Quantum instrument explained

In quantum physics, a quantum instrument is a mathematical description of a quantum measurement, capturing both the classical and quantum outputs.^[1] It can be equivalently understood as a quantum channel that takes as input a quantum system and has as its output two systems: a classical system containing the outcome of the measurement and a quantum system containing the post-measurement state.^[2]

Definition

Let

X be a countable set describing the outcomes of a quantum measurement, and let \{ l{E} _{x} \} _{x\in} denote a collection of trace-non-increasing completely positive maps, such that the sum of all l{E} _{x} is trace-preserving, i.e. $\backslash operatorname\backslash left(\backslash sum\_x\backslash mathcal\_x(\backslash rho)\backslash right)=\backslash operatorname(\backslash rho)$ for all positive operators \rho.

Now for describing a measurement by an instrument

l{I} , the maps l{E} _{x} are used to model the mapping from an input state \rho to the output state of a measurement conditioned on a classical measurement outcome x . Therefore, the probability that a specific measurement outcome x occurs on a state \rho is given by^[3] $$p(x|\backslash rho)=\backslash operatorname(\backslash mathcal\_x(\backslash rho)).$$

The state after a measurement with the specific outcome

x is given by

$$\backslash rho\_x=\backslash frac.$$

If the measurement outcomes are recorded in a classical register, whose states are modeled by a set of orthonormal projections $|x\backslash rangle\backslash langle\; x|\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathcal(\backslash mathbb^$

), then the action of an instrument l{I} is given by a quantum channel l{I}: l{B}( l{H} _{1)} → l{B}( l{H} _{2) ⊗} l{B}( C ^{|X|} ) with

$$\backslash mathcal(\backslash rho):=\backslash sum\_x\; \backslash mathcal\_x(\backslash rho)\backslash otimes\; \backslash vert\; x\; \backslash rangle\; \backslash langle\; x|.$$

Here

l{H} _{1} and l{H} _{2} ⊗ C ^{|X|} are the Hilbert spaces corresponding to the input and the output systems of the instrument.

Reductions and inductions

Just as a completely positive trace preserving (CPTP) map can always be considered as the reduction of unitary evolution on a system with an initially unentangled auxiliary, quantum instruments are the reductions of projective measurement with a conditional unitary, and also reduce to CPTP maps and POVMs when ignore measurement outcomes and state evolution, respectively. In John Smolin's terminology, this is an example of "going to the Church of the Larger Hilbert space".

As a reduction of projective measurement and conditional unitary

Any quantum instrument on a system

l{S} can be modeled as a projective measurement on l{S} and (jointly) an uncorrelated auxiliary l{A} followed by a unitary conditional on the measurement outcome.^[4] Let η (with η > 0 and Tr η =1 ) be the normalized initial state of l{A} , let \{\Pi _{i\}} (with \Pi _{i} = \Pi ^{\dagger} _{i} = \Pi ^{2} _{i} and \Pi _{i} \Pi _{j} = \delta _{ij} \Pi _{i} ) be a projective measurement on l{SA} , and let \{U _{i\}} (with U ^{\dagger} _{i} = U ^{-1} _{i} ) be unitaries on l{SA} . Then one can check thatl{E} _{i} (\rho) : = Tr _{l{A} }\left(U_i\Pi_i(\rho\otimes\eta)\Pi_i U_i^\dagger\right)defines a quantum instrument. Furthermore, one can also check that any choice of quantum instrument \{ l{E} _{i\}} can be obtained with this construction for some choice of η and \{U _{i\}} .

In this sense, a quantum instrument can be thought of as the reduction of a projective measurement combined with a conditional unitary.

Reduction to CPTP map

Any quantum instrument

\{ l{E} _{i\}} immediately induces a CPTP map, i.e., a quantum channel:l{E} (\rho) : = \sum _{i} l{E} _{i(\rho).} This can be thought of as the overall effect of the measurement on the quantum system if the measurement outcome is thrown away.

Reduction to POVM

Any quantum instrument

\{ l{E} _{i\}} immediately induces a positive operator-valued measurement (POVM):M _{i} : = \sum _{a} K ^{(i)\dagger} _{a} K ^{(i)} _{a} where K ^{(i)} _{a} are any choice of Kraus operators for l{E} _{i} ,l{E} _{i} (\rho) = \sum _{a} K ^{(i)} _{a} \rho K ^{(i)\dagger} _{a} . The Kraus operators K ^{(i)} _{a} are not uniquely determined by the CP maps l{E} _{i} , but the above definition of the POVM elements M _{i} is the same for any choice. The POVM can be thought of as the measurement of the quantum system if the information about how the system is affected by the measurement is thrown away.

Notes and References

1. Book: Orly . Alter . Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist) . Yoshihisa . Yamamoto . Quantum Measurement of a Single System . New York . Wiley . 2001 . 10.1002/9783527617128 . 9780471283089 .
2. Book: Andrew N. . Jordan . Irfan A. . Siddiqi . Quantum Measurement: Theory and Practice . Cambridge University Press . 2024 . 978-1009100069.
3. Book: Busch . Paul . Lahti . Pekka . Pellonpää . Juha-Pekka . Ylinen . Kari . Quantum measurement . Springer. 2016 . 23 . 261--262 . 978-3-319-43387-5 . 10.1007/978-3-319-43389-9.
4. Ozawa . Masanao . 1984 . Quantum measuring processes of continuous observables . Journal of Mathematical Physics . 25 . 79-87.