ^[62]
Kala, Kaliya	Myanmar	Rohingyas, Muslims	Term meaning 'black' in various Indo-Aryan languages, referring to the dark skin colour of South Asian Muslims. The term originally was targeted at all Muslims of South Asia, but more recently is used as a slur directly against Rohingyas due to their perceived Bangladeshi origin.	^[63]
Katwa, Katwe, Katuve, Katua, K2a, K2o, k2wa, kto	India	Muslim men	Derives from the Hindi/Urdu for 'cut' referring to circumcision, a common practice among Muslim men.	^[64]
Miya	Assam, India	Bengali Muslims	Derives from the honorific Mian.	^[65]
Mulla, Mullah, Katmulle, Sulla, Bulla	India	Muslims	Derives from mullah, a common title for Islamic religious scholars.
Muklo	Philippines	Filipino Muslims (especially among Bangsamoro ethnic groups)	First used by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim Moro insurgents.
Muzzie	Australia	Muslims	A shortened version of the word Muslim.	^[66]
Namazi, Namaji, Andhnamazi	India	Muslims	Derives from, the Persian word for obligatory daily prayers usually used instead of salah in the Indian subcontinent.
Peaceful, peacefools, pissful, shantidoot	India	Muslims	Derives from the common statement that Islam is a "religion of peace". Sometimes the Hindi word "shantidoot" (Messenger of Peace) is used.
Osama	North America	Islamic men	From Osama bin Laden.
Qadiani	Pakistan	Ahmadiyya	The term originates from Qadian, a small town in present-day Indian Punjab, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement. The use of Qadiani is primarily in Pakistan. The term has even been used in official Pakistani documents. It is also known as the Q-word.	^[67] ^[68] ^[69]
Rafida, Rawafid	Arab peninsula	Shīʿi Muslims (regardless of race)	Term originally denoting extremist Shīʿites who reject the caliphates of Abu Bakr and ʿUmar; often employed by critics as a slur against those Shīʿi Muslims who do not criticize the first three Caliphs, but only believe in "Alī’s right to the caliphate over Muʿāwiyah".
Raghead	North America	Islamic turban wearers	From Islamic wearing of turbans.	^[70] ^[71]
Safavid	Iraq	Feyli Kurds	Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during Ba'athist Iraq to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in Shia Islam	^[72]
Terrorist	United States	Muslims	Used by radical anti-Islamists, due to anti-Muslim sentiments following September 11 attacks and subsequently ISIS attacks.	^[73]
Hajji, Hadji, Haji	United States	Muslims	Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	^[74] ^[75]

Hindus

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Cow piss drinker, piss drinker	Western countries	Hindus	Referring to the practice of drinking gomutra, or cow urine, as a folk medicine advocated by some Hindu groups.	^[76]
Dothead	Western countries	Hindus, especially women	Referring to the practice of applying bindis, a dot-like marking used by married women. Also the namesake of a terrorist group from New Jersey that murdered Indians known as the Dotbusters.	^[77]
Malaun	Bangladesh	Hindus, especially those from Bangladesh	Derived from Bengali, which in turn was derived from Arabic, which means 'cursed' or deprived from God's mercy.	^[78] ^[79] ^[80]

Sikhs

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Lassi	India, Pakistan	Sikhs	In reference to the famous Punjabi beverage Lassi which is a term used to denigrate Sikhs and Punjabis in general. This slur is mostly used by people from the Bihar region	^[81] ^[82]
Santa-Banta	India, Pakistan	Gursikhs		^[83]
Raghead	United States	Sikh turban wearers	In reference to the Sikh practice of wearing dastar (turban)	^[84]

African religions

Term	Location oforigin	Targeteddemographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Voodoo	United States	Vodouists, African diaspora people, particularly Haitian Americans	Used against people practicing any indigenous African religions to imply they are fraudulent and dangerous, with racialized connotations of curses and primitive superstitions. Used to justify Afrophobic legislation.	^[86]
Obeah	Jamaica	Practitioners of Obeah, Black Jamaicans	Used against practicioners of Obeah as well as people who receive services from Obeah priests. Connotation of being fraudulent, deceptive, vengeful, and uncivilized. Originally used by colonial authorities to suppress slave rebellions that were organized by Obeah spiritual leaders. Laws still exist in Jamaica criminalizing Obeah.	^[87]

General non-believers

Giaour : Word for a person who is not Muslim, but especially for a Christian. Adapted from the Turkish Turkish: gâvur. In the Ottoman Empire, it was usually applied to Orthodox Christians.^{[88] [89]}

Heathen: A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jewish, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do.^[90]

Infidel: A term used generally for non-believers.

Kafir: A person who is a non believer.^[91] Used by some Muslims.^[92] Not to be confused with the South-African slur Kaffir.

Murtad: A word meaning people who left Islam, mainly critics of Islam.^[93]

Mushrik

A person who doesn't believe in Tawhid (monotheism) and practices polytheism, worships idols, saints, ancestors or graves.

Pagan

A person who believe in a non-Abrahamic religion. Synonymous with heathen.^[94]

Savage

A member of a people the speaker regards as primitive and uncivilized. The term has also been applied to non-adherents of Christianity.^{[95] [96]}

Shiksa (female), shegetz (male): (Yiddish) A non-Jewish girl (generally still single) or boy, or one who is of Jewish descent but does not practise Orthodox Judaism. Primarily used to refer to non-Jews. See also "goy".

Religious practitioners in general

Cult, cultist: Used as an ad hominem attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices.^{[97] [98] [99]}

See also

• Hate speech
• Lists of pejorative terms for people
• List of ethnic slurs

References

• Richard A. Spears, Slang and Euphemism, (2001)
• John A. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary Of Modern Slang
• John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series
• Book: Share . Bernard . Slanguage: A Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland . 2005 . Gill & Macmillan . 9780717139590 . en.

Notes and References

1. Book: Garner's Modern American Usage. 2009. Oxford University Press, US. 978-0199888771. 3rd. Oxford. 286. 12 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212065832/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&pg=PA286. 12 February 2015. live.
2. Book: Eble. Connie. Slang & sociability in-group language among college students. 1996. University of North Carolina Press. 978-1469610573. Chapel Hill. 157. 12 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212065825/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0mSJYH9KC-UC&pg=PA157. 12 February 2015. live.
3. Book: Dalzell, Tom. The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. 2007. 9780203962114. London. 51.
4. Gilbert. Robert E.. 1 October 2008. Ronald Reagan's Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent. Political Psychology. 29. 5. 737–765. 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00662.x.
5. Odermann. Valerian. February 2002. Pass it on: Encouraging the heart. dead. The American Monastic Newsletter. 32. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207202947/http://www.osb.org/aba/news/3201/indexa.html. 7 February 2012. 14 November 2018. Yet a danger does still remain. It is the danger of "cafeteria Christianity," which lets people mix and match traditions any way they want, without discipline and without accountability. Unless we transcend cafeteria Christianity, our practices will be more sarabaite or gyrovague than Benedictine.. dmy-all.
   - News: 29 March 2005. Archbishop calls on Costa Ricans to abandon "cafeteria Christianity" and defend life. Catholic News Agency. San Jose. Archbishop Hugo Barrantes Urena of San Jose, Costa Rica, told Costa Ricans in his Easter message to embrace the faith without conditions or short-cuts and to defend the life of the unborn against efforts to legalize abortion. The archbishop warned that “based on a relativistic understanding of the Christian faith and a conditional adherence to the Church, some Catholics seek to construct a Christianity and, consequently, a Church to their own liking, unilateral and outside the identity and mission that Jesus Christ has fundamentally given us.”.
6. Web site: Khalid . Haroon . The language curse: How proud community names have been reduced to insults in Pakistan . scroll.in . 2 October 2016 . 28 September 2021.
7. Web site: Chaudhry . Kamran . Pakistani politician draws censure for Christian slur . UCA News . 28 September 2021.
8. Book: Shuy, Roger W.. The Language of Defamation Cases. Oxford University Press. 2009. 9780199742318. 81. Roger Shuy.
9. Web site: God-botherer definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary.
10. https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2015/11/pakistan-ngo-tackles-demeaning-low-caste-word-for-christians/ Pakistan NGO tackles demeaning low-caste word for 'Christians'
11. Web site: 1898. Rice Christians.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085412/https://www.bartleby.com/81/14282.html. 16 November 2018. 2007-04-17. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
12. https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/the-term-rice-bag-christians-india-derogatory-way-to-curb-dissent/ The Term “rice bag” is a Derogatory way to Curb Dissent
13. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary describes the term as "sometimes offensive". Merriam-Webster, I. (2003). Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (Eleventh ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Entry on "Cambellite."
14. Web site: Definition of HOLY ROLLER . Merriam Webster . 19 December 2021 . en.
15. Book: Flint . John . Kelly . John . 2013 . Bigotry, Football and Scotland . . Edinburgh University Press Ltd . 204 . 978-0-7486-7037-6.
16. Web site: Hughes. Brendan. 18 April 2017. 'Sponger' is slang for Catholic, says PSNI language guide. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171212201749/http://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/04/18/news/-sponger-is-slang-for-catholic-says-psni-inappropriate-language-guide-999491/. 12 December 2017. 11 April 2019. The Irish News.
17. Share, Bernard (2005), p. 253.
18. Web site: Russellite - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212202854/http://universalium.academic.ru/189605/Russellite. 12 February 2015. 12 February 2015. enacademic.com. Russellite /rus"euh luyt'/, n. Offensive. a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses. [1875-80, Amer.; after C. T. Russell; see -ITE1].
19. Web site: russellite - Useful English Dictionary. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212201313/http://useful_english.enacademic.com/280160/russellite. 12 February 2015. 12 February 2015. enacademic.com. russellite ˈrəsəˌlīt noun (-s) Usage: usually capitalized Etymology: Charles Taze Russell died 1916 American religious leader + English -ite : one of the Jehovah's Witnesses — often taken to be offensive.
20. Web site: Shaker Farms Country Club - Westfield, MA. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012093305/http://www.shakerfarmscc.com/history.htm. 12 October 2016. 2016-04-28. www.shakerfarmscc.com.
21. Book: Paterwic, Stephen J.. Historical Dictionary of the Shakers. 2008-08-11. Scarecrow Press. 9780810862555. en. 28 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501211014/https://books.google.com/books?id=oQhY03JJvTAC. 1 May 2016. live.
22. Web site: 2012-04-04. "Let us labor": The Evolution of Shaker Dance. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923151736/http://shakerheritage.org/archives/let-us-labor-the-evolution-of-shaker-dance. 23 September 2016. 2016-04-28. Shaker Heritage Society.
23. Hughes, "Ireland" p. 78
24. Web site: Left-footer definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045825/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/left-footer. 24 September 2017. 23 September 2017. www.collinsdictionary.com.
25. Book: Partridge, Eric . A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 2006-05-02. Routledge. 9781134963652. 674. en.
26. Web site: 2011-11-11. Socialist Worker page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111111115440/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/archive/1705/sw170512.htm. 2011-11-11. 2019-09-12.
27. https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&dq=mackerel+snapper&pg=PA1250 The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
28. Book: Morrow, Maria C.. Sin in the Sixties: Catholics and Confession, 1955-1975. 2016. Catholic University of America Press. 978-0-8132-2898-3. Washington DC. 182. To Eat Meat or Not?: Paenitemini, The NCCB's Pastoral Statement, and the Decline of Penance. So finally abstinence from meat on Friday became just a kind of badge of the fact we were Catholics. 4 August 2017 . https://books.google.com/books?id=R-WhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT202.
29. Book: Dalzell. Tom. The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Victor. Terry. 2014. Routledge. 9781317625124. 514. 16 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150216042716/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=h0mcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA514. 16 February 2015. live.
30. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang "papist"; Share, Bernard (2005), p. 237.
31. Book: Kersey. John. A New English Dictionary. 1772. en.
32. Book: The Law Reports. Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. 1902. Pollock. Frederick. Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet. 1902. en. Wise v Dunning 1901 KB 169. At the meeting the appellant called Roman Catholics "rednecks," a name most insulting to them, and challenged them to get up.. Stone. Arthur Paul. https://books.google.com/books?id=fs4-AQAAMAAJ&q=redneck&pg=PA169. Appleton, William (Reporter).
33. Web site: When did the term "Roman Catholic Church first come into being? . catholic.com . 30 July 2022.
34. Web site: Rev Ian Paisley 1966 . . 22 May 2018 . 30 July 2022.
35. Simpson, "teague"
36. [Lori G. Beaman]
37. Web site: William Shunn Writer . Shunn . William . www.shunn.net . 2023-04-24.
38. Spears (2001), "Jack"
39. Spears, p. 1.
40. Book: Martin . Joel . Prentiss . Craig R. . Almost White: The Ambivalent Promise of Christian Missions among the Cherokees . Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction . June 2003 . 90 . https://books.google.com/books?id=9q8UCgAAQBAJ&dq=Christ-killer&pg=PA90 . NYU Press . 9780814767016 . en.
41. Book: Wieviorka, Michel. The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France. 2007-10-01. BRILL. 978-90-474-2183-2. en.
42. Web site: Madresh. Marjorie. 28 May 2004. Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101208185413/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml. 8 December 2010. 14 February 2007. The Triangle Online.
43. https://web.archive.org/web/20060909065402/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/hymie.htm Hymie
44. [John Simpson (lexicographer)|John A. Simpson]
45. Web site: Education – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. 13 September 1933 . 2021-11-25. en-GB.
46. Book: Stone, Bryan Edward. The Chosen Folks: Jews on the Frontiers of Texas. 1 May 2013. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-75612-0. 17. 28 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190507222915/https://books.google.com/books?id=68h1ej_DansC&pg=PA17&vq=Jewboy. 7 May 2019. live.
47. News: Shalev. Chemi. Jan 22, 2016. Israeli anti-Semites and American Jewboys, From Dan Shapiro to Wyatt Earp. Haaretz.com. Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg. Elul 15, 5778. live. 26 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825172907/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israeli-anti-semites-and-american-jewboys-1.5394076. 25 August 2018.
48. Web site: dexonline. 2022-02-09. Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române..
49. Leo Rosten: The Joys of Yiddish, cited in Kim Pearson's Rhetoric of Race by Eric Wolarsky. The College of New Jersey.
50. Encyclopedia of Swearing: Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English Speaking World/ Geoffrey Hughes. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, c2006
51. Book: Stevenson. Angus. Oxford Dictionary of English. 2010. Oxford University Press. 9780199571123. 1137. ORIGIN 1930S: perhaps from Yiddish makeh, 'a plague'.. 12 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150213143649/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1137. 13 February 2015. live.
52. Web site: English contemporary dictionary - Mocky. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212201807/http://english_contemporary.enacademic.com/121122/mocky. 12 February 2015. 12 February 2015. enacademic.com. mocky adj. (Offensive slang) Jewish, of or pertaining to the Jewish religion or race in a derogatory manner.
53. Book: Red Sea pedestrian - Green's Dictionary of Slang. Green's Dictionary of Slang . Oxford University Press. 2010. 9780199829941. 10.1093/acref/9780199829941.001.0001.
54. Book: Figes, Orlando . Orlando Figes . The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia . 2007 . Metropolitan Books . New York City . 978-0-8050-7461-1 . registration . 494.
55. News: Rothman. Lily. 17 September 2014. When Did 'Shylock' Become a Slur?. time.com. TIME Magazine. live. 11 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150211000722/http://time.com/3394403/shylock-biden/. 11 February 2015. The word "shylock," [...] is an eponym from a Jewish character in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. [...] Today, "shylock" is considered an antisemitic slur..
56. Web site: Yid - Origin and history of Yid by Online Etymology Dictionary. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145040/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Yid. 23 September 2017. 23 September 2017. www.etymonline.com.
57. Klier. John D.. 1982. "Zhid": Biography of a Russian Epithet. The Slavonic and East European Review. 60. 1. 1–15. 0037-6795. 4208429.
58. Web site: Varma . Aishwarya . 2022-04-27 . Can Tech and Humans Work Together To Make Social Media Less Communally Charged? . 2022-07-29 . TheQuint . en.
59. Book: Soundararajan . T . Kumar . A . Nair . P . Greely . J. Facebook India: Towards The Tipping Point of Violence Caste and Religious Hate Speech . 2019 . Equality Labs . 978-0-578-49021-2 . 38 .
60. Web site: Ahmed . Hilal . 2021-07-15 . Indian Muslims have come to terms with Hindutva. They are now looking for survival strategies . 2022-07-29 . ThePrint . en-US.
61. Web site: Damarjati. Danu. Asal Mula Istilah Kampret-Kadrun: Dari Persaingan Jokowi Vs Prabowo. 2021-10-01. detiknews. id-ID.
62. Web site: Ikhsan. M.. Awal Mula Munculnya Istilah Cebong, Kampret, Kadrun di Medsos. 2021-10-01. teknologi. id-ID.
63. Web site: Irrawaddy . The . 2017-05-31 . Facebook Ban of Racial Slur Sparks Debate in Myanmar . 2023-10-06 . The Irrawaddy . en-US.
64. News: Bilaval . Saib . 'Muzlim, K2A, Jih@di, Mull@h': How Right-Wing Trolls Bypass Hate Speech Filters on Twitter . 14 May 2023 . The Wire . 14 November 2021.
65. Web site: 2022-04-29 . In Assam, Bengali Muslims Are Asserting Their Identity Through 'Miya Poetry' . 2022-07-29 . outlookindia.com . en.
66. Book: Peucker . Mario . Smith . Debra . The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia . 15 July 2019 . Springer . 978-981-13-8351-9 . 83 . en.
67. Book: Farahnaz Ispahani. Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities. 2 January 2017. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-062167-4. 105–.
68. http://www.fmu.gov.pk/docs/laws/Pakistan%20Penal%20Code.pdf Pakistan Penal Code
69. Web site: Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974. 21 January 2020. The Constitution of Pakistan. pakistani.org. 28 August 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20010828025648/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html. dead.
70. Book: Peek, Lori. Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11. Temple University Press. 2011. 978-1-59213-984-2. 64. Lori Peek. 2 December 2017.
71. Raghead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211208075147/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Raghead . dead . 8 December 2021 . Lexico US English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.
72. Web site: 2017-11-06 . Faili kurds . 2022-10-27 . Minority Rights Group . en-GB.
73. Aziz . Sahar . Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt: Entrenched Stereotypes Eight Years after 9/11 . New York City Law Review . 1 January 2009 . 13 . 33 .
74. Web site: Bay . Austin . 2007-01-28 . Iraq's battlefield slang . 2024-02-05 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
75. Web site: Flynn . Chris . 1 October 2010 . The language of war . Overland.
76. News: US radio producer forced to quit after anti-Hindu slur . Times of India . 12 September 2019 . 22 September 2021.
77. News: A Radiologist And Poet Explains How He Sees The World In Patterns . NPR.org . 27 September 2021.
78. Book: The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency . Watch . Human Rights . Ganguly . Meenakshi . Alffram . Henrik . 2008 . Human Rights Watch . 28 . 30 May 2012 .
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80. News: http://www.jugantor.com/window/2014/01/02/55251 . bn:সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে? . Roy . Palash Kumar . 2 January 2014 . The Daily Jugantor . bn . 7 February 2015 . Dhaka.
81. Book: Sidhu. Dawinder S.. Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience. Gohil. Neha Singh. 23 May 2016. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-16560-6. 104–107. 18 December 2016.
82. Ayto . John . Towelhead . The Oxford Dictionary Of Slang . 1998 . Oxford University Press . 42 . English.
83. News: Supreme Court not to regulate Santa-Banta jokes on social media . The Economic Times . 8 February 2017 . Rautray . Samanwaya .
84. Web site: 'Who is this rag head?' Racist comments after Facebook video stars Sikh man . 16 December 2014 .
85. Scientology Critical Information Directory http://www.xenu-directory.net/glossary/glossary_c.htm#Clam
86. Book: Boaz . Daniele . Voodoo: The History of a Racial Slur . 2023 . Oxford University Press . Oxford . 9780197689417 . 1 . 6 February 2024.
87. Web site: The Racist History of Jamaica's Obeah Laws . 4 July 2019 .
88. Book: Roumen Dontchev Daskalov. Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. Tchavdar Marinov. 2013. BRILL. 9789004250765. 38, 44.
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92. Web site: Kafir . macmillandictionary.com . . 2023-06-23.
93. Book: Public attitudes towards offensive language on TV and Radio: Quick Reference Guide . September 2021 . Ipsos MORI Public Affairs .
94. Book: Peter Brown. Glen Warren Bowersock. Peter Brown. Oleg Grabar. Pagan. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA625. 1999. Harvard University Press. 978-0-674-51173-6. 625–626.
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97. Compare: T.L. Brink (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. "Unit 13: Social Psychology". pp 320 http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TLBrink_PSYCH13.pdf - "Cult is a somewhat derogatory term for a new religious movement, especially one with unusual theological doctrine or one that is abusive of its membership."
98. Chuck Shaw – Sects and Cults – Greenville Technical College. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
99. Bromley, David Melton, J. Gordon 2002. Cults, Religion, and Violence. West Nyack, New York: Cambridge University Press.

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