The Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ (Arabic: قصص الأنبياء) or Stories of the Prophets is any of various collections of stories about figures recognised as prophets and messengers in Islam, closely related to tafsir (exegesis of the Qur'an).
Since the Quran refers only parabolically to the stories of the prophets, assuming the audience is able to complete the rest from their own knowledge, it became necessary to store the version the original audience had in mind to keep the purpose of the message, when Islam met other cultures during its expansion.[1]
Authors of these texts drew on many traditions available to medieval Islamic civilization such as those of Asia, Africa, China, and Europe. Many of these scholars were also authors of commentaries on the Qurʾān; unlike Qurʾān commentaries, however, which follow the order and structure of the Qurʾān itself, the qaṣaṣ told its stories of the prophets in chronological order, which makes them similar to the Jewish and Christian versions of the Bible. The narrations within the Qasas al-anbiyāʾ frequently emphasise wisdom and moral teachings rather than limiting themselves to historical-style narratives.[2]
The Qaṣaṣ thus usually begins with the creation of the world and its various creatures including angels, and culminating in Adam. Following the stories of Adam and his family come the tales of Idris; Nuh and Shem; Hud and Salih; Ibrahim, Ismail and his mother Hajar; Lut; Ishaq, Jacob and Esau, and Yusuf; Shuaib; Musa and his brother Aaron; Khidr; Joshua, Eleazar, and Elijah; the kings Samuel, Saul, Dawud, and Sulaiman; Yunus; Dhu al-Kifl and Dhu al-Qarnayn; all the way up to and including Yahya and Jesus, son of Maryam. Sometimes the author incorporated related local folklore or oral traditions, and many of the Qaṣaṣ al-'Anbiyāʾs tales echo medieval Christian and Jewish stories.
The Qurʾān frequently mentions and makes use of stories of biblical figures, but only in the case of Joseph son of Jacob (Yūsuf ibn Yaqūb) does it narrate a prophet's story linearly and in full. Implicitly the original audiences of the Qurʾān had enough knowledge of these biblical figures to understand the allusions, but subsequent early Muslims felt the need for more information about these figures, who came in Islam to be known as prophets (Arabic: أنبياء , anbiyāʾ).[3] Particularly influential sources of biblical knowledge, whose information was transmitted by later Muslim scholars, were ʿAbdullāh ibn Salām (d. 663), Kaʿb al-Aḥbār (d. c. 652), and Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. c. 730); their information underpinned the first written expositions of the Qurʾān's allusions to biblical figures, exegetical commentaries (tafsir). These commentaries inspired a tradition of historical writing that began to present biblical figures in a more linear, narrative form; the principal work of this kind was the Tarikh al-rusul wa-l-muluk by al-Tabari (839–923).[4]
Alongside written commentaries in the early Islamic period, under the Umayyad Caliphate, people paid storytellers (quṣṣāṣ) to preach about religion to the people; they communicated legends about biblical figures that were circulating both orally and in writing among Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities. Along with preachers during the Friday prayers, they were the first paid functionaries of Islamic religion. From the eighth century they were increasingly disparaged as folkloric preachers, and were disregarded by institutional scholars (ʿulamāʾ).[5]
By the early ninth century CE the tradition of both written commentaries and oral storytelling inspired collections of fully narrated biographies of the prophets, and these Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ became a distinct genre of Islamic literature:[6] the earliest to survive are Mubtadaʾ al-dunyā wa-qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ by Abū Ḥudhayfa Isḥāq ibn Bishr Qurashī (d. 821) and the Kitāb badʾ al-khalq wa-qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ of ʿUmāra ibn Wathīma (died 902).[7] Perhaps the most important work, characterised by Roberto Tottoli as "probably the most comprehensive collection of stories of the prophets, and [...] the most widely known in the Arab world", was Abū Isḥāq al-Thaʿlabī ʿArāʾis al-majālis fī qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ, from around the early eleventh century.
Like the Qurʾānic commentaries or Jewish haggadic texts, however, the Qaṣaṣ are often didactic rather than simply narrative.[8] Unlike the Qurʾān, the Qaṣaṣ were never considered as binding or authoritative by theologians. Instead, the purpose of the Qaṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ was to offer Muslims complementary material on the basis of the Qurʾān, to explain the signs of God, and the reason for the advent of the prophets.[9] Themselves derived from Jewish and Christian texts, Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ went on to influence Jewish writing within the majority-Muslim world: for example, the fourteenth-century Jewish scholar Shāhin-i Shirāzi drew on such sources.
During the mid-sixteenth century, several gorgeously illuminated versions of the Qaṣaṣ — such as Zubdat al-Tawarikh and Siyer-i Nebi — were created by Ottoman authors and miniature painters. According to Milstein et al., "iconographical study [of the texts] reveals ideological programs and cliché typical of the Ottoman polemical discourse with its Shi'ite rival in Iran, and its Christian neighbors in the West."[10]
Islamic scholars and theologians have consistently regarded the writings in Qaṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ as undependable for studying the lives of Prophets or for historical research; viewing the work with disapproval.[11] Abdul Wahhab Najjar's (1862–1941) modern Qaṣaṣ explains the stories of the prophets solely based on Quranic sources, being diametrically opposed to the Medieval tractats of the same title. However, they share the chronological structure of earlier Qaṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ and a summary of the prophetic moral lessons.[12]
| Abū Ḥudhayfa Isḥāq ibn Bishr Qurashī | Mubtadaʾ al-dunyā wa-qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | c. 800 | Arabic | ||
| ʿUmāra ibn Wathīma | Kitāb badʾ al-khalq wa-qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | ninth century | Arabic | French[13] | |
| al-Ṭabarī | Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk | early tenth century | Arabic | English[14] | |
| Baḷʿamī | Tarikhnama | tenth century | Persian | ||
| Abū Isḥāq al-Thaʿlabī | ʿArāʾis al-majālis fī qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | early eleventh century | Arabic | English,[15] German[16] | |
| Ibn Muṭarrif al-Ṭarafī | Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | earlier eleventh century | Arabic | Italian[17] | |
| Abū Naṣr Aḥmad al-Bukhārī | Tāj al-qaṣaṣ | c. 1081 | Persian | ||
| Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī | Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | c. 1100 | Arabic | English, Hebrew | |
| Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Mansūr ibn Khalaf | twelfth century | ||||
| Nāṣir al-Dīn ibn Burhān al-Dīn Rabghūzī | Qaṣaṣ-i Rabghūzī | 1310/1311 | Khwārazm Turkish | English[18] | |
| Ibn Kathir | Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ | fourteenth century | Arabic | ||
| Muḥammad Rabadán | Discurso de la luz de Muhamad | 1603 | Spanish |