Referendums in Taiwan at both the national and local level are governed by the Referendum Act of Taiwan, which was enacted by the Legislative Yuan in December 2003. Citizens can propose laws via referendums at the national and local levels. The Referendum Act also allowed people to make changes or abolish laws by referendums.
The 7th amendment of the Additional Articles of the Constitution in June 2005 also moved the final ratification process for future constitutional amendment and national territory alternation into a form of referendum. These referendum has a higher bar of proposing and approval set directly by the Constitution outside of the Referendum Act.
While the rights of initiatives and referendums are mentioned in the Three Principles of the People and Chapter 9, Article 136 of the Constitution of 1947,[1] a law pertaining specifically to referendums was not enacted until 2003. The Referendum Act was promoted by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) politicians such as Chai Trong-rong, Lin Yi-hsiung, Yeh Chu-lan, Lu Hsiu-yi, Lin Cho-shui, and the Chen Shui-bian-Annette Lu administration. While both citizens of Taiwan and the Legislative Yuan can initiate the referendum process, the Pan-Blue Coalition held a legislative majority at the time of the act's promulgation, and set an extremely high bar to prevent its application.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Article 17 of the Referendum Act states "When the country is under the threat of foreign force and the national sovereignty is likely to be changed, the President may, with the resolution of the meeting of the Executive Yuan, apply the matters regarding the national security to referendum." Such a referendum has been held in 2004.[8] [9] [10] [11]
No national referendum question had reached the majority support quota until 2018, when seven questions were approved as part of a ten-question referendum. Three had been successful at the local level. New Power Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, and some DPP members are major forces in the legislature calling for reform.[12] [13] [14]
The Legislative Yuan revised several sections of the Referendum Act in December 2017. The first round proposal threshold for national and local referendums were cut from 0.1 to 0.01 percent of the electorate in the most recent presidential election, and the second tier proposal threshold for referendums was lowered from 5 to 1.5 percent of the electorate. Additionally, referendums will be declared passed if a majority of voters vote for propositions, and the number of agreeing votes reaches 25 percent of the electorate, instead of 50 percent.[15] [16] [17]
Several amendments to the Referendum Act were proposed in June 2019, among them a requirement for voters to provide a photocopy of their National Identification Card when voting on referendums.[18] An amendment to separate election years from referendum years was passed, and took effect in August 2021. The same amendment also limited referendum voting to every two years, and mandated a specific date for the vote, the fourth Saturday in August.[19] [20]
Article 25 of the Referendum Act was amended in 2018, permitting absentee voting for national referendums, once such procedures were enumerated in a separate law. The Central Election Commission proposed a bill on absentee voting in referendums in 2020, and it was approved by the Executive Yuan in September 2021.[21] [22]
See main article: Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China. The current Additional Articles of the Constitution designed two topics for a constitutional referendum in Articles 1, 4, and 12: Constitutional amendment and National territory alternation. The constitution has set a high bar in these referendums over Referendum Act.
The process for a constitutional amendment or national territory alternation has to be initiated by one-fourth (25%) of the members of the Legislative Yuan (the unicameral parliament of Taiwan), then voted in the Legislative Yuan with at least three-fourths (75%) members attended and by a three-fourths (75%) supermajority. A constitutional referendum will then be conducted if the amendment is proposed by the Legislative Yuan, the quorum to pass the constitutional referendum is one-half (50%) of all eligible voters have voted yes.[23]
The first constitutional referendum scheduled since the 2005 amendments to the Additional Articles was the 2022 Taiwanese voting age referendum.
There have been twenty national referendums in Taiwan. During the first six, two referendum questions were asked in each of three national elections.[24] [25] In each of these six national referendums, "Yes" votes won a majority over "No" votes. However, the referendum results were invalidated each time due to low turnout rate. According to the Referendum Law, 50% turnout of qualified voters is required for the referendum to be valid. The threshold was not reached in any of the first six national referendums, as the Kuomintang asked its supporters to boycott each referendum. Therefore, the removal of the turnout restriction in the referendum law has been proposed.[26] Several provisions regarding turnout were amended by the Legislative Yuan in December 2017.
Following amendments to the Referendum Act, ten questions were asked during the 2018 Taiwanese referendum, held alongside local elections. The four-question 2021 Taiwanese referendum was scheduled for August and postponed to December due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
| National referendum | Date | Proposition No. | Results | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum | March 20, 2004 | 1, 2 | 2 rejected | Held jointly with 2004 Taiwanese presidential election | |
| 2008 Taiwanese transitional justice referendum | January 12, 2008 | 3, 4 | 2 rejected | Held jointly with 2008 Taiwanese legislative election | |
| 2008 Taiwanese United Nations membership referendum | March 22, 2008 | 5, 6 | 2 rejected | Held jointly with 2008 Taiwanese presidential election | |
| 2018 Taiwanese referendum | November 24, 2018 | 7—16 | 7 approved, 3 rejected | Held jointly with 2018 Taiwanese local elections | |
| 2021 Taiwanese referendum | December 18, 2021 | 17—20 | 4 rejected | ||
| 2022 Taiwanese constitutional referendum | November 26, 2022 | Constitutional-1 | rejected | Was held jointly with 2022 Taiwanese local elections |
A national referendum on the state of Kuomintang party assets was proposed in 2006.[27] The Act Governing the Handling of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations was promulgated by the Legislative Yuan in July 2016 to handle the issue instead.[28]
In 2010, the, then controlled by the Pan-Blue Coalition, rejected several referendum proposals against the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, signed in 2010.[29] [30] [31] [32] despite the collection of nearly 200,000 signatures supporting a referendum on cross-strait economic pacts.[33] [34] [35] [36] Public opinion surveys show a majority of respondents opposed the signing of the ECFA with China and many experts, politicians, and protesters see a referendum for the ECFA as essential.[37] [38] [39]
In 2016, Kuomintang vice chairman Hau Lung-pin proposed that the fate of a food import ban in place against some prefectures of Japan since the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster be decided via referendum.[40] [41] The Kuomintang legislative caucus moved to reduce turnout restrictions so the food import ban could be considered via referendum, but the proposal did not pass at the time.[42] A majority of people voted for question nine of the 2018 national referendum, expressing a desire for the import ban to remain in place.[43] In February 2022, the Tsai Ing-wen presidential administration lifted the import ban for most foodstuffs produced in the region, as long as proper documentation on the origins of the food and results of radiation inspections were provided. Foods from the region that were still banned from the Japanese market at the time of Taiwan's announcement, such as mushrooms, the meat of wild animals, and koshiabura, remained banned in Taiwan.[44] [45]
From 1990 to 2003, sixteen local referendums were called.[46] Since the Referendum Act passed, six local referendums have been held as of 2021. The first one was held in Kaohsiung in 2008 for reducing the size of classes in elementary school and high school. It was invalid due to its low turnout rate.[47] Four other local referendums attempted to legalize casinos and were valid due via special law: the ones held in Penghu in 2009 and 2016 failed[48] while the one held in Lienchiang in 2012 succeeded.[49] A referendum on the establishment of casinos in Kinmen held in 2017 was defeated by low turnout and high opposition.[50] [51] However, as in Mainland China, the largest potential tourist source, has explicitly expressed the opposition of its nationals to engage gambling, no legal casino has yet been established in Taiwan.[52] Residents of Hsinchu passed a referendum about wastewater, held on the same day as the 2021 national referendum.[53] [54]
| Division | Date | Proposition No. | Results | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 15, 2008 | 1 | Rejected | |||
| September 26, 2009 | 1 | Rejected | Proposition to legalize casinos | ||
| July 7, 2012 | 1 | Approved | Proposition to legalize casinos | ||
| October 15, 2016 | 2 | Rejected | Proposition to legalize casinos | ||
| October 28, 2017 | 1 | Rejected | Proposition to legalize casinos | ||
| December 18, 2021 | 1 | Approved | Held jointly with 2021 Taiwanese referendum |