Comparison of file transfer protocols explained

This article lists communication protocols that are designed for file transfer over a telecommunications network.

Protocols for shared file systems—such as 9P and the Network File System—are beyond the scope of this article, as are file synchronization protocols.

Protocols for packet-switched networks

A packet-switched network transmits data that is divided into units called packets. A packet comprises a header (which describes the packet) and a payload (the data). The Internet is a packet-switched network, and most of the protocols in this list are designed for its protocol stack, the IP protocol suite.

They use one of two transport layer protocols: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). In the tables below, the "Transport" column indicates which protocol(s) the transfer protocol uses at the transport layer. Some protocols designed to transmit data over UDP also use a TCP port for oversight.

The "Server port" column indicates the port from which the server transmits data. In the case of FTP, this port differs from the listening port. Some protocols—including FTP, FTP Secure, FASP, and Tsunami—listen on a "control port" or "command port", at which they receive commands from the client.

Similarly, the encryption scheme indicated in the "Encryption" column applies to transmitted data only, and not to the authentication system.

Overview

! scope="col" colspan="2"
Protocol !Original author First published Protocol suite Standard
Full name Abbreviation
2001 [1]
2001 [2]
2002
1979 [3] [4]
Ying Xu, Michelle Munson, Serban Simu 2007 [5]
2004 [6]
Wen-King Su 1991 [7] [8]
1971 [9]
1997 Internet protocol suite [10] [11]
Taher Elgamal et al. 1995 Internet protocol suite [12] [13]
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer HULFT 1993
Tim Berners-Lee et al. 1991 Internet protocol suite [14] [15]
2007 [16] [17]
Multicast Dissemination Protocol MDP
C. Kenneth Miller et al. 1995 [18]
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol NORM
Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe 1986 [19]
Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe 2007 X.25, Internet protocol suite [20]
Eric He et al. 2002 [21]
1982 Internet protocol suite [22]
Tatu Ylönen [23]
IETF Web Transaction Security Working Group 1999 [24]
Ulli Horlacher 1995 [25] [26]
Mark K. Lottor 1984 [27]
Tatu Ylönen Secure Shell [28]
ITU[29] 1995 [30]
1980 Internet protocol suite [31]
Mark Meiss et al. 2002 [32] [33]
Felix Geisendörfer, Marius Kleidl et al. 2014 [34]
Yunhong Gu 2004
Dennis Bush 2001 [35]
1979
Warp Speed Data Transfer WDT Laurent Demailly et al. 2015 [36]

Features

The "Managed" column indicates whether the protocol is designed for managed file transfer (MFT). MFT protocols prioritise secure transmission in industrial applications that require such features as auditable transaction records, monitoring, and end-to-end data security. Such protocols may be preferred for electronic data interchange.[37]

Protocol Encryption
Transfer
resuming 		Multicast
capable
[38] [39]
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP)
Cross File Transfer (CFT) [40] [41]
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP) [42]
Fast and Secure Protocol (FASP) [43] [44] [45]
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) [46] [47] [48]
File Service Protocol (FSP) [49] [50]
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) [51]
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) [52] [53] [54] [55] [56]
FTP Secure (FTPS)
HTTP Secure (HTTPS) [57] [58]
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT) [59] [60] [61] [62]
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) [63]
Micro Transport Protocol (μTP)
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP) [64] [65]
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) [66] [67]
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM) [68] [69]
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP)
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2)
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP) [70]
Remote copy (rcp) [71]
Secure copy (SCP)
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) [72]
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT) [73]
Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) [74]
SSH file transfer protocol (SFTP) [75]
[76] [77] [78]
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) [79]
[80] [81]
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus)
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) [82] [83]
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP) [84]
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) [85] [86]
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT) [87] [88]

Ports

In the table below, the data port is the network port or range of ports through which the protocol transmits file data. The control port is the port used for the dialogue of commands and status updates between client and server.

The column "Assigned by IANA" indicates whether the port is listed in the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry, which is curated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA devotes each port number in the registry to a specific service with a specific transport protocol. The table below lists the transport protocol in the "Transport" column.

Protocol Assigned
Assignee
TransportTransport
80/443 / 137-139 TCP / UDP
6881 6881 TCP 6881 6881 TCP [89]
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP)
Cross File Transfer (CFT) 1761
Ether File Transfer Protocol (EFTP)
Fast and Secure Protocol (FASP) ≥33001 UDP 22 TCP
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) 4001 UDP
File Service Protocol (FSP) UDP
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) 4800 / 102 TCP [90]
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Active mode 20 20 TCP 21 ≥1024 TCP rowspan="2"
Passive mode ≥1024 ≥1024
FTP Secure (FTPS) 989 TCP 990 TCP Christopher Allen
HTTP Secure (HTTPS) 443 TCP TCP
Host Unix Linkage File Transfer (HULFT) 30000 TCP TCP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 TCP TCP
Micro Transport Protocol (μTP) UDP
Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP) UDP [91]
Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) 5402 UDP Steve Bannister
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (NORM) UDP
Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP) 3305 TCP / X.25 TCP / X.25
Odette File Transfer Protocol 2 (OFTP2) 6619 TCP / X.25 TCP / X.25
Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP) UDP
Remote copy (rcp) 514 TCP TCP
Secure copy (SCP) 22 TCP TCP
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) 80 TCP TCP
Simple Asynchronous File Transfer (SAFT) 487 TCP Ulli Horlacher
Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) 115 TCP TCP Mark Lottor
SSH file transfer protocol (SFTP) 22 TCP TCP
1503 TCP TCP Jim Johnston
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 69 UDP
UDP TCP
Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads (tus) 80 TCP TCP
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) UDP
UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP) 1044 UDP
Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) 540 TCP TCP
Warp Speed Data Transfer (WDT) TCP TCP

Serial protocols

The following protocols were designed for serial communication, mostly for the RS-232 standard. They are used for uploading and downloading computer files via modem or serial cable (e.g., by null modem or direct cable connection). UUCP is one protocol that can operate with either RS-232 or the Transmission Control Protocol as its transport. The Kermit protocol can operate over any computer-to-computer transport: direct serial, modem, or network (notably TCP/IP, including on connections secured by SSL, SSH, or Kerberos). OBject EXchange is a protocol for binary object wireless transfer via the Bluetooth standard. Bluetooth was conceived as a wireless replacement for RS-232.

Overview

Protocol Author First released License Description
Erik Labs 1989 Bi-directional transfers.
1981 Powerful protocol originating on the Data General Nova minicomputer, and then ported to micros and mainframes. [92]
Lavio Pareschi 1989 Packet lengths from 32 to 4096 bytes, optional (but normally used) streaming mode.
1981 Offered file transfer as well as a command stream.
XMODEM derivative with blocks from 512 to 8192 bytes and RLE compression.
Samuel H. Smith 1991
Frank da Cruz et al. 1981 Open Source (BSD) as of 2011 Transport- and platform-independent transfer of text and binary files across full- or half-duplex connections with conversion of text file formats and character sets. [93]
LeechModem Sam Brown Variations of X and Y that faked failed downloads in order to avoid BBS download quotas.
Matthew Thomas 1989 Similar to Kermit: 64-byte packets, 2 to 16 packets per window, CRC-32. Little or no support outside the Lynx program itself.
L. B. Neal 1990 Essentially XMODEM-CRC with 2048 byte blocks.
A synchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile.
An asynchronous file transfer protocol in the OBject EXchange (OBEX) Bluetooth profile. [94]
Suite of similar-but-different XMODEM-like protocols for various Commodore machines.
Thom Henderson 1986 A MODEM7/XMODEM-compatible protocol with sliding window support developed to avoid propagation delays in satellite transmissions and packet networks. [95] [96]
Arisoft
Mike Bryeans
1979 Suite of protocols for copying files between Unix machines, used for many purposes including the distribution of email. Also allows commands to be sent, which led to the first internet worms. The file transfer protocol within UUCP is the "g" protocol. [97]
Mark M. Zeigler, James K. Mills 1980 Slight extension of XMODEM to add filename support and batch transfers. [98]
1977 Very simple protocol that saw widespread use and provided the pattern for many following protocols. [99]
Peter Boswell 1986 Version of XMODEM with sliding windows for higher performance. [100] [101]
1985 Series of optional expansions on XMODEM for higher performance.
Mike Bryeans Modifications to ZMODEM to allow packets up to 32 kB in length.
1986 Streaming protocol that forsakes XMODEM compatibility but offers a wide variety of new features and improved performance. Became almost universal on BBS systems in the early 1990s.

Features

Protocol Data block size
Transfer
resuming 		Bidirectional
84 - 1024+ [102]
32–4096 CRC
128–2048 CRC32 / CRC16 / 8-bit checksum
64–8192
≤9024 (negotiated) RLE (run length encoding, negotiated) Checksum or CRC16 (negotiated) (binary files only, negotiated) [103]
LeechModem
RLE CRC32
2048
UUCP "g" ≤4096 [104] [105]
128 Checksum
128 Checksum
≤512
1024
≤~32,768 CRC32
256 / 1024 CRC32

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Background_Intelligent Transfer Service . 25 May 2021 . .
  2. Web site: The BitTorrent Protocol Specification . 2 July 2001 . Cohen . Bram . Bram Cohen . . https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141736/http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/decentralization/message/3160 . 2008-12-16 . 2018-02-23.
  3. Book: Shoch, John . EFTP: A PUP-based Ether File Transfer Protocol . John Shoch . 1979.
  4. Book: Snodgrass, Richard . A Relational Approach to Monitoring Complex Systems . Richard T. Snodgrass . December 1982 . 119, 149 . 2018-03-03.
  5. US . 20090063698 . patent . Method and system for aggregate bandwith control [sic] ]. 30 May 2017 . 5 March 2009 . 4 September 2007 . Ying Xu, Michelle Christine Munson, Serban Simu . Aspera, Inc. . .
  6. FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport . 3926 . Paila . Toni . Luby . Michael . Lehtonen . Rami . Roca . Vincent . Walsh . Rod . October 2004 . . 2018-03-07.
  7. Book: The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary . 2nd . Petersen . Julie K. . CRC Press . 2002 . 978-1-4200-4067-8 . Google Books . https://books.google.com/books?id=YH_LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 . File Service Protocol . 357 .
  8. Web site: File Service Protocol (FSP) Frequently Asked Questions [Part 2/2] ]. 21 July 1995 . Section: "Who writes and maintains FSP software?" . FAQs.org . 2018-03-03.
  9. A File Transfer Protocol . 114 . Bhushan . Abhay . Abhay Bhushan . April 1971 . . 2018-02-24.
  10. FTP Security Extensions . 2228 . Horowitz . M. . Lunt . S. . October 1997 . . 2018-03-03.
  11. Securing FTP with TLS . 4217 . Ford-Hutchinson . Paul . October 2005 . . 2018-03-03.
  12. Secure Sockets Layer . Sliwa . Carol . 31 May 1999 . . 2018-03-01 . 69 . Google Books .
  13. The SSL Protocol . draft-hickman-netscape-ssl-00 . Hickman . Kipp E. B. . April 1995 . . 2018-03-01.
  14. Web site: The Original HTTP as defined in 1991 . Berners-Lee . Tim . Tim Berners-Lee . W3.org . 2018-03-03.
  15. Web site: Why was 80 Chosen as the Default HTTP Port and 443 as the Default HTTPS Port? . Iwaya . Akemi . 10 November 2015 . How-To Geek . 2018-03-03.
  16. Web site: uTorrent transport protocol . Norberg . Arvid . 22 June 2009 . BitTorrent.org . 2018-03-10.
  17. Web site: Eric Klinker Presentation at Emerging Communication Conference & Awards 2010 America § Status of uTP . Klinker . Eric . 16 May 2010 . eCommConf . 2018-03-10.
  18. U S . 7710961 . patent . System and method for sending packets over a computer network . 20 December 2011 . 12 August 2010 . 19 January 1995 . C. Kenneth Miller, Thomas Andresen, Thomas Gardner, Craig Michelson, Kenneth Cates, Marc White, Kary Robertson . Darby and Mohaine LLC .
  19. ODETTE File Transfer Protocol . 2204 . Nash . David . September 1997 . . 2018-02-22.
  20. ODETTE File Transfer Protocol 2 . 5024 . Friend . Ieuan . November 2007 . . 2018-02-22.
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  22. Book: McKusick, Marshall Kirk . Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution . Marshall Kirk McKusick . 1999 . 978-1-56592-582-3 . Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable . http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/kirkmck.html . O'Reilly & Associates . Section: "4.2BSD" . Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution .
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  27. Lottor (1984), pp. 1, 13
  28. [ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf-mail-archive/secsh/2012-09.mail Re: where are SFTP v0 - 2 defined? ]. 30 September 2012 . 9 March 2018 . secsh . Ylönen . Tatu . I designed and implemented the original SFTP protocol for SSH 2.0 back around 1997. Sami Lehtinen did further development on it.It was originally a proprietary protocol at SSH Communications Security (www.ssh.com), though source code was publicly available. It took a while [''[[sic]]] before we wrote the draft and brought it to the IETF for standardization (seems to have been January 2001). .
  29. Web site: T.127: Multipoint binary file transfer protocol . 2021-03-23 . ITU.
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  32. Web site: Tsunami UDP Protocol . Wagner . Jan . tsunami-udp.sourceforge.net . Jon Wagner . SourceForge.
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  38. Web site: The BitTorrent Protocol Specification . 4 February 2017 . Cohen . Bram . Bram Cohen . 2008 . Section: "Trackers" . BitTorrent.org . 2018-02-22.
  39. Web site: Message Stream Encryption . Vuze Wiki . 1 December 2007 . 2006 . Azureus Software . 2018-03-10.
  40. Web site: Transfer CFT 3.2.4 Users Guide § Configuring Transfer CFT . Axway.com . . 2018-02-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090305/https://docs.axway.com/bundle/TransferCFT_324_UsersGuide_allOS_en_HTML5/page/Content/UNIX/UNIX_operations/Running_CFT/cft_installation_test_in_tcp_mode.htm . 19 February 2018 . dead .
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  42. Web site: Printing at PARC—Appendix: Glossary of Terms § EFTP . A simple, PUP-oriented protocol, designed for file transmission from user programs to servers (especially printing servers). The server must acknowledge each packet before the next is sent. This protocol admits to compact implementation in user programs, offset by some redunction in bandwidth. . 4 August 1978 . 2018-03-03.
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  47. Web site: Analysis of the FLUTE Data Carousel . Peltotalo . Jani . Peltotalo . Sami . Harju . Jarmo . mad.cs.tut.fi . 1 . . 2018-03-09.
  48. Performance analysis of a file delivery system based on the FLUTE protocol . Peltotalo . Jani . Peltotalo . Sami . Harju . Jarmo . Walsh . Rod . 2006 . 10.1002/dac.835 . 20 . 6 . June 2007 . 633 . International Journal of Communication Systems. 260426266 .
  49. Web site: File Service Protocol (FSP) Frequently Asked Questions v1.1 . 19 August 1996 . FAQs.org . 2018-02-18.
  50. Book: http://web.mit.edu/rhel-doc/4/RH-DOCS/rhel-sg-en-4/ch-ports.html . Common Ports . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: Security Guide . 2005 . . 2018-03-02.
  51. Web site: openFT v11.0: Setting Up a Connection to Customs (Atlas) with openFT FTAM . . 2010 . 2 . 2018-02-18 .
  52. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . 959 . Postel . Jon . Jon Postel . Reynolds . Joyce . Joyce K. Reynolds . October 1985 . . 2018-02-22.
  53. Book: Kozierok, Charles M. . http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_FTPOverviewHistoryandStandards.htm . FTP Overview, History and Standards . The TCP/IP Guide . v3.0 . 20 September 2005 . 2018-02-21.
  54. A File Transfer Protocol . 114 . Bhushan . Abhay . Abhay Bhushan . April 1971 . . 2018-02-22.
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  57. HTTP Over TLS . 2818 . Rescorla . Eric . May 2000 . . 2018-02-20.
  58. Assigned Numbers . 1700 . 34 . Reynolds . Joyce . Joyce K. Reynolds . Postel . Jon . Jon Postel . October 1994 . . 2018-03-03.
  59. Web site: The Incredible HULFT – My Favorite B2B Network Protocol . 27 August 2009 . OpenText Blogs . . 2018-02-18.
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