Religion in Italy explained

Religion in Italy has been historically characterised by the dominance of the Catholic Church, the largest branch of Christianity, since the East–West Schism.[1] [2] However, due to immigration, notably the influx of Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Protestants, Buddhists and Hindus, as well as proselytism and secularization, have increased religious pluralism in the 21st century. Italy also features a pre-Christian Jewish community and one of the largest shares of Jehovah's Witnesses in the world.

Overview

The 2012 Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (an American think tank) found that 83.3% of Italy's residents were Christians, 12.4% were irreligious, atheist or agnostic, 3.7% were Muslims and 0.6% adhered to other religions.[3] In 2016 the Pew Research Center found that 81.7% of the population of Italy was affiliated with the Catholic Church, out of a Christian population of 85.1%; non-religious people comprised the 11.6% of the total population and were divided in atheists (3.1%), agnostics (2.5%) and "nothing in particular" (6.0%).[4] According to a 2017 poll by Ipsos (a France-based research centre), 74.4% of residents were Catholic (including 27.0% engaged and/or observant), 22.6% were irreligious and 3.0% adhered to other religions.[5] According to a 2023 Ipsos survey, 68% of the country's residents adhered to Christianity, including 61% Catholics, 4% Protestants and 3% other Christians, 28% were irreligious, 2% preferred not to say, 1% were Muslims and 1% adhered to other religions.[6]

Regarding Italian citizens in Italy, according to the 2005 Eurobarometer poll (conducted on behalf of the European Commission), 74% of Italians "believe[d] there is a God", 16% "believe[d] there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 6% "[did] not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[7] According to a 2006 survey by Eurispes (an Italian research centre), Catholics made up 87.8% of Italian citizens, with 36.8% describing themselves as observants.[8] According to the same poll in 2010, those percentages fell to 76.5% and 24.4%, respectively.[9] In 2016 Eurispes found that 71.1% of Italians were Catholic, 5 points down from 2010, but their religious practice was on the rise at 25.4%.[10] According to Doxa (another Italian research centre) in 2014, 75% of Italians were Catholic.[11] The 2018 Eurobarometer survey showed that 85.6% of Italy's population was Christian (78.9% Catholics, 4.6% Orthodox Christians, 0.6% Protestants, 1.5% other Christians), while 2.6% belonged to other religions and 11.7% were non-religious (7.5% atheists, 4.2% agnostics).[12] The 2021 Eurobarometer estimated that 84.4% was Christian (with 79.2% of the population being Catholic), 11.6% was agnostic or atheist and 3.2% followed another religion.[13]

There are significant differences by gender, age and geography. For instance, according to a 2014 Doxa poll: 80% of women defined themselves as "Catholic", while 69% of men did so; 80% of the people in the age group above 55 defined themselves as Catholic, while 8% said to be irreligious or atheist and another 7% described themselves as "without religious reference"; among people aged between 15 and 34, percentages were 68%, 13% and 12%, respectively; in Southern Italy, 85%, 6% and 5%, respectively; in the North-West, 62%, 16% and 13%, respectively.[11]

The Catholic Church

The headquarters of the 1.2-billion strong Catholic Church, the State of Vatican City (see also Holy See), is an enclave within the city of Rome and, thus, the Italian territory. The Church's world leader, the Pope, is the Bishop of Rome, hence the special relationship between Italians and the Church—and the latter's entanglement with Italian politics (see also Lateran Treaty and the section below on religion and politics). Italy's Catholic patron saints are Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena.[14] The current Pope is Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who is from Argentina and, before his election in 2013, had been the Archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1998. Francis is the third non-Italian Pope in a row, after John Paul II (1978–2005) from Poland and Benedict XVI (2005–2013) from Bavaria, Germany. Most of the leading Catholic religious orders, including the Franciscans (including the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin and the Order of Friars Minor Conventual), the Salesians, the Jesuits, the Benedictines, the Divine Word Missionaries, the Dominicans, the Redemptorists, the Discalced Carmelites and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, have their headquarters in Rome too.

The Italian territory is divided into 225 Catholic dioceses (whose bishops have been organised, since 1952, in the politically influential[15] [16] Episcopal Conference of Italy, CEI),[17] [18] currently led by Cardinal Matteo Zuppi. According to Church statistics (which do not consider current active members), 57,665,000 Italians, that is 96.6% of the country's population, was baptised as Catholic.

Ecclesial life is somewhat vibrant and, despite secularization, some of the most active movements and associations are Catholic, including organisations as diverse as Catholic Action (AC), the Italian Catholic Association of Guides and Scouts (AGESCI), Communion and Liberation (CL), Neocatechumenal Way, the Focolare Movement, the Christian Associations of Italian Workers (ACLI), the Community of Sant'Egidio, etc., most of which have been involved in social activities and have frequently supplied Italian politics with their members.[19] [20] [21] [22] Italy's current President, Sergio Mattarella,[23] [24] [25] and former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi[26] [27] have been AC and AGESCI leaders, respectively, while a former President of the CEI, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco,[28] [29] was long an AGESCI assistant.

Minor historical denominations

Other than that the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, Italy has two additional significant Christian bodies that are native to the peninsula: the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, one of the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Pope, and the Waldensian Evangelical Church, a Christian movement originated from Lyon in the late 12th century and adopted Calvinist theology shortly after the start of the Reformation (see also Waldensians). The two churches include the majority of the population in Piana degli Albanesi, Sicily and Lungro, Calabria, and the so-called "Waldensian Valleys" (Val Pellice, Val Chisone and Valle Germanasca) of western Piedmont, respectively.

Most historical mainline Protestants, including the Waldensians (30,000 members), the Baptists (Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy, 15,000), the mostly German-speaking Lutherans (Evangelical Lutheran Church in Italy, 7,000), the Methodists (Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy, 5,000) and minor Calvinist and Presbyterian communities, are affiliated to the Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy, along with the Italian section of The Salvation Army (2,000) and some minor Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations.[30] In the Protestant context, it is also worth mentioning the Evangelical Christian Church of the Brethren (19,000) and the Italian section of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (18,000).[31]

Italy is home to around 40,000 Jews,[31] [32] who are one of the most ancient Jewish communities in the world. Jewish presence dates to the pre-Christian Roman period and has continued uninterrupted up to the present, despite periods of extreme persecution and occasional expulsions from parts of the country. Native Italian Jews, who form the core of the community in Rome, practice the minhag Italian Jews, or "Italkim", but there are also Ashkenazi Jews who have settled in the North, especially in the lands of the former Republic of Venice (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and eastern Lombardy) and Piedmont, since the late Middle Ages, and Sephardi Jews, who have established themselves mostly in Livorno, Florence, Venice and several cities of Emilia, after their expulsion from the Kingdom of Naples.[33] The Jewish community of Milan, the country's second largest after Rome's, is the most international in character and composition, notably including a substantial number of Mizrahi Jews originating from Libya and the Middle East.[34] The twenty-one Jewish local communities are affiliated with the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, which counts 25,000 members[35] and is currently led by Noemi Di Segni, a woman.

According to CESNUR (a non-profit organisation focused on studying religious pluralism), in 2023 in Italy there were about 3,200 adherents to pre-Christian, neo-pagan or neo-shamanic indigenous religions.[31] Modern forms of native polytheism is represented by Reconstructionist Roman religion, which includes organisations such as Nova Roma, the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas, Communitas Populi Romani, the Movimento Tradizionale Romano, and the Societas Hesperiana pro Culto Deorum. There are also pagans belonging to other European religions, such as Heathenism, to which the Comunità Odinista and the Tempio del Lupo belong; Druidism, Hellenism and Wicca.[36]

Immigration and future scenarios

Immigration has brought to Italy many religious minorities, especially Islam, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy. By the numbers, in 2023 the country was home to around 2.3 million Muslims and virtually 1.8 Orthodox Christians.[31] Among the latter, especially relevant are the Romanian Orthodox Church, which has a diocese of Italy, and the Greek Orthodox Church through the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, whose Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe has its see in Venice. Massimo Introvigne, founder and director of CESNUR once predicted that, thanks to continued immigration from Eastern Europe, Orthodox Christians could soon become the country's second largest religious group, overtaking Muslims.[37]

Also Protestantism, especially in its Evangelical and Pentecostal forms, is on the rise: Introvigne recalls how Giorgio Bouchard, a Waldensian pastor, told him that "when he was born, the typical Italian Protestant was a man, lived in Piedmont, had a last name like Bouchard and was a Waldensian", while "today, the typical Italian Protestant believer is a woman, lives in Campania or Sicily, is named Esposito and is a Pentecostal."[38] Not surprisingly the Assemblies of God in Italy (150,000 members), the Federation of Pentecostal Churches (50,000) and several smaller Evangelical/Pentecostal denominations have the majority of their communities in the South.[31] [39] [40] Additionally, several foreign-born churches, especially African Pentecostal and African-initiated churches, mostly Evangelical and/or Pentecostal, are taking roots in the country, especially in the North,[41] [42] where most foreign residents live.

Among the fastest-growing new religious denominations in Italy a special place is held by the Jehovah's Witnesses (who count around 414,000 faithful, including both members and other people regularly attending the Congregation's meetings).[31] [43] Then come four faiths professed mainly by immigrants: Buddhists (360,000),[31] Hindus (220,000),[31] Sikhs,[44] and Mormons (28,500).[31] According to Caritas Italiana (the CEI's charitable arm), in 2023 the immigrant population was 48.2% Christian (26.8% Orthodox, 16.5% Catholic, 4.3% Protestant and 0.7% other), 34.2% Muslim, 3.3% Hindu and 2.8% Buddhist.[31] According to the same source, in 2012 Italy was home to 850 "African Neo-Pentecostal churches", 750 foreign-language Catholic communities, 655 mosques or other Islamic houses of worship, 355 Orthodox parishes, 126 Buddhist temples, 60 Sikh ones and 2 Hindu ones.[45]

Sikhs are a growing religious minority in Italy, which has the second biggest Sikh population in Europe after the United Kingdom and sixth largest number of Sikhs in the world. Differently from CESNUR, according to other estimates, there might be between 200,000 to 220,000 Sikhs in Italy.[44] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] Most Sikhs currently reside and work in the agricultural sector in Emilia (mostly in the Parmesan cheese district), Lazio and Veneto.[58] [59] [60] [61] 5,000-5,800 Sikh soldiers died for the liberation of Italy during World War II. [62] [63] [64]

Demography

The religious composition of the Italian population (2023 estimate: 58,997,201 people, including 53,966,485 Italian citizens and 5,030,716 foreign residents)[65] is shown in the table below. The primary data source is the aforementioned CESNUR, which includes the data on foreign residents provided by Caritas Italiana.[31] [66]

Due to the lack of a single, coherent and statistically accurate source, the figures are to be taken with a grain of salt and sums do not necessarily add up. The number of Catholics among Italian citizens is calculated using the latest Eurobarometer poll, released in 2021: according to the survey 79.2% of Italians are Catholic.[13] The numbers of Christians are consequently calculated, including that number and the data provided by CESNUR and Caritas Italiana.

Also religious denominations which have a relevant presence in the country, but for which there are no data, are included in the table.

Religion / denominationItalian citizensForeign residentsTotal population
align=center valign=centermembersalign=center valign=center%align=center valign=centermembersalign=center valign=center%align=center valign=centermembersalign=center valign=center%
align=left valign=center
align=left valign=centerCatholicism42,741,00079.2830,00016.543,571,00073.9
Latin Catholic Churchalign=center colspan=6N/A
Eastern Catholic Churchesalign=center colspan=6N/A
align=center colspan=4[67]
align=center colspan=4[68]
align=center colspan=6
Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy445,0000.81,349,00026.81,794,003.0
align=center colspan=4[69] [70]
)align=center colspan=4[71]
align=center colspan=4[72]
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=4[73]
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4[74]
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=6
Protestantism366,0000.7214,0004.3580,0001.0
Pentecostalism250,0000.5align=center colspan=4N/A
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
[75] align=center colspan=4
Historical Protestantism (Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy)61,0000.1align=center colspan=4N/A
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
African Pentecostalism and African-initiated churchesalign=center colspan=6N/A
Anglican Communionalign=center colspan=6N/A
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=6
Evangelical Christian Church of the Brethren19,0000.0align=center colspan=4N/A
Adventism18,0000.0align=center colspan=4N/A
align=center colspan=4[76]
Restoration Movement5,5000.0align=center colspan=4N/A
Nondenominational Christianity and other Protestants12,5000.0align=center colspan=4N/A
Jehovah's Witnesses414,0000.8align=center rowspan=634,000align=center rowspan=60.7align=center rowspan=6514,500align=center rowspan=60.9
Mormonism28,5000.1
[77]
Independent Catholicism26,0000.0
Other Christians12,0000.0
Sunni Islamalign=center colspan=6 N/A
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=6
align=center colspan=6
Shia Islamalign=center colspan=6 N/A
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=4
align=center colspan=6
align=center rowspan=2align=center rowspan=2align=center rowspan=2align=center rowspan=2
align=center colspan=4

Religious practice

Religious practice, especially church attendance, is still high in Italy when compared to the average Western European country.

According to the 2017 Being Christian in Western Europe survey by Pew, 58% of Italians consider religion to be very or somewhat important.[78] Italy was the only country in the survey having more practising Christians than non-practising ones.[79] Italy is the third European Union member in terms of highest weekly church attendance rates after Poland and Ireland.[80] From 2001 to 2022 [religious practice in Italy has steadily decreased. Although in surveys most of the population claims a [[religious identity]], according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) data, less than 19% of Italians have declared themselves to be practicing. While the proportion of those who have never practiced a religion has doubled, from 16% in 2001 to 31% in 2022.[81] [82] [83]

ISTAT found in 2015 that 29.0% of the population went to a house of worship on a weekly basis. The share of practising believers was higher in Southern Italy (33.5%) than the North-West (27.7%), the North-East (26.8%) and the Centre (25.0%). Religious practice was particularly high in Sicily (37.3%), in Campania (35.4%), Calabria (34.8%), Apulia (32.6%) and Molise (30.9%) in the South, in Veneto (32.4%)—once dubbed "white Veneto" because of Christian Democracy's strength there (white being the party's official colour)—and Trentino (31.4%) in the North-East, in Marche (31.6%) in the Centre. It was particularly low in Liguria (18.6%), Aosta Valley (21.0%), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (21.9%), and Sardinia (21.9%) and the so-called "red regions" (long-time strongholds of the left-wing/centre-left, from the Italian Communist Party to the current Democratic Party), especially Tuscany (19.4%) and Emilia-Romagna (21.6%).[84]

Religion and politics

After the unification of Italy, predominantly supported by secular and anti-clerical forces, and especially the capture of Rome in 1870 which marked the final defeat of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Italy and gave birth to the so-called Roman question over the temporal power of the Pope,[85] Catholics largely self-excluded themselves from active politics, while the few Protestants usually supported Italian unity. As a result, all the main political parties and parliamentary groupings were secular in character until the early 20th century.

In 1905 the Italian Catholic Electoral Union was formed in order to coordinate the participation of Catholic voters in the Italian electoral contests.[86] The party had minor but significant results and, under the so-called Gentiloni Pact in 1913, it entered in alliance with the establishment Liberals.[87]

After World War I, Catholics organised the Italian People's Party,[88] as part of the Christian democracy movement.

During Fascist Italy, the Roman question was settled through the Lateran Treaty, signed by the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy in 1929. These gave birth to the State of Vatican City. Fascism persecuted religious minorities: in 1935 the Pentecostal faith was outlawed, through an order signed by undersecretary of the Interior Guido Buffarini Guidi,[89] and since 1938 Jews were targeted by the infamous racial laws and were later victims of genocide in the context of the Holocaust.

The Italian resistance movement saw the participation of Catholics,[90] Protestants (Waldensians were especially active in the Action Party)[91] and Jews (through the Jewish Brigade). In 1943 a group of Catholics, including several former members of the Italian People's Party and several members of Catholic Action, formed Christian Democracy, a Catholic-inspired but formally non-denominational party, which would dominate Italian politics until 1994. Its first leader, Alcide De Gasperi, headed the Italian government from 1945 to 1953 and was followed by Christian Democrats until 1981.[92] After World War II, the Catholic Church, after some initial reservations (Pope Pius XII favoured a solution similar to that of the Church in Francoist Spain, while some cardinals wanted a plurality of Catholic parties, possibly including a communist one), actively supported Christian Democracy[93] [94] and the so-called "political unity of Catholics".[95]

However, both Waldensians and Jews have played an important role in Italian politics. While several Catholic-inspired parties also rose to political prominence after Christian Democracy's dissolution in 1994 (from the new Italian People's Party to Democracy is Freedom, from the Christian Democratic Centre to the Union of the Centre, from Forza Italia to the new Forza Italia), Waldensians have usually been active in "secular" parties, especially the Italian Socialist Party, Italian Communist Party and, more recently, the Democratic Party, which is also home to former left-wing Christian Democrats. More recently, a group of conservative Pentecostals set up the Extended Christian Pact party. Also Jews have mostly been active in "secular" parties, but they have recently been more divided. Valdo Spini, a Waldensian, was minister in 1993–1994, while Lucio Malan, a conservative Waldensian, is currently the leader of Brothers of Italy in the Senate.

Freedom of religion

See also: Freedom of religion in Italy.

The Constitution of Italy recognises the Catholic Church and the state as "independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere" (article 7), in respect of the liberal principle of separation of church and state. In particular, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 (signed under Prime Minister Benito Mussolini), which gave a special status to the Church, is recognised and modifications "accepted by both parties" to such treaty are allowed without the need of constitutional amendments. In fact, the treaty was later modified by a new agreement between the state and the Church in 1984 (under Prime Minister Bettino Craxi), according to which Catholicism ceased to be the state religion. However, only the Catholic Church has a concordat with the Republic.

Freedom of religion is also recognised, with "all religious denominations" having "the right of self-organisation according to their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian law"; "[t]heir relations with the state are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective representatives" (article 8).[96] Having an agreement with the Italian government is not needed in order to appoint chaplains in hospitals and jails and to be partially financed by taxpayers' money.[97] Agreements are by no means a right of individual religious denominations and are determined by political choice. Since 1984, the Italian government has signed fourteen agreements and thirteen have been approved by the Italian Parliament and signed into law, including the following:[98]

Additionally, there is one agreement endorsed by the government, but not yet signed into law:

Under the eight per thousand system, Italian taxpayers can choose to whom devolve a compulsory "eight per thousand tax" of 0.8% from their annual income tax return between an organised religion recognised by Italy or, alternatively, to a social assistance scheme run by the government.[100] In 2021, the latest available fiscal year, 11.6 million taxpayers (27.9%) chose the Catholic Church, 0.5 million (1.2%) the Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches, 0.18 million (0.4%) the Italian Buddhist Union, 0.08 million (0.2%) the Soka Gakkai Italian Buddhist Institute, 0.05 million (0.1%) the Union of Jewish Communities in Italy, 0.04 million (0.1%) the Evangelical Christian Churches Assemblies of God in Italy, 0.04 million (0.1%) the Sacred Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe and so on.[101] The "eight per thousand tax" has thus disproportionately helped some minor denominations, particularly Waldensians.

In 2023, Italy was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[102]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  46. News: Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy . Geo News . it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia..
  47. News: Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy . Daily Pakistan . That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia.
  48. Web site: Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome . Pakistan Today . 3 July 2022 . About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy..
  49. News: Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome . The Nation . About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy..
  50. News: Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy . Bol News . Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen.
  51. Web site: The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community . The Wire . It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy..
  52. News: 29 July 2018 . How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora . The Economic Times . The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs..
  53. Book: Bertolani, Barbara . Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods . Brill Publishers . 2013 . 9789004254756 . 75 . The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence . "According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents".
  54. News: Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs . Hindustan Times . Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain.
  55. News: The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry . Homegrown . Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air.
  56. News: Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome . Pakistan Today . About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy..
  57. News: Tebano . Elena . Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation . Corriere Della Sera . The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese.
  58. News: Mitzman . Danny . 25 June 2015 . The Sikhs Who Saved Parmesan . BBC .
  59. News: Logre . Sonia . 25 October 2011 . Sikhs rescue Italy's Parmesan cheese . Yahoo . Manjit Singh is part of a large community of Sikhs in northern Italy who are shoring up an industry under threat of extinction.
  60. News: The Sikh migrants keeping Italy's mozzarella industry alive . NewsWeek . There are roughly 60,000 Sikhs living in the area, the second largest cluster in Italy. Roughly 800 of them work in the 2,000 dairy farms.
  61. News: Sikh Farmers keeping Cheese Industry alive in Italy. . SBS Punjabi . There are roughly 60,000 Sikhs living in the area and roughly 800 out of them work in 2,000 dairy farms that specialize in producing mozzarella and buffalo milk.
  62. News: Makkar . Daljit . 28 April 2023 . 8,500 Sikh Soldiers were martyred for the sake of Freedom in Italy . Rozana Spokesman . About 8,500 soldiers have given their martyrdom for the sake of freedom in our country..
  63. Forli Indian Army War Cemetery . Forli Indian Army War Cemetery.
  64. Web site: Italy Honours WWII Sikh Heroes With Grand Memorial . SikhChic . For the liberation of Italy, 5773 British-Indian Soldiers laid down their lives in Italy, of which the majority were Sikhs. Besides Forly, Sikhs also fought in Cassino, Florence, Ravana and Sangro River during World War II..
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