Quinary (base 5 or pental) is a numeral system with five as the base. A possible origination of a quinary system is that there are five digits on either hand.
In the quinary place system, five numerals, from 0 to 4, are used to represent any real number. According to this method, five is written as 10, twenty-five is written as 100, and sixty is written as 220.
As five is a prime number, only the reciprocals of the powers of five terminate, although its location between two highly composite numbers (4 and 6) guarantees that many recurring fractions have relatively short periods.
Today, the main usage of quinary is as a biquinary system, which is decimal using five as a sub-base. Another example of a sub-base system is sexagesimal (base sixty), which used ten as a sub-base.
Each quinary digit can hold
log25
| × | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 20 | |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 20 | |
| 2 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 31 | 33 | 40 | |
| 3 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 30 | 33 | 41 | 44 | 102 | 110 | |
| 4 | 4 | 13 | 22 | 31 | 40 | 44 | 103 | 112 | 121 | 130 | |
| 10 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 200 | |
| 11 | 11 | 22 | 33 | 44 | 110 | 121 | 132 | 143 | 204 | 220 | |
| 12 | 12 | 24 | 41 | 103 | 120 | 132 | 144 | 211 | 223 | 240 | |
| 13 | 13 | 31 | 44 | 112 | 130 | 143 | 211 | 224 | 242 | 310 | |
| 14 | 14 | 33 | 102 | 121 | 140 | 204 | 223 | 242 | 311 | 330 | |
| 20 | 20 | 40 | 110 | 130 | 200 | 220 | 240 | 310 | 330 | 400 |
| Quinary | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 22 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Binary | 0 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 100 | 101 | 110 | 111 | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | |
| Decimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
| Quinary | 23 | 24 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 100 | |
| Binary | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 | 10000 | 10001 | 10010 | 10011 | 10100 | 10101 | 10110 | 10111 | 11000 | 11001 | |
| Decimal | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| Quinary (periodic part) | Binary (periodic part) | ||
| 1/2 = 0.5 | 1/2 = 0.2 | 1/10 = 0.1 | |
| 1/3 = 0.3 | 1/3 = 0.13 | 1/11 = 0.01 | |
| 1/4 = 0.25 | 1/4 = 0.1 | 1/100 = 0.01 | |
| 1/5 = 0.2 | 1/10 = 0.1 | 1/101 = 0.0011 | |
| 1/6 = 0.16 | 1/11 = 0.04 | 1/110 = 0.010 | |
| 1/7 = 0.142857 | 1/12 = 0.032412 | 1/111 = 0.001 | |
| 1/8 = 0.125 | 1/13 = 0.03 | 1/1000 = 0.001 | |
| 1/9 = 0.1 | 1/14 = 0.023421 | 1/1001 = 0.000111 | |
| 1/10 = 0.1 | 1/20 = 0.02 | 1/1010 = 0.00011 | |
| 1/11 = 0.09 | 1/21 = 0.02114 | 1/1011 = 0.0001011101 | |
| 1/12 = 0.083 | 1/22 = 0.02 | 1/1100 = 0.0001 | |
| 1/13 = 0.076923 | 1/23 = 0.0143 | 1/1101 = 0.000100111011 | |
| 1/14 = 0.0714285 | 1/24 = 0.013431 | 1/1110 = 0.0001 | |
| 1/15 = 0.06 | 1/30 = 0.013 | 1/1111 = 0.0001 | |
| 1/16 = 0.0625 | 1/31 = 0.0124 | 1/10000 = 0.0001 | |
| 1/17 = 0.0588235294117647 | 1/32 = 0.0121340243231042 | 1/10001 = 0.00001111 | |
| 1/18 = 0.05 | 1/33 = 0.011433 | 1/10010 = 0.0000111 | |
| 1/19 = 0.052631578947368421 | 1/34 = 0.011242141 | 1/10011 = 0.000011010111100101 | |
| 1/20 = 0.05 | 1/40 = 0.01 | 1/10100 = 0.000011 | |
| 1/21 = 0.047619 | 1/41 = 0.010434 | 1/10101 = 0.000011 | |
| 1/22 = 0.045 | 1/42 = 0.01032 | 1/10110 = 0.00001011101 | |
| 1/23 = 0.0434782608695652173913 | 1/43 = 0.0102041332143424031123 | 1/10111 = 0.00001011001 | |
| 1/24 = 0.0416 | 1/44 = 0.01 | 1/11000 = 0.00001 | |
| 1/25 = 0.04 | 1/100 = 0.01 | 1/11001 = 0.00001010001111010111 |
Many languages[1] use quinary number systems, including Gumatj, Nunggubuyu,[2] Kuurn Kopan Noot,[3] Luiseño,[4] and Saraveca. Gumatj has been reported to be a true "5–25" language, in which 25 is the higher group of 5. The Gumatj numerals are shown below:[2]
| Number | Base 5 | Numeral | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | wanggany | |
| 2 | 2 | marrma | |
| 3 | 3 | lurrkun | |
| 4 | 4 | dambumiriw | |
| 5 | 10 | wanggany rulu | |
| 10 | 20 | marrma rulu | |
| 15 | 30 | lurrkun rulu | |
| 20 | 40 | dambumiriw rulu | |
| 25 | 100 | dambumirri rulu | |
| 50 | 200 | marrma dambumirri rulu | |
| 75 | 300 | lurrkun dambumirri rulu | |
| 100 | 400 | dambumiriw dambumirri rulu | |
| 125 | 1000 | dambumirri dambumirri rulu | |
| 625 | 10000 | dambumirri dambumirri dambumirri rulu |
However, Harald Hammarström reports that "one would not usually use exact numbers for counting this high in this language and there is a certain likelihood that the system was extended this high only at the time of elicitation with one single speaker," pointing to the Biwat language as a similar case (previously attested as 5-20, but with one speaker recorded as making an innovation to turn it 5-25).[1]
In this section, the numerals are in decimal. For example, "5" means five, and "10" means ten.
A decimal system with two and five as a sub-bases is called biquinary and is found in Wolof and Khmer. Roman numerals are an early biquinary system. The numbers 1, 5, 10, and 50 are written as I, V, X, and L respectively. Seven is VII, and seventy is LXX. The full list of symbols is:
| Roman | I | V | X | L | C | D | M | |
| Decimal | 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |
Many versions of the abacus, such as the suanpan and soroban, use a biquinary system to simulate a decimal system for ease of calculation. Urnfield culture numerals and some tally mark systems are also biquinary. Units of currencies are commonly partially or wholly biquinary.
Bi-quinary coded decimal is a variant of biquinary that was used on a number of early computers including Colossus and the IBM 650 to represent decimal numbers.
Few calculators support calculations in the quinary system, except for some Sharp models (including some of the EL-500W and EL-500X series, where it is named the pental system) since about 2005, as well as the open-source scientific calculator WP 34S.