Psychosocial safety climate explained

Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) is a term used in organisational psychology that refers to the shared belief held by workers that their psychological health and safety is protected and supported by senior management. PSC builds on other work stress theories and concerns the corporate climate for worker psychological health and safety. Studies have found that a favourable PSC is associated with low rates of absenteeism and high productivity, while a poor climate is linked to high levels of workplace stress and job dissatisfaction. PSC can be promoted by organisational practices, policies and procedures that prioritise the psychosocial safety and wellbeing of workers. The theory has implications for the design of workplaces for the best possible outcomes for both workers and management.

The PSC theory

PSC theory is a work stress theory in the field of workplace health and safety and organisational psychology.^[1] PSC refers to the shared perceptions of employees of their organisation’s “systems, policies, practices and procedures for the protection of worker psychological health and safety”. PSC largely reflects management values regarding the psychological health of workers.

PSC theory is that when senior management value and prioritise worker psychological health and safety, corporate decisions are made to provide and design work that is meaningful, manageable, amply resourced and free from psychosocial risks. Numerous work stress theories exist within occupational health psychology, work and organisational psychology, and work health and safety disciplines (Job Demands-Resources Theory;^[2] Job Demand Control Theory^[3]). These are major job design theories that emphasize that work stress arises largely from the way work is designed (‘the cause’), such as when the requirements of the job (demands) outweigh one’s capacity to perform with the resources available, job stress occurs.

PSC predicts future work design, such as the level of demands a worker will be exposed to and the amount of resources that will be available to carry out job tasks. PSC is therefore proposed as a ‘cause of the causes’ of work stress, a cause of stressful work design and other work conditions.^[1]

Four subsystems of psychosocial safety climate

Psychosocial safety climate is composed of four subsystems:^[4]

1. Management commitment: Senior management demonstrate a commitment to stress prevention through support and involvement.
2. Management priority: Senior management prioritises the health and safety of their employees over productivity goals.
3. Organisational communication: Organisations provide safe and usable channels for communication and listen to the concerns all their members.
4. Organisational participation: All levels of the organisation (e.g., unions, occupational health and safety representatives, employees, and management) participate and consult on protecting and promoting the psychological health and safety of staff.

PSC Level, PSC Strength and PSC Ideal Concepts

Understanding the PSC climate of an organisation or group involves considering important concepts such as PSC Level, PSC Strength, and PSC Ideal.^[5] As mentioned earlier, PSC (Level) is a climate concept that reflects shared employee perceptions and is evaluated by combining individual perceptions of the climate of the organisation or work group. ^[1] PSC scholars have used the PSC score at a group level (average or mean) to account for PSC's group-level nature. However, a group may have varied perceptions, and climate strength indicates the degree of agreement among employees on the climate within a team or organisation. Low climate strength implies that employees are receiving conflicting messages, while a high degree of within-group agreement suggests a strong climate that sends clear messages about management concern for worker psychological health, via relevant policies, practices and procedures. The concept of PSC Strength refers to the average level of variability in individual PSC perceptions. It is calculated as the standard deviation multiplied by -1.^[6] By considering both the PSC Level and Strength, we can calculate the PSC Ideal index, which is obtained by dividing the PSC Mean level by the Standard Deviation. The most favourable PSC context is characterised by a high PSC Level and Strength, resulting in a high PSC Ideal score. ^[7]

Relation to other concepts

PSC is related to safety culture, perceived organizational support, and psychological safety but is a distinct construct.^[8] Safety climate concerns the climate that protects workers from accidents and injuries and emphasizes safe systems and safe worker behavior.^{[9] [10]}

• Safety climate concerns the climate that protects workers from accidents and injuries and emphasizes safe systems and safe worker behaviour.
• Perceived organizational social support, ^[11] refers to the extent that the organization cares about employee well-being, but this construct does not concern the values and systems required to protect worker psychological health.
• Psychological safety climate refers to the "shared belief held by a work team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking."^[12] Workers who experience a team environment that is psychologically safe are free to engage in risk-taking behavior that is necessary for learning and performance. The construct is not motivated by concern for worker psychological health in and of itself.

Evidence

PSC research has been undertaken in Australia,^{[13] [14] [15] [16]} New Zealand,^{[17] [18]} Malaysia,^[19] Japan,^[20] China,^[21] Iran, ^{[22] [23]} Ghana,^[24] Vietnam,^[25] Netherlands,^[26] Norway,^[27] Germany,^[28] Portugal,^[29] India,^[30] Sweden,^[31] France,^[32] Canada,^[33] US,^{[34] [35]} and Spain,^[36] across many industries/occupations. Evidence shows that PSC predicts workplace psychosocial risks and health and productivity outcomes.

PSC and health and work outcomes

PSC predicts psychological distress and emotional exhaustion,^{[37] [38]} depression,^[39] exhaustion and cynicism,^[40] sickness absence,^[41] presenteeism,^[42] work engagement,^{[43] [44] [45] [46]} and workers’ compensation claims for physical injuries,^[47] work injuries,^[48] injury underreporting,^[49] stress-related concerns reporting, safety behaviors and performance^{[50] [51] [52]} and turnover intention.

• British Medical Journal publication shows that poor PSC increases the risk of developing new depressive symptoms within one year by 3 times, or 200%.
• A 10% increase in PSC should lead to a 4% decrease in job demands, a 4.5% decrease in burnout, an 8% increase in job resources and a 6% increase in engagement.
• Elimination of low range PSC in Australian workplaces could lead to a 14% reduction in job strain, and a 13% reduction in worker depression.
• Elimination of low and mid-range PSC could lead to a 43% reduction in sickness absence and a 72% reduction in presenteeism.
• The national annual cost to organisations from presenteeism and absenteeism attributable to low PSC in Australian workplaces is $6 billion.
• A medium-sized business with 100 employees and poor PSC could expect to save over $180,000 in lost productivity per year by improving their organisation to meet high PSC benchmarks, based on a difference of $1,887 per employee between low and high PSC organisations.
• In an organisation of 1000 workers if employees in high/medium risk moved to low risk PSC savings would be $1.18 million per annum due to reduced days off (still allows for 6.28 days off on average per employee.^[53]

Intervention research

Studies show that PSC can change through organizational^{[54] [55]} and individual^[56] interventions. Participative organizational intervention research shows significant improvements in PSC within a 4-month period for interventions aimed to tackle work stressors focusing on the PSC principles.

Work health and safety implications

PSC concerns the system of psychosocial risk management in organizations and covers crucial elements of the NSW SafeWork Code of Practice 2021 and Australian WHS regulations. The fundamentals of a psychosocial risk management system are captured by PSC. PSC has been used as an evidence-based evaluation indicator for the Australian WHS policy change.^[57] The Regulatory Impact Statement^[58] concerning WorkSafe Victoria’s 2022 proposed amendments to the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2017 to improve workplace mental health, indicates that PSC could be used as an indicator for future policy evaluation efforts.

See also

• Job demands-resources model
• Occupational health psychology

Notes and References

1. Dollard . Maureen F. . Bakker . Arnold B. . Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology . September 2010 . 83 . 3 . 579–599 . 10.1348/096317909X470690 . free .
2. Demerouti . Evangelia . Bakker . Arnold B. . Nachreiner . Friedhelm . Schaufeli . Wilmar B. . The job demands-resources model of burnout. . Journal of Applied Psychology . 2001 . 86 . 3 . 499–512 . 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 . 11419809 .
3. Karasek . Robert A. . Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign . Administrative Science Quarterly . June 1979 . 24 . 2 . 285–308 . 10.2307/2392498 . 2392498 .
4. Hall . Garry B. . Dollard . Maureen F. . Coward . Jane . Psychosocial safety climate: Development of the PSC-12. . International Journal of Stress Management . November 2010 . 17 . 4 . 353–383 . . 10.1037/a0021320 .
5. Book: Psychosocial Safety Climate . An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology . 2023 . Afsharian . Ali . Zadow . Amy . Potter. Rachael . Loh . May Young . Parkin . Amy . Crispin . Cherie . Rainbow . Jordan . Dollard . Maureen . 1–624 . 978-1-119-88743-0.
6. Afsharian. Ali . Zadow . Amy . Dollard . Maureen . Christian . Dormann . Ziaian . Tahereh . Should psychosocial safety climate theory be extended to include climate strength?. . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology . 2018 . 23 . 4 . 496–507 . 10.1037/ocp0000101.
7. Afsharian . Ali . Dollard . Maureen . Dormann . Christian . Ziaian . Tahereh . Winefield . Tony . PSC through the lens of a dispersion-composition model: the beneficial effects of PSC ideal as a high and strong PSC signal. . Work & Stress . 2018 . 37 . 2 . 171–194 . 10.1080/02678373.2022.2120561. free .
8. Book: 10.1007/978-3-030-05031-3_17-1 . Psychosocial Safety Climate and Occupational Health . Handbook of Socioeconomic Determinants of Occupational Health . 2020 . Loh . May Young . Zadow . Amy . Dollard . Maureen . 1–27 . 978-3-030-05031-3 . 214322988 .
9. Zohar . Dov . Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. . Journal of Applied Psychology . 1980 . 65 . 1 . 96–102 . 10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96 . 7364709 .
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14. Brunetto . Yvonne . Saheli . Nasim . Dick . Thomas . Nelson . Silvia . Psychosocial Safety Climate, Psychological Capital, Healthcare SLBs' Wellbeing and Innovative Behaviour During the COVID 19 Pandemic . Public Performance & Management Review . 4 July 2022 . 45 . 4 . 751–772 . 10.1080/15309576.2021.1918189 . 236221353 .
15. Dollard . Maureen F. . Bailey . Tessa . Building psychosocial safety climate in turbulent times: The case of COVID-19. . Journal of Applied Psychology . July 2021 . 106 . 7 . 951–964 . 10.1037/apl0000939 . 34383511 . 236997096 .
16. McLinton . Sarven S. . Afsharian . Ali . Dollard . Maureen F. . Tuckey . Michelle R. . The dynamic interplay of physical and psychosocial safety climates in frontline healthcare . Stress and Health . December 2019 . 35 . 5 . 650–664 . 10.1002/smi.2898 . 31507066 . free .
17. Bentley . Tim A. . Teo . Stephen T.T. . Nguyen . Diep T.N. . Blackwood . Kate . Catley . Bevan . Gardner . Dianne . Forsyth . Darryl . Bone . Kate . Tappin . David . D'Souza . Natalia . Port . Zoe . Psychosocial influences on psychological distress and turnover intentions in the workplace . Safety Science . May 2021 . 137 . 105200 . 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105200 . 233546086 .
18. Plimmer . Geoff . Nguyen . Diep . Teo . Stephen . Tuckey . Michelle R. . Workplace bullying as an organisational issue: Aligning climate and leadership . Work & Stress . 3 April 2022 . 36 . 2 . 202–227 . 10.1080/02678373.2021.1969479 . 244342965 .
19. Mirza . Muhammad Zeeshan . Isha . Ahmad Shahrul Nizam . Memon . Mumtaz Ali . Azeem . Sundas . Zahid . Muhammad . Psychosocial safety climate, safety compliance and safety participation: The mediating role of psychological distress . Journal of Management & Organization . March 2022 . 28 . 2 . 363–378 . 10.1017/jmo.2019.35 . 182255390 .
20. Inoue . Akiomi . Eguchi . Hisashi . Kachi . Yuko . McLinton . Sarven S. . Dollard . Maureen F. . Tsutsumi . Akizumi . Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the 12-Item Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale (PSC-12J) . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 December 2021 . 18 . 24 . 12954 . 10.3390/ijerph182412954 . 34948561 . 8701456 . free .
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22. Book: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-44400-0 . Psychosocial safety climate from two different cultural perspectives in the Asia pacific: Iran and Australia hospitals. . Psychosocial factors at work in the Asia Pacific: From theory to practice . 2016 . Afsharian . Ali . Zadow . Amy . Dollard . Maureen . 187–201 . 978-3-319-44399-7 . 10.1007/978-3-319-44400-0.
23. Siami . Sahar . Martin . Angela . Gorji . Mohammadbagher . Grimmer . Martin . How discretionary behaviors promote customer engagement: the role of psychosocial safety climate and psychological capital . Journal of Management & Organization . March 2022 . 28 . 2 . 379–397 . 10.1017/jmo.2020.29 . 228824645 .
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28. Book: 10.1007/978-3-030-20319-1_13 . An Approach to the Further Development and Application of the PSC Tool by Applying Cognitive Interviewing in Germany . Psychosocial Safety Climate . 2019 . Ertel . Michael . Formazin . Maren . 325–340 . 978-3-030-20318-4 . 202249983 .
29. Book: 10.1007/978-3-030-41486-3_61 . Physical and Psychosocial Safety Climate Scales: Psychometric Evidence and Invariance Measurement in a Portuguese Sample . Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health II . Studies in Systems, Decision and Control . 2020 . Sousa . Cátia . Gonçalves . Gabriela . Sousa . António . 277 . 567–575 . 978-3-030-41485-6 . 213433975 .
30. Book: 10.1007/978-981-13-1017-1_4 . Linking Workplace Bullying and Work Outcomes: Mediating Role of Psychological Contract Violation and Moderating Role of Psychosocial Safety Climate . Indian Perspectives on Workplace Bullying . 2018 . Rai . Arpana . Agarwal . Upasna A. . 79–110 . 978-981-13-1016-4 .
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