Qoph is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician qōp, Hebrew qūp̄, Aramaic qop, Syriac qōp̄ ܩ, and Arabic qāf .
Its original sound value was a West Semitic emphatic stop, presumably pronounced as /link/. In Hebrew numerals, it has the numerical value of 100.
The origin of the glyph shape of qōp is uncertain. It is usually suggested to have originally depicted either a sewing needle, specifically the eye of a needle (Hebrew Hebrew: קוף quf and Aramaic Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE);; Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE);: קופא qopɑʔ both refer to the eye of a needle), or the back of a head and neck (qāf in Arabic meant "nape").[1] According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail (the Hebrew Hebrew: קוף means "monkey").[2]
Besides Aramaic Qop, which gave rise to the letter in the Semitic abjads used in classical antiquity, Phoenician qōp is also the origin of the Latin letter Q and Greek Ϙ (qoppa) and Φ (phi).[3]
The Arabic letter Arabic: ق is named Arabic: قاف . It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:Traditionally in the scripts of the Maghreb it is written with a single dot, similarly to how the letter fā ف is written in Mashreqi scripts:[4]
It is usually transliterated into Latin script as q, though some scholarly works use ḳ.[5]
According to Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, the letter is pronounced voiced (maǧhūr),[6] although some scholars argue, that Sibawayh's term maǧhūr implies lack of aspiration rather than voice.[7] As noted above, Modern Standard Arabic has the voiceless uvular plosive pronounced as /link/ as its standard pronunciation of the letter, but dialectical pronunciations vary as follows:
The three main pronunciations:
in most of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, Southern and Western Yemen and parts of Oman, Northern Iraq, parts of the Levant (especially the Alawite and Druze dialects). In fact, it is so characteristic of the Alawites and the Druze that Levantines invented a verb "yqaqi" /jqæqi/ that means "speaking with a /q/".[8] However, most other dialects of Arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when Arabs speak Modern Standard Arabic.
in most of the Arabian Peninsula, Northern and Eastern Yemen and parts of Oman, Southern Iraq, some parts within Jordan, eastern Syria and southern Palestine, Upper Egypt (Ṣaʿīd), Sudan, Libya, Mauritania and to lesser extent in some parts of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco but it is also used partially across those countries in some words.[9]
in most of the Levant and Egypt, as well as some North African towns such as Tlemcen and Fez.
Other pronunciations:
In Sudanese and some forms of Yemeni, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
In rural Palestinian it is often pronounced as a voiceless velar plosive pronounced as /link/, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
Marginal pronunciations:
In some positions in Najdi, though this pronunciation is fading in favor of pronounced as /link/.[10] [11]
Optionally in Iraqi and in Gulf Arabic, it is sometimes pronounced as a voiced postalveolar affricate pronounced as /link/, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
It is not well known when the pronunciation of qāf (ق) as a velar pronounced as /[ɡ]/ occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of jīm (Arabic: [[ج]]) as an affricate pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/, but the Arabian peninsula which is the homeland of the Arabic language, there are two sets of pronunciations, either the (Arabic: [[ج]]) represents a pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/ and (Arabic: [[ق]]) represents a pronounced as /[ɡ]/[12] which is the main pronunciation in most of the peninsula except for western and southern Yemen and parts of Oman where (Arabic: [[ج]]) represents a pronounced as /[ɡ]/ and (Arabic: [[ق]]) represents a pronounced as /[q]/.
The Standard Arabic (MSA) combination of (Arabic: [[ج]]) as a pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/ and (Arabic: [[ق]]) as a pronounced as /[q]/ does not occur in any natural modern dialect in the Arabian peninsula, which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of (Arabic: [[ج]]) to pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/ and the pronunciation of the (Arabic: [[ق]]) as a pronounced as /[ɡ]/ as shown in the table below:
| Azeri | Arabic alphabet | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kurdish | Sorani | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Malay | Jawi | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |
| Pashto | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Persian | Dari | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Iranian | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Punjabi | Shahmukhi | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |
| Urdu | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Uyghur | pronounced as /link/ | ||
The Maghrebi style of writing is different: having only a single point (dot) above; when the letter is isolated or word-final, it may sometimes become unpointed.[13]
| Form of letter: |
The earliest Arabic manuscripts show in several variants: pointed (above or below) or unpointed.[14] Then the prevalent convention was having a point above for and a point below for ; this practice is now only preserved in manuscripts from the Maghribi,[15] with the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the Mashriqi form (two dots above: Arabic: ق) prevails.
Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter , as it is instead written with a dot underneath in the Maghribi script.[16]
The Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary transliterates the letter Qoph as or ; and, when word-final, it may be transliterated as . The English spellings of Biblical names (as derived via Latin from Biblical Greek) containing this letter may represent it as c or k, e.g. Cain for Hebrew Qayin, or Kenan for Qenan (Genesis 4:1, 5:9).
In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter is also called . The letter represents pronounced as //k//; i.e., no distinction is made between the pronunciations of Qof and Kaph with Dagesh (in modern Hebrew).
However, many historical groups have made that distinction, with Qof being pronounced pronounced as /link/ by Iraqi Jews and other Mizrahim, or even as pronounced as /link/ by Yemenite Jews under the influence of Yemeni Arabic.
Qoph is consistently transliterated into classical Greek with the unaspirated〈κ〉/k/, while Kaph (both its allophones) is transliterated with the aspirated〈χ〉/kʰ/. Thus Qoph was unaspirated /k/ where Kaph was /kʰ/, this distinction is no longer present. Further we know that Qoph is one of the emphatic consonants through comparison with other Semitic languages, and most likely was ejective /kʼ/. In Arabic the emphatics are pharyngealised and this causes a preference for back vowels, this is not shown in Hebrew orthography. Though the gutturals show a preference for certain vowels, Hebrew emphatics do not in Tiberian Hebrew (the Hebrew dialect recorded with vowels) and therefore were most likely not pharyngealised, but ejective, pharyngealisation being a result of Arabisation.
Qof in Hebrew numerals represents the number 100. Sarah is described in Genesis Rabba as, literally "At Qof years of age, she was like Kaph years of age in sin", meaning that when she was 100 years old, she was as sinless as when she was 20.[17]