Proto-fascism explained

Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of fascism.^{[1] [2]} A prominent proto-fascist figure is Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian nationalist whose politics influenced Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism.^[1] Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association (Italian: Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI), the German National Association of Commercial Employees (German: Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband, DHV) and the German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP).^[2]

Other people who have been labeled proto-fascist because they shared an ideological basis with fascism include:

• Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881)^[3]
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
• Goldwin Smith (1823–1910)^{[4] [5]}
• Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
• Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891)^[6]
• George Fitzhugh (1806 - 1881)^[7]
• Madison Grant (1865-1937)
• Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882)
• R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961)^{[8] [9]}
• Guido von List (1848–1919)
• Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels (1874–1954)
• John Ruskin (1819 - 1900)^{[10] [11]}
• Charles Maurras (1868 - 1952)
• Ion Dragoumis (1878 - 1920)^{[12] [13]}
• Edgar Julius Jung (1894 - 1934)
• D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930). The English philosopher Bertrand Russell characterized Lawrence as a "proto-German fascist".^[14] This characterization is useful as a demarcation point between Fascism and proto-fascism. The former has totalitarian uniformity as its paradigm, but Russell is referring to Lawrence as a "nonconformist prophet" struggling with individual alienation, looking to the shared identity of ancestral blood and soil for reconnection i.e. an evolution of the German 19th-century Völkisch movement,^{[15] [16]} an ideology that was adopted by the National Socialist movement.
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 - 1872). The famous Genoese patriot strongly influenced Italian fascism, especially in its early years. In particular, fascism inherited from Mazzini the fervent irredentism, the concept of class collaboration, the pedagogical vocation and the spirit of solidarity. Mussolini himself was a great Mazzini admirer, and many fascist exponents were Mazzinian such as Italo Balbo, Giovanni Gentile, Giuseppe Bottai and Dino Grandi.^[17]
• Francesco Crispi (1818 - 1901). The known Sicilian statesman was admired by the dictator Mussolini and considered by many scholars as a precursor of Italian fascist regime, due to his authoritarian policies, the nationalist character, his strongman reputation and the aggressive colonial policy implemented during his government.^{[18] [19]}
• Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)^[20]
• Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

Sources

• Book: Griffin, Roger . Roger Griffin . The Nature of Fascism . 2006 . . 9781136145889.

Notes and References

1. Book: Spackman, Barbara . Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy . 78.
2. Book: Peter . Davies . Derek . Lynch . The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right . London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA . . 94.
3. Book: Ulrich . Broich . H. T. . Dickinson . Eckhart . Hellmuth . Martin . Schmidt . Reactions to Revolutions: The 1790s and Their Aftermath . 255.
4. Book: Kramer . Naomi . 2007 . Civil Courage: A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice . Peter Lang . 142–143 . 978-1433100574.
5. Book: 2021 . Routledge Library Editions: Racism and Fascism . . 32 . 9781138934221.
6. Book: Fuller, Robert Lynn . Robert Lynn Fuller . The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886-1914 . 2012 . McFarland . 251 . 9780786490257.
7. Reyes . Stefan Roel . Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for Including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies . Fascism . 8 . 2 . December 2019 . 307–330 . . 10.1163/22116257-00802005. free .
8. Joscelyn Godwin, "Schwaller de Lubicz: les Veilleurs et la connexion Nazie", in Politica Hermetica, number 5, pages 101-108 (Éditions L'Âge d'Homme, 1991).
9. Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival, pages 54-55 (Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996). .
10. Book: McGovern, William Montgomery . From Luther to Hitler . Harrap . 1941 . 180 . William Montgomery McGovern.
11. Book: Tennyson, G. B. . Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research . The Modern Language Association of America . 1973 . 9780873522502 . DeLaura . David J. . New York . 78 . The Carlyles . G. I. Morris in "Divine Hitler" ([Die Neueren Sprachen], 1935) cites his own experience . . . A headmaster had told his students that 'Ruskin and Carlyle were the first National Socialists.' . registration.
12. Book: Mazis, John . Man For All Seasons: The Uncompromising Life of Ion Dragoumis . 2014 . The Isis Press . 978-9754285277.
13. News: Giánnis Mázis: "O Dragoúmis den écho kamía amfivolía óti ítan énas protofasístas" . el:Γιάννης Μάζης: "Ο Δραγούμης δεν έχω καμία αμφιβολία ότι ήταν ένας πρωτοφασίστας" . Yannis Mazis: "I have no doubt that Dragoumis was a proto-fascist" . 4 June 2017 . Εθνικόν Κράτος . 23 October 2018 . el-GR.
14. Book: Russel, Bertrand . Bertrand Russell . The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872-1914 . . 1951 . 112.
15. Luke . Ferretter . "A Prison for the Infinite": D. H. Lawrence and Bertrand Russell on the War . Études Lawrenciennes . 2015 . 46 . 10.4000/lawrence.226 . free .
16. Kurlander. Eric. 2002. The Rise of Völkisch-Nationalism and the Decline of German Liberalism: A Comparison of Liberal Political Cultures in Schleswig-Holstein and Silesia 1912-1924. European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 9. 1. 23–36. 10.1080/13507480120116182. 145167949. 1350-7486. Eric Kurlander.
17. Book: Sullam, Simon Levis . Giuseppe Mazzini and the Origins of Fascism . . 2015 . 978-1137514585.
18. https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-82803451 Nation-building in 19th-century Italy: the case of Francesco Crispi
19. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-87708350/randolph-churchill-italy-francesco.html The Randolph Churchill of Italy
20. Web site: Staudenmaier . Peter . 2009-01-10 . Anthroposophy and Ecofascism . 2024-07-20 . Institute for Social Ecology . en-US.