Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine explained

See also: Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War which began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II,[1] [2] with more than 8.2 million Ukrainians fleeing the country[3] [4] and a third of the population displaced.[5] [6] The invasion also caused global food shortages.[7] [8] Reactions to the invasion have varied considerably across a broad spectrum of concerns including public reaction, media responses, and peace efforts.

Summary

The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations, with reactions including new sanctions imposed on Russia, which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies.[9] The European Union financed and delivered military equipment to Ukraine. The bloc also implemented various economic sanctions, including a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,[10] a SWIFT ban on certain Russian banks, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.[11]

Non-government reactions to the invasion included widespread boycotts of Russia and Belarus in the areas of entertainment, media, business, and sport.[12]

Fleeing Indians,[13] Africans, and Middle Easterners working and studying in Ukraine have reported racism from Ukrainians and other Eastern Europeans in countries they fled to.[14] The head of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, has asked whether or not "the world really gives equal attention to black and white lives". He then proceeded to list other countries and compared them to the coverage of Ukraine: Ethiopia, Yemen, Afghanistan, and Syria.[15]

There were also immediate worldwide protests against the invasion and daily protests in Russia itself.[16] As well as the demonstrations, petitions and open letters were published in opposition to the war, and public figures, both cultural and political, released statements against the war.[17] The protests were met with widespread repression by the Russian authorities. According to OVD-Info, at least 14,906 people were detained from 24 February to 13 March 2022.[18] [19] The Russian government cracked down on other forms of opposition to the war, including introducing widespread censorship measures and repression against people who signed anti-war petitions.[20] In July 2022, Moscow city councillor Alexei Gorinov was jailed for seven years for criticizing Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the first time someone went to jail under the new Russian 2022 war censorship laws.[21] Meanwhile, other Russians, including Alexandra Skochilenko and Vladimir Kara-Murza, await similar trials.[22] As well as the protests, there were also reported instances of anti-Russian sentiment and discrimination against the Russian diaspora and Russian-speaking immigrants as a result of the war.[23] [24] Ukraine has decided to rename the streets of Ukrainian cities named after Russian historical figures like Tchaikovsky or Tolstoy.[25] In some parts of Ukraine that were newly occupied by Russian armed forces, protests against the occupiers took place.[26] [27]

In China,[28] India,[29] [30] Indonesia,[31] Malaysia,[32] Serbia,[33] and the Arab regions, many social media users showed sympathy for Russian narratives due in part to distrust of US foreign policy, with Malaysian social media users stated that the MH17 shooting and 2020 Summer Paralympics incidents being the main reasons for supporting Russia.[34] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of the world's population live in countries that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.[35] In March 2022, 98% of Ukrainians – including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine – said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia.[36] At the end of April, a poll conducted in Russia by the Levada Center concluded the following: "74% of Russians support Russia's invasion in Ukraine and the actions of the Russian military. 19% of respondents said they did not support the actions of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, 39% of respondents said that they were not following the war in Ukraine".[37] Many respondents in Russia do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[38] When a group of researchers commissioned a survey on Russians' attitudes to the war in Ukraine, 29,400 of the 31,000 people they called refused to answer when they heard the question.[39]

Pope Francis said that NATO may have caused Russia's invasion of Ukraine, because the alliance was "barking" at Russia's door.[40] He also warned that the war in Ukraine was becoming like the Spanish Civil War, in which new and more powerful weapons were tested.[41] He later implicitly accused Russia of an "armed conquest, expansionism and imperialism in Ukraine".[42]

Public reaction

The invasion received widespread public condemnation internationally. Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide including in many post-Soviet countries and some in Russia itself.[43] Russian monuments across Europe were subject of vandalism with some even demolished.[44] [45] [46] The Russian ambassador to Poland was pelted with red paint by pro-Ukraine protestors while laying flowers in a Russian military cemetery.[47] The invasion became a viral phenomenon on social media and calls for mass boycotts of Russian culture and goods flooded multiple social media platforms.[48] [49] People from across the world tried to attack and shutdown Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.[50] Some Russians living in Europe and the United States reported that opposition to Russia's invasion of Ukraine had subjected them to anti-Russian sentiment including harassment and vandalism.[51] [52] [53]

Russian sources reported that Russian students were being expelled by European universities, but the European University Association stated that none of its 800+ members had expelled Russians.[54] [55] A proposal by US Congressman Eric Swalwell to expel Russian students from US universities was not enacted.[56]

In 2022, the Lebanese Foreign Ministry condemned Russia's military invasion of Ukraine and called on Moscow to "immediately halt military operations." Russia's embassy in Lebanon expressed surprise at this condemnation, releasing a statement that "The statement... surprised us [the Russian embassy] by violating the policy of dissociation and by taking one side against another in these events, noting that Russia spared no effort in contributing to the advancement and stability of the Lebanese Republic".[57]

UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson among others has warned of the danger of "Ukraine fatigue" and "stressed the importance of allied nations showing they would stand by Kyiv for the long-term".[58] [59] According to the Rand Corporation, "Russia's strategy seems to be largely based on protraction: Let the war grind on, and eventually the United States and its allies will lose interest, and the Ukrainians will cave."[60] Several European newspapers, working from leaked Russian intelligence documents and social media photos, described Russian efforts to exaggerate anti-Ukraine sentiment by photographing a few protestors holding anti-Ukraine signs against a backdrop of large demonstrations about other matters.[61] [62]

Media coverage

See also: Freedom of the press in Ukraine, Media freedom in Russia, Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era and Propaganda in Russia.

Social media users shared real-time information about the invasion.[63]

Depictions of earlier events or other misinformation, sometimes deliberate, were also shared, in addition to authentic first-hand portrayals.[64] [65] [66] While many outlets tagged these misleading videos and images as false content, other sites did not.[67]

Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations,[68] and fines or up to three years prison for calling for sanctions,[69] [70] prompting most Russian outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine. The Russian censorship agency Roskomnadzor ordered media to only use information from Russian state sources,[71] and to describe the war as a "special military operation".[72] [73] [74] Roskomnadzor also restricted access to Facebook,[75] after it refused to stop fact-checking posts by state-owned Zvezda, RIA Novosti, Lenta.ru, and Gazeta.Ru.[76] Pro-Kremlin television pundits like Vladimir Solovyov and Russian state-controlled channels like Russia-24,[77] Russia-1,[78] and Channel One[79] follow the government narrative.[80] [81] [82] The state-controlled TV where most Russians get their news[83] presented the invasion as a liberation mission.[84] [85] Echo of Moscow closed down,[86] and Roskomnadzor blocked access to BBC News Russian, Voice of America, RFE/RL, Deutsche Welle, and Meduza, as well as Facebook and Twitter.[87] [88] [89] A Moscow court demanded that Russian-language Wikipedia remove information about the invasion, and it fined the Wikimedia Foundation 5 million rubles for refusing to comply.[90] [91] The foundation was also fined 2 million rubles ($27,000) by a Russian court for failing to remove what was regarded by authorities as "misinformation" about the Russian military.[92]

Ukrainian propaganda focused on awareness of the war and Ukraine's need for weapons.[93] Official Ukrainian social media accounts targeted recruiting and international aid.[94]

State-controlled media in China saw an opportunity for anti-American propaganda,[95] and along with Cuban state media,[96] amplified false claims of "secret US biolabs".[97] Media outlets in Bulgaria,[98] Serbia,[99] and Iran repeated Russian propaganda,[100] [101] as did RT Actualidad in Latin America.[102] Pro-government Turkish media blamed NATO and the US for the war.[103] Pro-Fidesz media outlets in Hungary claimed that Ukraine provoked the war by becoming "a military base for America".[104] Vietnam told reporters not to say "invasion", and to minimise coverage.[105] South Africa's African National Congress endorsed the denazification narrative.[106] Some Indonesian social media users and academics also spread Russian propaganda.[107] [108]

Some criticised the greater emphasis on events in Ukraine than on those in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Syria, and Yemen, claiming racial bias and a racial "double standard" when it comes to news reporting.[109] [110] [111]

Legal implications

See main article: Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Universal jurisdiction investigations of war crimes in Ukraine and Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has been widely regarded as an act of aggression that violated the Charter of the United Nations. In addition, Russia was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and waging war in violation of international law, indiscriminately attacking densely populated areas and exposing civilians to unnecessary and disproportionate harm.[112] [113] [114] Russian forces used cluster munitions, repudiated by most states because of their immediate and long-term danger to civilians.[115] [116] [117] and fired other wide-area explosives like air-dropped bombs, missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. Ukrainian forces reportedly also fired cluster munition rockets.[118] Russian attacks damaged or destroyed homes, hospitals, schools and kindergartens the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant,[119] and 191 cultural properties such as historic buildings and churches.[120] [121] As of 25 March, the attacks had resulted in at least 1,035 civilian deaths and at least 1,650 civilian injuries. Russian forces were accused of forcibly deporting thousands of civilians to Russia,[122] sexual assaults,[123] and deliberately killing Ukrainian civilians.[124] When Ukrainian forces recaptured Bucha in late March, evidence emerged of war crimes, including torture and deliberate killings of civilians, including children.[125] [126] [127]

The invasion also violated the Rome Statute, which created the International Criminal Court and prohibits "the invasion or attack... or any annexation by the use of force". Russia withdrew from the statute in 2016 and does not recognise ICC authority,[128] but thirty-nine member states officially referred the matter to the ICC,[129] and Ukraine accepted ICC jurisdiction in 2014.[130] On 2 March, Karim Ahmad Khan, prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, opened a full investigation into past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide committed in Ukraine by any person from 21 November 2013 on.[131] The ICC also set up an online portal for people with evidence to contact investigators, and sent investigators, lawyers and other professionals to Ukraine to collect evidence.[132] [133]

On 4 March 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Council created the International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, an independent committee of three human rights experts with a mandate to investigate violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in the invasion. In the first month of the invasion, the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, deployed by OHCHR to monitor all parties since 2014 using 60 UN human rights monitors, documented arbitrary detentions in Russian-occupied territories of 21 journalists and civil society activists, and 24 public officials and civil servants.[134] [135] They also expressed concern about reports and videos of ill-treatment, torture, and public humiliation of civilians and prisoners of war in territory controlled by Ukraine, allegedly committed by police officers and territorial defence forces.[136] As of 15 July, the mission had documented approximately 271 cases of Russian troops forcibly detaining Ukrainians, with many of those detained being tortured, often by FSB officers, and with Russian mass detention of around 10,000 Ukrainians being likely.[137]

In late March, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Iryna Venediktova stated that Ukrainian prosecutors had collected evidence for 2,500 "possible war crimes cases" and had "several hundred suspects".[138] On 13 May the first war crimes trial began in Kyiv, of a Russian soldier who was ordered to shoot an unarmed civilian.[139]

Ukraine filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) accusing Russia of violating the 1948 Genocide Convention, which both Ukraine and Russia had signed, with false claims of genocide as a pretext for the invasion.[140] The International Association of Genocide Scholars supported Ukraine's request that the ICJ direct Russia to halt its offensive in Ukraine. On 16 March, the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations" on a 13–2 vote, with the Russian and Chinese judges in opposition.[141] [142] The order is binding, but the ICJ has no means of enforcement.[143]

On 27 May 2022, a report by New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights stated that there were reasonable grounds to conclude that Russia breached two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention, by publicly inciting genocide through denial of the right of Ukraine as a state and Ukrainians as a nation to exist, and by the forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, and that the serious risk of genocide triggers the legal obligation of all states to prevent it.[144] [145]

Under international criminal law's principle of universal jurisdiction,[146] [147] investigations were opened in Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.[148] [149]

On 16 July, Mikhail Mizintsev, chief of Russia's national defence control centre, has said during a briefing that over the last 24 hours, "28,424 people, including 5,148 children" have been evacuated from the Donbas and other parts of Ukraine to Russia. In total since 24 Feb, some "2,612,747 people, of which 412,553 are children" have been evacuated to Russia. Ukrainian authorities haven't been involved in these evacuations, both US and Ukrainian officials regard it as forcible deportations.[150]

On 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court issued a warrant for Putin's arrest,[151] In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would grant diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin to allow him to attend the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg despite the ICC arrest warrant.[152] In July 2023, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Putin would not attend the summit "by mutual agreement", and that Russia would instead send Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov.[153]

Russian response to sanctions

See main article: Unfriendly Countries List. On 15 March, the Russian government targeted 313 Canadian individualsmainly parliamentarianswith sanctions,[154] and on 21 April banned 61 more Canadians.[155]

On 14 June 2022, Russia banned 29 UK journalists, amongst others.[156]

In June 2022, Russia imposed sanctions against Joe Biden's wife, Jill Biden, and daughter, Ashley Biden. They were amongst the list of 25 Americans who were restricted from entering Russian territory.[157] [158]

On 21 February 2023 Vladimir Putin announced Russia was suspending its participation in the New START treaty (2010) between the US and Russia, a day after U.S. president Joe Biden visited Ukraine.

Polls

Global surveys

Ipsos, a French market research company, conducted several surveys across 28 countries around the world regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine in November and December of 2022. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of adults said that they still closely follow news about it. Global public opinion about the conflict has not changed much since the country's invasion. For example, about 66% of respondents agree that Russia should be excluded from international sports events although only 45% are in favor of "most stringent economic sanctions against Russia". 57% are in favor of supporting Ukraine until all Russian forces have withdrawn. Note that these numbers mean that the remainder supports the opposite opinion; rather, 42% say that their country should not interfere. However, 37% of respondents also said that their country should send weapons, although 64% also said that their country cannot afford to send financial support.[159] These results are similar to a survey that Ipsos conducted in April 2022.[160]

Belarus

In April 2022, only 11% of Belarusians supported sending Belarusian troops to Ukraine.[161]

A study performed by Chatham House in May 2022 revealed that 32% of Belarusian respondents supported the invasion and 40% did not support the invasion.[162]

Bulgaria

A YouGov poll conducted in April 2022 had 44% of Bulgarian respondents believing NATO was more responsible for the war, compared to 23% who believed Russia was more responsible. The percentage blaming NATO was higher than in the other 16 EU countries surveyed.[163]

China

According to a survey of Chinese internet users published in April 2022 by the US-China Perception Monitor, 75% of respondents said they agreed or strongly agreed that supporting Russia in the conflict was in China's national interest.[164] [165] According to a survey conducted by Blackbox Research in March 2022, 71% of respondents from China expressed more sympathy for Ukraine over Russia and 3% expressed more sympathy for Russia.[166]

According to a Genron NPO poll released in November 2022 on the topic of the Russian invasion, 39.5% of Chinese respondents said the Russian actions "are not wrong", 21.5% said "the Russian actions are a violation of the U.N. Charter and international laws, and should be opposed", and 29% said "the Russian actions are wrong, but the circumstances should be considered."[167] [168]

Finland

As a consequence of the Russian invasion, opinion polls in Finland found that public support for joining NATO climbed from 28% in February to 68% in March.[169]

France

In May 2023 a poll by the Kantar Group showed 64% believing France should support Ukraine financially and militarily until Ukraine regained its pre 2014 territory, 25% believed support should cease.

Germany

In July 2022, 70% of German respondents backed Germany's support for Ukraine.[170]

In March 2022, 90% of Germans said they did not trust Russia, up from 83% before the war started, while 63% trusted Ukraine and 60% trusted the United States.[171] In 2023 62% of Germans expressed trust in Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and 67% expressed trust in U.S. President Joe Biden, while 92% mistrusted Russia's leadership, making Germany one of the 10 countries with most negative perceptions of Russia in the world.[172]

A poll of Germans conducted by the Forsa and published in January 2023 found that over 80% believe it is more important to end the war through negotiations than for Ukraine to win, with only 18% disagreeing.[173]

In May 2023 a poll by the Kantar Group showed 52% believing Germany should support Ukraine financially and militarily until Ukraine regained its pre 2014 territory, 35% believed support should cease.[174]

India

According to a YouGov Cambridge poll, 27% of respondents in India said Russia was to blame for the war in Ukraine, while 28% of respondents blamed Western countries. 57% of respondents in India agreed and 9% disagreed with the statement: "Before the war started, Western countries were seeking to establish military infrastructure in Ukraine in order to threaten Russia."[175]

Indonesia

A study performed by Airlangga University revealed that 71% of Indonesian netizens supported the invasion.[176]

Italy

In May 2023 a poll by the Kantar Group showed 50% believing Italy should support Ukraine financially and militarily until Ukraine regained its pre 2014 territory, 31% believed support should cease.[174]

Japan

In a historically unprecedented move, Japanese government announced on 2 March 2022 (i.e. less than a week after the Russian invasion started on 24 February 2022) a decision to accept an unspecified number Ukrainian evacuees.[177] [178] It is believed that the Japanese government used the term "evacuees" (hinansha) rather than "refugees" (nanmin) in order to prevent this case from becoming a precedent affecting Japan's future refugee policy and from leading to an increase of asylum-seekers arrrving to the country.[179]

As of February 06, 2023 Nippon Foundation has given aid to 1,921 Ukrainians in Japan.[180]

According to an opinion poll conducted by Mainichi Shimbun on 23 April 2022, 69 per cent answered "[Japan] should accept more evacuees" while only 14 per cent answered "[Japan] does not need to accept evacuees anymore."[181]

Jordan

In a public opinion poll commissioned by the Washington Institute and conducted in March/April 2023 by an independent regional firm, 78% of Jordanians agreed with the statement: "in the war going on now between Russia and Ukraine, the best outcome would be a Russian victory, including the annexation of a significant Ukrainian territory to Russia."[182]

Kazakhstan

As a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, public opinion in Kazakhstan has turned against Russia. According to a poll conducted by Demoscope, in November 2022, 22% of respondents expressed support for Ukraine and 13% of respondents expressed support for Russia, down from 39% in March 2022.[183]

Netherlands

In May 2023 a poll by the Kantar Group showed 58% believing the Netherlands should support Ukraine financially and militarily until Ukraine regained its pre 2014 territory, 20% believed support should cease.[174]

Russia

Polling in Russia is a challenge due to the autocratic nature of the Putin regime, which generates effects like self-censorship. This was worsened by military censorship post-invasion.[184] [185] A majority of Russians polled supported the war prior to and immediately after the invasion, according to different measures by different polls in February and March 2022.[186] A pre-invasion poll, conducted on 7–15 February by the British agency Savanta ComRes for CNN, found that approximately half of respondents agreed that Moscow should "use military force to prevent Kiev from joining NATO." Another two-thirds stated that they think Russians and Ukrainians are "one people," compared to only 28% of Ukrainians.

Another poll, conducted by the Russian Levada Center on 17–21 February, found that 52% of Russians polled expressed negative sentiments towards Ukraine. 60% believed that the United States and NATO are responsible for the escalation in Eastern Ukraine, while only 4% blamed Russia. The polls also suggested that public approval of Putin had surged by 13 percentage points since December 2021, a rally 'round the flag effect, with almost three-quarters (71%) supporting his leadership by February 2022.

In late February and mid-March 2022, two polls were conducted by a group of independent Russian sociologists to survey Russians' sentiments about the invasion; the results were obtained by Radio Liberty.[187] The polls showed that just over 71% of Russians surveyed expressed positive emotions regarding the invasion of Ukraine, such as "pride, joy, respect, trust, and hope". Older respondents were more likely to support the invasion, with Russians over 35 being more likely to express positive emotions, and with these sentiments being even more prominent in those over 55, in which category more than half supported the invasion. Those under 18 were more "disappointed and anxious" about the war than other age groups; Russians aged 18–24 were more likely to feel indifference. The differences between the first and second polls show an increase in the number of people supporting the "special military operation" and DPR and LPR independence. The polls also revealed that a third of Russians surveyed strongly believe that Putin is "working in their interests," and another 26% believe that is true "to some extent." Most Russians polled think that it would be best if Putin stayed president for "as long as possible."

Another poll by The Washington Post, conducted a week into the invasion, showed similar results, with 58% approving the invasion while 23% opposed it.[188] A private survey agency, Russian Field, likewise reported that 59% of respondents supported "Russian military action in Ukraine" in polls conducted from 26 to 28 February 2022.[189] According to the poll, of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% supported the invasion.[190]

At the end of March, a poll conducted in Russia by the Levada Center found the following: When asked why they think the military operation is taking place, 43% of respondents stated it was to protect and defend civilians, ethnic Russians or Russian speakers in Ukraine, 25% to prevent an attack on Russia, 21% to get rid of nationalists and "denazify" Ukraine, and 3% to incorporate Ukraine and/or the Donbas region into Russia.[191]

As detected by the polls, some observers noted a "generational struggle" among Russians over the war,[192] with younger Russians generally opposed, and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative of state-controlled media in Russia.[193] Kataryna Wolczuk, an associate fellow of Chatham House's Russia and Eurasia programme, said, "[Older] Russians are inclined to think in line with the official 'narrative' that Russia is defending Russian speakers in Ukraine, so it's about offering protection rather than aggression."[193]

The Kremlin's analysis concluded that public support for the war was broad but not deep, and that most Russians would accept anything Putin would call a victory. In September 2023, the head of the VTsIOM state pollster Valery Fyodorov said in an interview that only 10-15% of Russians actively supported the war, and that "most Russians are not demanding the conquest of Kyiv or Odesa."[194]

Slovakia

A September 2022 survey conducted by MNFORCE, Seesame agencies and the Slovak Academy of Sciences found that in measuring with a 10-point scale, more than half of Slovak respondents said they tended to favour a Russian victory compared to a third saying they tended towards a Ukrainian one.[195] [196]

Lithuania

In 2023 poll 84% of respondents in Lithuania said that Russia is the most guilty for the war in Ukraine, while 6% said that the United States are the most guilty for the war in Ukraine.[197] In another 2023 poll eight out of ten respondents in Lithuania evaluated the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy favorably (46% very favorably, 35% rather favorably), while the Russian President Vladimir Putin was evaluated favorably by only 3% of respondents in Lithuania (1% very favorably, 2% rather favorably, 74% very unfavorably, 18% rather unfavorably, 5% had no opinion).[198] According to a May–June 2023 poll, 89% of Lithuanian citizens support the financial support provided to Ukraine.[199]

South Africa

A June 2023 poll by Ipsos found that 56% of South Africans view Russia's invasion of Ukraine as being against the principles of international law[200] and that 61% thought that Russia was guilty of war crimes in Ukraine.[201] It also found that 44% of respondents agreed with the view that Russia was the aggressor whilst 43% disagreed with this view. 56% of respondents agreed with the view that African countries should not take sides in the war. The survey found that overall 18% of respondents supported Russia, 23% supported Ukraine, and 59% were undecided or neutral.

A November 2022 survey by the Brenthurst Foundation found that 74.3% of South Africans viewed the Russian invasion as an "an act of aggression that must be condemned" whilst 12.7% viewed it as "an acceptable use of force".[202]

Sweden

A YouGov poll showed that in February 2023, 63% of respondents in Sweden wanted to support Ukraine in a war with Russia until Russian troops leave all occupied territories.[203]

Turkey

According to a YouGov Cambridge survey, 26% of respondents in Turkey blamed Russia for the war in Ukraine, while 22% of respondents blamed Western countries. 50% of respondents in Turkey agreed and 11% disagreed with the statement: "Before the war started, Western countries were seeking to establish military infrastructure in Ukraine in order to threaten Russia."[175]

Ukraine

More than 90% of Ukrainians supported the actions of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, including more than 90% in western and central Ukraine and more than 80% in Russian-speaking regions in eastern and southern Ukraine.[204] At the end of 2021, 75% of Ukrainians said they had a positive attitude toward ordinary Russians, while in May 2022, 82% of Ukrainians said they had a negative attitude toward ordinary Russians.[205]

In March 2022, a week after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia, according to Lord Ashcroft's polls which did not include Crimea and the separatist-controlled part of Donbas. 65% of Ukrainians – including 88% of those of Russian ethnicity – agreed that "despite our differences there is more that unites ethnic Russians living in Ukraine and Ukrainians than divides us."[206]

In the poll conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) between 13 and 18 May 2022, 82% of Ukrainians said they did not support any territorial concessions to Russia, even if that meant prolonging the war.[207] Another KIIS poll conducted in September 2022 found that 87% of Ukrainians opposed any territorial concessions to Russia.[208] A Gallup poll conducted in Ukraine in early September 2022 showed that 70% of Ukrainians wanted to continue the war with Russia until victory was achieved, while 26% supported negotiations to end the war as soon as possible.[209] According to an opinion poll conducted in July 2022, 58% of Ukrainians said that Crimea must be returned to Ukraine.[210]

A poll conducted by the Razumkov Centre between February and March 2023 found that 97% of residents of central Ukraine and 90% of residents of eastern Ukraine had a negative view of Russia. Respondents expressed negative attitudes most often towards Russia - 94%, Belarus - 81%, Iran - 73,5%, China - 60%, and Hungary - 46,5%. The survey found that 94% of Ukrainian respondents expressed a positive attitude towards Poland. Next comes Great Britain - 91%, Lithuania - 91%, Estonia - 90%, Latvia - 90%, and Canada - 90%.[211]

United States

A poll conducted by NPR/Ipsos between 18 and 21 March 2022 found that only 36% of Americans approved the Biden administration's response to the invasion.[212] An overwhelming 73 percent of Americans polled in October say the United States should continue to support Ukraine despite Russian threats to use nuclear weapons.[213]

According to a Quinnipiac University national poll of adults released on 13 April 2022, 82% of American respondents called Russian President Vladimir Putin a war criminal, while 10% thought he was not a war criminal.[214]

A Chicago Council survey of US adults conducted in July 2022 found that 38% of American respondents would support sending US troops to defend Ukraine.[215]

A 2023 survey in the United States published by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research shows that support for providing arms and direct economic aid to Ukraine is declining.[216] According to a 2023 CNN poll, 55% of Americans said the US Congress should not approve additional funding to support Ukraine, while 45% would support additional funding.[217]

A Gallup poll conducted in June 2023 found that 62% of American respondents wanted to support Ukraine in regaining territory that Russia had captured, even if it meant prolonging the war between Russia and Ukraine, while 32% wanted to end the war as quickly as possible, even if it meant allowing Russia to keep the territory it conquered and annexed in southeastern Ukraine.[218]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Keane . Daniel . Blake . Elly . 14 March 2022 . What is the Homes for Ukraine refugees scheme and how do you apply? . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151733/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/host-ukraine-refugee-scheme-uk-london-russia-war-apply-b987910.html . 14 March 2022 . 15 March 2022 . . 2041-4404.
  2. News: Pita . Antonio . Costa . Raúl Sánchez . 3 March 2022 . Ukrainian exodus could be Europe's biggest refugee crisis since World War II . . live . 9 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220405100721/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html . 5 April 2022 . 0213-4608.
  3. Web site: Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation . . . 23 July 2022.
  4. Web site: 3 July 2022 . Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine . 4 July 2022 . the Guardian . en.
  5. News: Ratcliffe . Rebecca . Clayton . Abené . Gabbatt . Adam . Chao-Fong . Léonie . Lock . Samantha . Ambrose . Tom . 19 March 2022 . Biden outlines 'consequences' if China aids Russia – as it happened . . live . 28 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329020321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-latest-news-biden-to-warn-xi-against-backing-putin-as-russian-military-offensives-falter-live . 29 March 2022 . 1756-3224 . 60623878.
  6. News: 31 March 2022 . Ukraine war: Putin being misled by fearful advisers, US says . . BBC . live . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331020115/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60936117 . 31 March 2022.
  7. News: Barbaro . Michael . Chaturvedi . Asthaa . Szypko . Rob . Quester . Rachel . Johnson . Michael . Baylen . Liz O. . Daniel . Chelsea . Powell . Dan . Lozano . Marion . 5 April 2022 . How the War in Ukraine is Creating a Global Food Crisis . en-US . The New York Times . 15 June 2022 . 0362-4331.
  8. News: The coming food catastrophe . The Economist . 15 June 2022 . 0013-0613.
  9. News: Chernova . Anna . Cotovio . Vasco . Thompson . Mark . 28 February 2022 . Sanctions slams Russian economy . CNN . live . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220228085645/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html . 28 February 2022.
  10. Web site: EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine . Europa (web portal).
  11. Web site: EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU . Europa (web portal).
  12. News: Timsit . Annabelle . Simon . Maite Fernández . 2 March 2022 . Russia boycott: A list of global campaigns that are underway in support of Ukraine . . live . limited . 4 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305175234/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/02/boycotts-russia-invasion-ukraine/ . 5 March 2022 . 0190-8286 . 2269358.
  13. Web site: 2 March 2022 . How Indians fleeing Ukraine ran into racism . https://archive.today/20220326055741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indians-fleeing-ukraine-ran-into-racism/articleshow/89950079.cms . 26 March 2022 . 26 March 2022 . The Times of India.
  14. News: Tobore Ovuorie . 9 April 2022 . Ukraine war: African students face Russian missiles and racism . Deutsche Welle . 2 May 2022.
  15. News: 13 April 2022 . Ukraine attention shows bias against black lives, WHO chief says . en-GB . . 2 May 2022.
  16. Burakovsky . Arik . 3 March 2022 . Putin's Invasion of Ukraine Has Sparked Antiwar Protests in Russia. They Could Be His Undoing . live . . 0040-781X . 1311479 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303192550/https://time.com/6154240/russia-protests-war-ukraine-putin/ . 3 March 2022 . 4 March 2022.
  17. News: Russia's anti-war lobby goes online . . 26 February 2022.
  18. Web site: https://reports.ovdinfo.org/no-to-war . ru:Нет войне – Как российские власти борются с антивоенными протестами . No to war – How Russian authorities are fighting anti-war protests . ru . . 28 March 2022.
  19. News: Shevchenko . Vitaly . 15 March 2022 . Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message . . 15 March 2022 . 15 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220315140128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60749064 . live.
  20. Web site: 4 March 2022 . Joint Letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council on the human rights situation in Russia . 4 March 2022 . . 5 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305094647/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/04/joint-letter-united-nations-human-rights-council-human-rights-situation-russia . live.
  21. News: Karev . Andrey . 'I'll be exonerated much sooner than this' . . 10 July 2022.
  22. News: Sauer . Pjotr . Moscow councillor jailed for seven years after criticising Ukraine war . Guardian News & Media Limited . 8 July 2022.
  23. News: As Ukraine war intensifies, some Russian speakers far from Moscow are feeling hostility . . 3 March 2022.
  24. News: Beardsworth . James . Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape . . 4 March 2022.
  25. News: Goodbye, Tchaikovsky and Tolstoy: Ukrainians look to 'decolonize' their streets . The New York Times . 7 June 2022.
  26. News: Ukraine war: Protests held in Russian occupied Ukrainian cities Kherson, Energodar and Berdyansk . . 20 March 2022.
  27. News: Ukraine war: A glimpse inside Kherson, the city occupied by Russian forces, through the eyes of a Ukrainian resistance volunteer . . 20 March 2022.
  28. News: Repnikova . Maria . Zhou . Wendy . 11 March 2022 . What China's Social Media Is Saying About Ukraine . . live . limited . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220311102225/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/china-xi-ukraine-war-america/627028/ . 11 March 2022.
  29. Web site: 2 March 2022 . #IStandWithPutin trending in India amid Russia-Ukraine conflict . https://archive.today/20220321125423/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2022/03/02180433/1356157/IStandWithPutin-trending-in-India-amid-RussiaUkraine-.vpf . 21 March 2022 . DT Next.
  30. Web site: Poddar . Umang . 8 March 2022 . How Indians on the internet view India's tacit support of Russia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031744/https://qz.com/india/2136155/how-indians-on-the-internet-view-indias-tacit-support-of-russia/ . 29 March 2022 . Quartz.
  31. Web site: 14 March 2022 . 5 Alasan yang Bikin Banyak Warga RI Dukung Rusia Invasi Ukraina . 5 reasons why many Indonesians support Russia's invasion of Ukraine . . id.
  32. News: Azmi . Hadi . 19 March 2022 . How the battle on Malaysia's social media has become a propaganda tool for Russia and Ukraine . . live . subscription . 29 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083849/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/3171049/ukraine-war-battle-malaysias-social-media-propaganda-tool-russia-and . 19 March 2022 . 1563-9371 . 648902513.
  33. Web site: 16 March 2022 . In Serbia, Threats And Insults Are A Cost Of Reporting On Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine . . en.
  34. News: Danya Hajjaji . 7 April 2022 . Ukraine War: Arab Social Media Unsympathetic, Sees Western Hypocrisy . . live . https://archive.today/20220419085554/https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-russia-war-arab-social-media-hypocrisy-west-1696106 . 19 April 2022.
  35. Stengel . Richard . Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe . . 20 May 2022.
  36. News: Ukrainians want to stay and fight, but don't see Russian people as the enemy. A remarkable poll from Kyiv . . 14 March 2022.
  37. News: . 74% Russians support war with Ukraine despite atrocities committed by Russian army . Alyona . Mazurenko . 28 April 2022 .
  38. News: In Russia, opinion polls are a political weapon . . 9 March 2022.
  39. Yaffa . Joshua . Why Do So Many Russians Say They Support the War in Ukraine? . The New Yorker. 29 March 2022.
  40. News: Roberts . Hannah . 3 May 2022 . Pope says NATO may have caused Russia's invasion of Ukraine . . live . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503142515/https://www.politico.eu/article/pope-francis-nato-cause-ukraine-invasion-russia/ . 3 May 2022.
  41. News: Coleman . Julie . 3 May 2022 . The Pope says the Russians are learning that 'their tanks are useless' in Ukraine . . live . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233759/https://www.businessinsider.com/pope-says-the-russians-learning-their-tanks-are-useless-ukraine-2022-5 . 3 May 2022.
  42. News: Pullella . Philip . 30 June 2022 . Pope implicitly accuses Russia of aggression, imperialism in Ukraine . Reuters . 2 July 2022.
  43. News: Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine . 26 February 2022 . Tambur . Silver . Estonian world.
  44. News: Seeing red! Across Poland Soviet war memorials are being vandalised and defaced . The First News . 17 March 2022 . Webber . Alex.
  45. News: Neo-Nazis vandalise Soviet monument in Athens . 21 March 2022 . Euractiv.
  46. News: Estonia removes Soviet-era tank monument amid Russia tensions . 16 August 2022 . Henley . Jon . The Guardian.
  47. News: Russian ambassador to Poland pelted with red paint at VE Day gathering . 9 May 2022 . . Sauer . Pjotr.
  48. News: Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price . Brooks . Hannah . 2 May 2022 . NBC News.
  49. News: How Corporate Boycotts Could Backfire . 28 March 2022 . . Braw . Elizabeth.
  50. News: Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion . . Srivastava . Mehul . 6 May 2022.
  51. News: Beardsworth. James. Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape. The Moscow Times. 4 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220306231213/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762 . 6 March 2022.
  52. News: As Ukraine war intensifies, some Russian speakers far from Moscow are feeling hostility. The Washington Post. 3 March 2022.
  53. News: Russians across Europe face discrimination, hostility due to war in Ukraine . 3 March 2022 . Anadolu Agency.
  54. News: Russian students being expelled from European universities due to situation in Ukraine - Russian ombudsman . 28 February 2022 . Interface.
  55. Web site: 'Untrue': University body says European unis have not been expelling Russian students . 2 September 2023 . 4 March 2022 . European universities have not been expelling Russian students amid the Russia-Ukraine war, said the European University Association (EUA). In a tweet, EUA, which represents over 800 universities and national rectors' conferences in 48 European countries, said "it is untrue and EUA hasn't received any report of potential expulsions by any of its members"..
  56. News: Critics Reject Rep. Swalwell's Idea To Expel All Russian Students . 27 February 2022 . Anderson . Stuart . Forbes.
  57. Web site: 2022-02-26 . Russia says it is surprised by Lebanon's condemnation of invasion . . 2024-06-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226100000/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-says-it-is-surprised-by-lebanons-condemnation-invasion-2022-02-25/ . 26 February 2022 .
  58. News: . Ukraine round-up: UK PM warns of 'Ukraine fatigue' as Zelensky visits front-line cities . 18 June 2022 . 26 November 2022.
  59. Ryan, M. et al, U.S. privately asks Ukraine to show it's open to negotiate with Russia, Washington Post, published 5 November 2022, accessed 26 November 2022
  60. Web site: The Myth of America's Ukraine Fatigue . Rand Corporation . 2 September 2023 . in absolute terms, support for Ukraine among Americans remains relatively robust—hovering at 57 percent (PDF) or more (PDF), depending on the poll. This is a remarkable fact, particularly now that the war is nearly a year old. Nor is it unusual for there to be a partisan skew in opinion on a war. Conflicts—including in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan—often begin with support from both sides of the aisle. But as wars draw on, and as the original motive for the intervention begins to fade from collective memory, partisan divides creep in..
  61. News: How Russia is staging fake protests in Europe to discredit Ukraine . 9 May 2023 . Le Monde . 8 May 2023 . On February 11, 2023, the Place de la République in Paris was full of people. Thousands of demonstrators had gathered against the pension reform. But, in the middle of the crowd, three men stood out. One of them held a sign, which read: "EU [European Union], America, stop financing the war in Ukraine.".
  62. News: Russia staging protests for anti-Ukraine propaganda — report . 9 May 2023 . 8 May 2023 . en . The joint research by the Süddeutsche Zeitung, German broadcasters NDR and WDR, French paper Le Monde, Swedish paper Expressen and the Scandinavian broadcasters DR (Denmark), NRK (Norway) and SVT (Sweden) is based on leaked strategy papers that are said to have come from the Kremlin's security apparatus..
  63. News: Stelter . Brian . 17 March 2022 . Zelensky meets Americans where they are with video calls and mass media . 22 March 2022 . CNN.
  64. Web site: Seitz . Amanda . Klepper . David . 25 February 2022 . Propaganda, fake videos of Ukraine invasion bombard users . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/propaganda-fake-videos-ukraine-invasion-bombard-users-83102027 . 27 February 2022 . 27 February 2022 . ABC News.
  65. News: Coleman . Alistair . Sardarizadeh . Shayan . Ukraine conflict: Many misleading images have been shared online . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/60513452 . 1 March 2022 . . 24 February 2022.
  66. News: Kern . Rebecca . Scott . Mark . Goujard . Clothilde . 24 February 2022 . Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/24/social-media-platforms-russia-ukraine-disinformation-00011559 . 1 March 2022 . 1 March 2022 . Politico.
  67. News: Sardarizadeh . Shayan . 25 April 2022 . Ukraine war: False TikTok videos draw millions of views . en-GB . . 25 April 2022.
  68. News: Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine . . 11 March 2022 . 29 March 2022.
  69. Web site: Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army . . 4 March 2022 . 29 March 2022.
  70. News: Ukraine invasion: Russia passes law threatening 15 years in jail for spreading 'fake' information about the military . . 4 March 2022 . 29 March 2022.
  71. Web site: 24 February 2022 . Use Only Official Sources About Ukraine War, Russian Media Watchdog Tells Journalists . . 24 February 2022 . 24 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220224123216/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/use-only-official-sources-about-ukraine-war-russian-media-watchdog-tells-journalists-a76567 . live.
  72. Web site: Do not call Ukraine invasion a 'war', Russia tells media, schools . 2 March 2022 . 27 March 2022 . Al Jazeera.
  73. News: 26 February 2022 . Landen . Xander . Russia Tells Media to Delete Stories Mentioning Ukraine 'Invasion' . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-tells-media-delete-stories-mentioning-ukraine-invasion-1682973 . 27 February 2022.
  74. News: . Russia Bans Media Outlets From Using Words 'War,' 'Invasion' . 26 February 2022 . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/26/russia-bans-media-outlets-from-using-words-war-invasion-a76605 . 27 February 2022.
  75. Web site: Russia Puts 'Partial Restriction' on Facebook Access Citing Censorship on State Media . India.com . 25 February 2022 . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.india.com/news/world/russia-puts-partial-restriction-on-facebook-access-citing-censorship-on-state-media-5258636/ . 26 February 2022.
  76. Web site: Russia is limiting access to Facebook. The company says it was ordered to stop fact-checking . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.npr.org/live-updates/russia-invades-ukraine-news-friday#russia-is-limiting-access-to-facebook-the-company-says-it-was-ordered-to-stop-fact-checking . Shannon . Bond . 26 February 2022 . . 26 February 2022 . 25 February 2022.
  77. Masha . Gessen . The War That Russians Do Not See . . 4 March 2022 . 25 March 2022.
  78. News: Grafton-Green . Patrick . School children force fed Putin's propaganda as Russian media hides Ukraine truths . . 3 March 2022 . 25 March 2022.
  79. Web site: Emma . Gray . Putin's Media War . CPJ Press Freedom Reports . 27 March 2000 . 23 April 2008.
  80. News: Vorobyov . Niko . 24 February 2022 . How is the Ukraine invasion being viewed in Russia? . . Saint Petersburg . live . 25 March 2022 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/no-choice-but-to-invade-ukraine-kremlin . 27 February 2022.
  81. News: Simmons . Ann . Russian State Media Bolster Putin's Narrative for Ukraine Invasion . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-state-media-bolster-putins-narrative-for-ukraine-invasion-11645874643 . 27 February 2022 . . 26 February 2022 . 25 March 2022.
  82. News: Korenyuk . Maria . Goodman . Jack . Ukraine war: 'My city's being shelled, but mum won't believe me' . . 4 March 2022 . 25 March 2022.
  83. News: How Russian media outlets are preparing an attack on Ukraine . . 16 February 2022.
  84. News: 'Pure Orwell': how Russian state media spins invasion as liberation . . 25 February 2022.
  85. News: Russians in the dark about true state of war amid country's Orwellian media coverage . CNN . 3 April 2022.
  86. News: Troianovski . Anton . Anton Troianovski . 3 March 2022 . Echo of Moscow, a liberal Russian radio station, is shut down . .
  87. Web site: Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites . . 4 March 2022.
  88. Web site: Facebook, Multiple Media Sites Partially Down in Russia – AFP, NGO . . 4 March 2022.
  89. Web site: Russia blocks access to Facebook and Twitter . 4 March 2022 . 4 March 2022 . . Milmo . Dan.
  90. News: Walker . David . Wikipedia Appeals over Moscow Court Order to Remove Articles on Invasion . 14 June 2022 . The Washington Post . 14 June 2022.
  91. News: Wikipedia Challenges Russian Order to Remove Ukraine War Information . 14 June 2022 . DW . 13 June 2022.
  92. Web site: Russian court fines Wikipedia over military 'misinformation'. Reuters. 28 February 2023. 28 February 2023.
  93. Web site: Brewster . Thomas . 1 March 2022 . Ukraine's Propaganda Offensive, Led By Ad-Tech Entrepreneurs, Appears To Be Winning . 5 April 2022 . Forbes.
  94. News: Sam . Schechner . Stacy . Meichtry . 27 February 2022 . How Zelensky and Putin Are Using Online Media in the War for Ukraine . . 22 March 2022.
  95. 2 March 2022 . Kroll . Andy . China's Propaganda Machine Gears Up for Putin — and Blames America for the Invasion . Rolling Stone.
  96. News: Wilner . Michael . Maria Delgado . Antonio . Gámez Torres . Nora . 14 March 2022 . Explainer: How Russia's war in Ukraine is shuffling U.S. alliances in Latin America . . 21 March 2022.
  97. News: Wong . Edward . U.S. Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China . . 11 March 2022 . 12 March 2022.
  98. Web site: Boryana . Dzhambazova . 8 June 2022 . Welcome to Bulgaria, where the Ukraine war is NATO's fault . 25 October 2022 . . en-US.
  99. News: 14 March 2022 . Putin supporters demonstrate in Belgrade backing Ukrainian invasion . .
  100. News: Brodsky . Jason M. . Daoud . David . 10 March 2022 . Why Iran and Hezbollah Are Quietly Applauding Putin's War on Ukraine . . 21 March 2022.
  101. Web site: Ziabari . Kourosh . 9 March 2022 . In Backing Russia on Ukraine, Iran Is on the Wrong Side of History . Foreign Policy.
  102. Web site: Carmen . Sesin . 8 March 2022 . 21 March 2022 . Russian propaganda targeting Spanish-language users proliferates on social media . NBC News.
  103. Web site: Ragip . Soylu . 13 April 2022 . Russia-Ukraine war: Turkey's talk show generals sway public against Nato . . en.
  104. News: Higgins . Andrew . Novak . Benjamin . 3 April 2022 . Pro-Putin Leaders in Hungary and Serbia Set to Win Re-election . en-US . . live . https://archive.today/20220427161444/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/world/europe/pro-putin-leaders-in-hungary-and-serbia-election.html%23commentsContainer . 27 April 2022 . 0362-4331.
  105. News: Eligon . John . In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified . 19 March 2022 . . 17 March 2022.
  106. News: Dikole . S. A. . 11-17 March 2022 . Situation in Ukraine is about denazification of the country by Russia . 56 . . . 20 March 2022.
  107. Web site: 19 March 2022 . Why are Indonesians on social media so supportive of Russia? . Al Jazeera.
  108. News: Iswara . Aditya Jaya . 15 March 2022 . Kenapa Mayoritas Netizen Indonesia Dukung Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina dan Kagum dengan Putin? . Why do the majority of Indonesian netizens support the Russian invasion of Ukraine and admire Putin? . id . . BBC News Indonesia . 27 March 2022.
  109. News: White . Nadine . The racial bias in western media's Ukraine coverage is shameful . https://web.archive.org/web/20220228161430/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ukraine-refugees-racial-bias-western-media-b2024864.html . 28 February 2022 . limited . live . . 1 March 2022.
  110. Web site: 27 February 2022 . 'Double standards': Western coverage of Ukraine war criticised . . en.
  111. News: JOSEPH KRAUSS . 29 March 2022 . Many in Mideast see hypocrisy in Western embrace of Ukraine . Associated Press .
  112. Web site: Russian military commits indiscriminate attacks during the invasion of Ukraine . . 25 February 2022 . 25 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225151333/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/russian-military-commits-indiscriminate-attacks-during-the-invasion-of-ukraine . 25 February 2022 . live.
  113. Web site: 18 March 2022 . Ukraine: Deadly Attacks Kill, Injure Civilians, Destroy Homes . 27 March 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  114. Web site: Bogner . Matilda . 25 March 2022 . Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  115. HRMMU Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine, 24 February – 26 March 2022 . 28 March 2022 . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine.
  116. Lance . Rachel . Rachel Lance . The Enduring Danger of Cluster Bombs . 2 April 2022 . Wired . 1059-1028.
  117. News: Anatomy of an attack: Is Russia using cluster bombs in Ukraine? . Josh . Cheetham . Kayleen . Devlin . Jack . Goodman . Maria . Korenyuk . . 3 March 2022.
  118. News: Ukraine used cluster munitions — which many countries have banned — to force Russian troops out of a village, report says . Bill . Bostock . . 19 April 2022 . 20 April 2022.
  119. News: Ukraine nuclear power plant attack: All you need to know . 3 April 2022 . . 4 March 2022.
  120. News: Reid . Anna . 15 March 2022 . Ukrainian heritage is under threat – and so is the truth about Soviet-era Russia . . 2 April 2022.
  121. Web site: 24 April 2022 . Crimes against history: mapping the destruction of Ukraine's culture . 24 April 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  122. Web site: 20 March 2022 . Ukraine: US condemns 'unconscionable' forced deportations of civilians from Mariupol . 2 April 2022 . The Guardian.
  123. News: Engelbrecht . Cora . 29 March 2022 . Reports of sexual violence involving Russian soldiers are multiplying, Ukrainian officials say. . . 1 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329184716/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/29/world/europe/russian-soldiers-sexual-violence-ukraine.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur . 29 March 2022.
  124. News: 2 April 2022 . War in Ukraine: Street in Bucha found strewn with dead bodies . . 3 April 2022.
  125. News: In Bucha, the scope of Russian barbarity is coming into focus . . 7 April 2022. live . subscription. https://web.archive.org/web/20220407190243/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/06/bucha-barbarism-atrocities-russian-soldiers/ . 7 April 2022.
  126. News: Callaghan . Louise . Bodies of mutilated children among horrors the Russians left behind . 2 April 2022 . . subscription . 5 April 2022 . https://archive.today/20220404113203/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bodies-of-mutilated-children-among-horrors-the-russians-left-behind-5ddnkkwp2 . 4 April 2022 . live.
  127. Web site: Ukraine documents alleged atrocities by retreating Russians . 3 April 2022 . 3 April 2022 . CBS News.
  128. Web site: Dworkin . Anthony. 25 February 2022 . International law and the invasion of Ukraine – European Council on Foreign Relations . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://ecfr.eu/article/international-law-and-the-invasion-of-ukraine/ . 1 March 2022 . 25 February 2022 . European Council on Foreign Relations.
  129. Web site: ICC to begin investigation into possible war crimes in Ukraine: Prosecutor says referrals by dozens of countries after Russian invasion enables court to 'immediately' launch probe. . 2 March 2022 . . 10 May 2022.
  130. Web site: 28 February 2022 . Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: "I have decided to proceed with opening an investigation." . 23 March 2022 . icc-cpi.int.
  131. News: 3 March 2022 . Ukraine: Russia faces war crimes investigation . . 3 March 2022.
  132. News: 3 April 2022 . ICC prosecutor: Team leaves to investigate war crimes in Ukraine . . live . 4 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303231655/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/icc-prosecutor-advance-team-has-left-begin-work-ukraine-investigation-2022-03-03 . 3 March 2022.
  133. Web site: 11 March 2022 . Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Additional Referrals from Japan and North Macedonia; Contact portal launched for provision of information . 23 March 2022 . icc-cpi.int.
  134. Web site: 25 March 2022 . Russians use abduction, hostage-taking to threaten Ukrainian journalists in occupied zones . 27 March 2022 . Reporters without borders.
  135. News: 25 March 2022 . Ukraine War: Civilians abducted as Russia tries to assert control . . 27 March 2022.
  136. Web site: 31 March 2022 . Ukraine: Apparent POW Abuse Would Be War Crime . 1 April 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  137. News: 14 July 2022 . 'They started hunting for me': Ukraine politicians face torture in Russian detention . en-GB . BBC News . 16 July 2022.
  138. News: Farmer . Ben . Kozyreva . Tan ya . Townsley . Simon . I'm building 2,500 war crimes cases against Vladimir Putin's invasion, says Ukraine's chief prosecutor . 30 March 2022 . . 2 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331190405/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/putin-21st-century-war-criminal-ukraines-chief-prosecutor-investigate . 31 March 2022 . live.
  139. Web site: Ukraine begins first war crimes trial of Russian soldier . BBC . 13 May 2022. 13 May 2022.
  140. News: Milanovic . Marko . 27 February 2022 . Ukraine Files ICJ Claim against Russia . live . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.ejiltalk.org/ukraine-files-icj-claim-against-russia/ . 1 March 2022 . 2 March 2022.
  141. Web site: 16 March 2022 . Order of 16 March 2022 . International Court of Justice.
  142. Web site: 16 March 2022 . International Court of Justice orders Russia to suspend invasion of Ukraine . 16 March 2022 . Deutsche Welle.
  143. News: 16 March 2022 . Guerre en Ukraine, en direct . fr-FR . . 16 March 2022.
  144. News: Julian Borger . 27 May 2022 . Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes . The Guardian . 29 May 2022.
  145. Web site: 27 May 2022 . An Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federations Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent . 27 May 2022 . New Lines Institute . en.
  146. News: 4 February 2022 . A Reminder of the Importance of the Crime of Aggression: Considering the Situation of Russia and Ukraine . Opinio Juris . live . 26 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225114043/https://opiniojuris.org/2022/02/04/a-reminder-of-the-importance-of-the-crime-of-aggression-considering-the-situation-of-russia-and-ukraine . 25 February 2022.
  147. News: Guilfoyle . Douglas . McIntyre . Juliette . Paige . Tamsin Phillipa . 24 February 2020 . Is international law powerless against Russian aggression in Ukraine? No, but it's complicated . . live . 26 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123605/https://theconversation.com/is-international-law-powerless-against-russian-aggression-in-ukraine-no-but-its-complicated-177905 . 25 February 2022.
  148. Web site: 25 March 2022 . How Would Those Accused of Ukraine War Crimes Be Prosecuted? . 30 March 2022 . Erika . Kinetz . . PBS.
  149. Web site: 9 March 2022 . Judgment Day: European Nations Start Probing Alleged Russian War Crimes in Ukraine . 30 March 2022 . Voice of America.
  150. News: Nearly 30,000 Ukrainians 'evacuated' to Russia: Official . 17 July 2022 . Al-Jazeera.
  151. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-says-video-shows-russian-jet-intercepted-spy-drone-near-ukraine-2023-03-16/ "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest,"
  152. Web site: 2023-05-30 . South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  153. News: Russian President Vladimir Putin evades arrest warrant by skipping BRICS summit in South Africa . The Globe and Mail . 19 July 2023.
  154. News: Russia sanctions 313 Canadians, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . Anadolu Agency . 15 March 2022.
  155. Web site: Russia sanctions 61 more Canadians, including top Trudeau staffers, premiers, mayors and journalists . CTV . 21 April 2022.
  156. News: Sauer . Pjotr . Russia bans 29 UK journalists, including Guardian correspondents . . Guardian News & Media Limited . 14 June 2022.
  157. News: Russia expands U.S. sanctions list to include Biden's wife and daughter . 28 June 2022 . Reuters.
  158. News: Russia places sanctions against First Lady Jill Biden and daughter Ashley . 28 June 2022 . The Independent.
  159. Web site: One year in, global public opinion about the war in Ukraine has remained remarkably stable . 2023-01-29 . Ipsos.
  160. Web site: 61% globally think the war in Ukraine poses a significant risk to their country . 2023-01-29 . Ipsos.
  161. News: 11% of Belarusians support sending Belarus troops to Ukraine - poll . Euroradio . 27 April 2022.
  162. News: Over 30% of Belarusians support war in Ukraine, recent survey shows . Euroradio . 9 May 2022.
  163. Web site: Dietlind Stolle . 5 May 2022 . Support for Ukraine is strong in Europe, but nations are not as united as it looks . . en-gb.
  164. News: 20 April 2022 . Ukraine war: most Chinese believe backing Russia is in their national interest, says US think tank . South China Morning Post .
  165. Web site: Chinese Public Opinion on the War in Ukraine . 19 April 2022 . US-China Perception Monitor.
  166. Web site: Countries united in sympathy for Ukraine even as sanctions generate mixed reactions: Blackbox poll across Australia, China, India, and Singapore . 28 March 2022 . Blackbox . 13 October 2022.
  167. Web site: November 30, 2022 . How do the Chinese view the Taiwan Strait issue and the Russian invasion of Ukraine? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126183008/https://www.genron-npo.net/en/opinion_polls/archives/5610.html . January 26, 2023 . Genron NPO.
  168. Web site: NOBUYOSHI SAKAJIRI . December 22, 2022 . INTERVIEW/ NPO head details rare survey of Chinese views on Ukraine, Taiwan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221222115815/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14792675 . December 22, 2022 . . en.
  169. News: 26 April 2022 . Nato expansion: No set date for Finland application – minister . BBC News . 3 May 2022.
  170. News: 70% of Germans back Ukraine despite high energy prices, survey shows . Reuters . 15 July 2022.
  171. Web site: ARD-DeutschlandTREND März 2022. tagesschau.de . 2 March 2022 . 2024-01-03.
  172. Web site: Views of Putin around the world. pewresearch.org . 6 July 2023 . 2024-01-03.
  173. News: Germany's Scholz, Instrumental in Securing U.S. Tanks for Ukraine, Emerges With Little Credit . The Wall Street Journal . 27 January 2023.
  174. Web site: Public opinion in Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, and The USA. How do these countries support Ukraine and its NATO aspirations? . 18 May 2023.
  175. News: Split opinion in India on whether Russia or Western countries to blame for Ukraine conflict: Survey . The Times of India . 25 October 2022.
  176. Web site: 15 March 2022 . Iswara . Aditya Jaya . Kenapa Mayoritas Netizen Indonesia Dukung Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina dan Kagum dengan Putin? . Why do the majority of Indonesian netizens support the Russian invasion of Ukraine and admire Putin? . 27 March 2022 . . id . BBC News Indonesia.
  177. I. Reynolds & Y. Tamura, "Japan Embraces Ukraine Refugees in Break From Past Conflicts", Bloomberg, 1 Apr. 2022, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-01/japan-embraces-ukraine-refugees-in-break-from-past-conflicts (last visited 23 Jul. 2023)
  178. M.Y.H. Lee, "Refugee-Averse Japan Opens Its Doors to Ukrainians", The Washington Post, 19 Mar. 2022,available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/19/japan-ukraine-refugees/ (last visited 23 Jul. 2023)
  179. Yamagata A. A Critical Analysis of Japan's Decision to Accept Ukrainians Following the Russian Invasion in 2022. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 2023;42(4):494-517 doi: 10.1093/rsq/hdad013.
  180. Web site: Grassroots refugee support grows in Japan amid tough asylum policy .
  181. News: 26 April 2022 . 69% in Japan call for country to accept more Ukrainian evacuees: Mainichi poll . Mainichi Daily News . 6 March 2024.
  182. News: New Public Opinion Poll: Jordanians Favor De-escalation in the Region, But Sentiment Against Israel Remains . The Washington Institute . 9 June 2023.
  183. News: Najibullah . Farangis . Disenchanted Russian Emigre In Kazakhstan To Seek New Life Elsewhere . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 11 June 2023.
  184. Web site: In Russia, opinion polls are a political weapon . 25 September 2022 . . en.
  185. 29 March 2022 . Why Do So Many Russians Say They Support the War in Ukraine? . 25 September 2022 . . en-US.
  186. Web site: . 17 March 2022 . What do ordinary Russians really think about the war in Ukraine? .
  187. Web site: . 17 March 2022 . ru:Независимые социологи: 71% россиян испытывает гордость из-за войны с Украиной . https://www.svoboda.org/amp/nezavisimye-sotsiologi-71-rossiyan-ispytyvaet-gordostj-iz-za-voyny-s-ukrainoy/31757535.html . ru.
  188. Web site: Kizlova . Kseniya . Norris . Pippa . 17 March 2022 . What do ordinary Russians really think about the war in Ukraine? . 14 September 2022 . London School of Economics.
  189. News: 9 March 2022 . In Russia, opinion polls are a political weapon . .
  190. News: 11 March 2022 . Misinformation colors how Russians are seeing the Ukrainian war . .
  191. News: 12 April 2022 . Russian Public Accepts Putin's Spin on Ukraine Conflict . .
  192. Web site: Hooper . Cynthia . 2 March 2022 . Russia's invasion of Ukraine has Kremlin battling for hearts and minds at home . 3 March 2022 . The Conversation.
  193. News: Jack . Victor . 7 February 2022 . How do young Ukrainians and Russians feel about another war? . .
  194. News: Putin Quietly Signals He Is Open to a Cease-Fire in Ukraine . The New York Times . 23 December 2023.
  195. Web site: Hudec . Michal . 15 September 2022 . Most Slovaks want Russia to win Ukraine war . 25 October 2022 . . en-GB.
  196. Web site: Daniel . Kerekes . 20 September 2022 . Plurality of Slovaks Back Russia's War Aims: Poll . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006003235/https://tol.org/client/article/plurality-of-slovaks-favor-russias-war-aims-poll.html . 6 October 2022 . . en-US.
  197. Web site: Apklausa: lietuviai vieningi dėl karo Ukrainoje, o dėl partnerystės ir dekriminalizavimo nėra kategoriški . . 23 December 2023 . lt.
  198. Web site: Apklausa: lietuviai palankiausiai vertina Ukrainos, Lenkijos ir JAV lyderius, palaikančių Putiną beveik nėra . . 23 December 2023 . 8 April 2023 . lt.
  199. Web site: Apklausa: lietuviai Ukrainą palaiko labiau nei bendrai europiečiai . Vz.lt . 23 December 2023 . lt.
  200. Web site: Ipsos . 21 June 2023 . African sentiment is favouring Ukraine .
  201. Web site: Dentlinger . Lindsay . 60% of South Africans think Russia guilty of war crimes in Ukraine - poll . 2023-10-26 . ewn.co.za . en.
  202. Web site: Brenthurst Survey Shows Vast Majority of South Africans Condemn Russia . 2023-10-26 . The Brenthurst Foundation . en.
  203. News: One year on: European and American attitudes to the war in Ukraine . . 24 February 2023.
  204. News: Majority of Ukrainians believe they will win against Russia – poll . . 28 February 2022.
  205. News: Perception index of the Russian-Ukrainian war: results of a telephone survey conducted on May 19-24, 2022 . . May 2022.
  206. News: Ukrainians want to stay and fight, but don't see Russian people as the enemy. A remarkable poll from Kyiv . . 14 March 2022.
  207. News: Most Ukrainians rule out any territorial concessions to end war . Bloomberg . 24 May 2022 . 16 October 2022.
  208. News: Nearly 90% of Ukrainians oppose territorial concessions to Russia - poll . Euronews . 16 September 2022 . 16 October 2022.
  209. News: Poll: Majority Of Ukrainians Support Continued Fighting . Forbes . 18 October 2022.
  210. News: Lieven . Anatol . Crimea Has Become a Frankenstein's Monster . . 11 April 2023.
  211. News: Poll: 94% of Ukrainians have negative view of Russia, Belarus ranks second worst . The Kyiv Independent . 5 April 2023.
  212. News: 24 March 2022 . Most Americans don't like Biden's Ukraine response and worry about inflation . .
  213. Web site: Jackson . Chris . Azevedo Lohr . Annaleise . Duran . Jocelyn . 10 October 2022 . Most Americans agree the U.S. should continue to support Ukraine despite threat of nuclear weapons use by Russia . IPSOS.
  214. News: 74% Of Americans Think Worst Of War In Ukraine Is Yet To Come, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Than 8 In 10 Think Vladimir Putin Is A War Criminal . . 13 April 2022.
  215. News: Why Black Americans May Be More Hesitant About Overseas Military Intervention . . 22 November 2022.
  216. News: Biden to rally allies as Ukraine war gets more complicated . New York Post . February 21, 2023.
  217. News: CNN Poll: Majority of Americans oppose more US aid for Ukraine in war with Russia . CNN . 4 August 2023.
  218. News: Most Americans Still Support Ukraine War Effort . . 29 June 2023.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.