Radical of a module explained

In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M.

Definition

Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodule N of M is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient M/N is a simple module. The radical of the module M is the intersection of all maximal submodules of M,

rad (M) = c ap \{N \mid N isamaximalsubmoduleof M\} Equivalently,rad (M) = \sum \{S \mid S isasuperfluoussubmoduleof M\} These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(M).

Properties

• In addition to the fact rad(M) is the sum of superfluous submodules, in a Noetherian module rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule.

In fact, if M is finitely generated over a ring, then rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule. This is because any proper submodule of M is contained in a maximal submodule of M when M is finitely generated.

• A ring for which rad(M) =  for every right R-module M is called a right V-ring.
• For any module M, rad(M/rad(M)) is zero.
• M is a finitely generated module if and only if the cosocle M/rad(M) is finitely generated and rad(M) is a superfluous submodule of M.

See also

• Socle (mathematics)
• Jacobson radical

References

• Book: Alperin, J.L. . J. L. Alperin . Rowen B. Bell . Groups and representations . . 1995 . 0-387-94526-1 . 136 .
• Book: Anderson, Frank Wylie . Kent R. Fuller . Rings and Categories of Modules . . 978-0-387-97845-1 . 1992.