Professional fraternities and sororities explained

Professional fraternities, in the North American fraternity system, are organizations whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession and whose membership is restricted to students in that particular field of professional education or study. This may be contrasted with service fraternities and sororities, whose primary purpose is community service, and social fraternities and sororities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.

Professional fraternities are often confused with honor societies because of their focus on a specific discipline. Professional fraternities are significantly different from honor societies in that honor societies are associations designed to provide recognition of the past achievement of those who are invited to membership. Honor society membership, in most cases, requires no period of pledging, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership.

Professional fraternities, on the other hand, work to build brotherhood among members and cultivate the strengths of members to promote their profession and to provide assistance to one another in their mutual areas of professional study. Membership in a professional fraternity may be the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the organization for life. Within their professional field of study, their membership is exclusive; however, they may initiate members who belong to other types of fraternities.

History

The first professional fraternity was founded at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1819: the Kappa Lambda Society of Aesculapius, established to bring together students of the medical profession. The fraternity lasted until about 1858.

Of the professional fraternities still in existence, the oldest is Phi Delta Phi founded at the University of Michigan in 1869; however, Phi Delta Phi changed its mission in 2012 to become an honor society for law school students.

Title IX applied to professional fraternities

In the United States fraternity system, professional fraternities are usually co-educational in accordance with Federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (commonly referred to as "Title IX"). This federal law discourages discrimination based on sex in any college or university receiving federal financial assistance.^[1] However, the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities are exempt from Title IX in section (A)(6)(a). The U.S. Department of Education (DOE) regulations adopted under Title IX also allow such an exception for "the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities." (34 C.F.R. Sec. 106.14(a)).^[2]

Before Title IX, many professional fraternities were all male and most professional sororities/women's fraternities were all female. Several of these professional fraternities and sororities even considered themselves both professional and social organizations because they often emphasized the social aspects of their activities. During the ensuing years since the enactment of Title IX, single-sex professional fraternities and sororities became coeducational to conform to Title IX. Several organizations simply opened their membership to both men and women. For example, Phi Chi (medicine) opened membership to women in 1973; Phi Beta (music and speech) opened membership to men in 1976; and Delta Omicron (music) opened membership to men in 1979. A few single-sex groups merged with other organizations, such as Phi Delta Delta, a women's professional law fraternity, merged with Phi Alpha Delta (law) in 1972.

Even though Title IX was enacted in 1972, there are still professional fraternities and sororities or their chapters that have not become coeducational and therefore, do not conform to Title IX. Generally, these groups still claim to be both professional and social organizations, for instance, Alpha Gamma Rho (men in agriculture), Alpha Omega Epsilon (women in engineering), and Sigma Phi Delta (men in engineering).

Several social fraternities and sororities have membership practices of selecting their members primarily from students enrolled in particular majors or areas of study, including Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Phi Sigma Rho, and Triangle. Nevertheless, these groups are social, rather than professional, organizations.^[3] Although they select members from students in a particular field of study, like a professional fraternity, they are single-sex social organizations because their purposes focus only on the social development of their members. Examples of groups that have been officially granted exemption from Title IX by the DOE to remain single-sex include Sigma Alpha Iota in 1981 ^[4] and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia in 1983.^[5]

Umbrella organizations

Many professional fraternities, particularly those of the highest esteem and reputation, are members of the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA).^[6] This group resulted in 1978 from a merger of the Professional Interfraternity Conference (PIC) (for men's group) and the Professional Panhellenic Association (PPA) (for women's groups). In 2013, faced with an increase in campus policies that require student organizations to take all students, the PFA adopted a resolution against All Comers policies.^[7]

List of professional fraternities

Arts, literature, and media

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Delta Chi Xi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΧΞ	2010	Dance	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΦ	1899	Textiles	Local, Lowell Textile School	Fraternity	Active
Delta Kappa Alpha	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΑ	1936	Cinema	National (US)	Gender Inclusive	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΕΤ	1953	Graphic artists honor society	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Gamma Xi Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΞΦ	2010	African American artists and creators	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[8]
Omega Xi Alpha	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΟΞΑ	1928	Journalism	Regional	Fraternity	Inactive
Phi Alpha Tau	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΤ	1902	Communicative arts	Local, Emerson College	Fraternity/Male	Active	^[9]
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΒ	1912	Creative and performing arts	National (US)	Fraternity/Gender Inclusive	Active
Phi Psi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΨ	1903	Textile arts and manufacturing engineering	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Zeta Phi Eta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΖΦΗ	1893	Communication arts and sciences	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active

Agriculture

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Alpha Gamma Rho	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΡ	1904	Agriculture	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
Alpha Gamma Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΣ	1923	Agriculture	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
Alpha Tau Alpha	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΑ	1921	Agriculture and extension education	National (US)	Fraternity	Active
Alpha Zeta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΖ	1897	Agriculture and natural resources	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Delta Theta Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΘΣ	1906	Agriculture	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑ	1978	Agriculture	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active

Business and economics

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Alpha Kappa Psi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΚΨ	1904	Business	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΙ	1905	Business	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΠ	1907	Business	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Epsilon Nu Tau	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΝΤ	2008	Entrepreneurship	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Eta Phi Beta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΗΦΒ	1942	Business, African American	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
Gamma Iota Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΙΣ	1966	Insurance, risk management, actuarial sciences	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Iota Phi Lambda	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΙΦΛ	1929	Business and professional African Americans	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
Omicron Delta Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΟΔΕ	1963	Economics honor society	International	Society/Coed	Active
Phi Chi Theta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΧΘ	1924	Business	National (US)	Women's Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΓΝ	1924	Business	National (US)	Sorority/Coed	Active
Pi Sigma Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΣΕ	1952	Marketing and sales management	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Sigma Iota Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΙΕ	1927	Management honorary and professional society	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΗΡΣ	2020	Business	National (US)	Sorority/Women	Active	^[10] ^[11]

Education

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Delta Kappa Gamma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΓ	1929	Education	International	Society/Female	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΔΠ	1911	Education honor society	International	Society/Coed	Active
Phi Delta Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΚ	1906	Education	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΚ	1923	Education	International	Sorority/Coed	Active
Phi Epsilon Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΕΚ	1913	Physical education, performance, sports management	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active

Science, technology, engineering, and math

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Alpha Chi Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΧΣ	1902	Chemistry	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Alpha Omega Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΩΕ	1983	Engineering	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΡΧ	1914	Architecture	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Alpha Sigma Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΣΚ	1989	Architecture, engineering, mathematics, and sciences	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
Beta Psi Omega	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΨΩ	2010	Biology	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[12] ^[13] ^[14]
Kappa Eta Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΗΚ	1923	Electrical and computer engineering	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΘΠ	2012	Information technology	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Pi Mu Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΜΕ	1914	Mathematics honor society	National (US)	Society/Coed	Active
Phi Sigma Rho	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΣΡ	1984	Science, technology, engineering, mathematics	National (US)	Sorority/Female and non-binary	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΔΝ	1921–1950s	Chemistry	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Inactive
Scarab		1909–19xx ?	Architecture, landscape architecture, architectural engineering	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive, Merged
Sigma Phi Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΦΔ	1924	Engineering	International	Fraternity/Male	Active
Theta Tau	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΘΤ	1904	Engineering	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed or male by chapter	Active
Triangle Fraternity		1907	Engineering, architecture, and sciences	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active

Law

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Delta Theta Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΘΦ	1900	Law	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Gamma Eta Gamma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΗΓ	1901	Law	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΑΠ	2007	Law	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Phi Alpha Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΔ	1902	Law	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Phi Delta Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΔ	1911–1972	Law	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Inactive
Phi Delta Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΦ	1869	Law honor (formerly professional)	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Sigma Alpha Nu	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑΝ	2005	Pre-law	Local, University of California, Berkeley	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[15] ^[16]
Pi Lambda Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΛΣ	2016	Pre-law, Government	Local, Cornell University	Society/Coed	Active	^[17] ^[18]

Medicine

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Aleph Yodh He	איה	1908–1921	Medicine, Jewish	National (US)	Fraternities	Inactive
Alpha Delta Theta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΔΘ	1944	Medical technology	Local, was national	Sorority/Female	Active
Alpha Delta Upsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΔΥ		Chiropractic		Sorority/Female	Active	^[19] ^[20]
Alpha Epsilon Iota	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΕΙ	1890–1979	Medical	National (US)	Women's Fraternity/Female	Inactive
Alpha Gamma Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΚ	1939	Podiatry	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Alpha Kappa Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΚΚ	1888–20xx ?	Medicine	International, then local	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
Alpha Omega	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΩ	1907	Denistry, Jewish	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΨ	1907	Veterinary medicine	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Alpha Tau Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΔ	1921	Nursing	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Alpha Tau Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΣ	1912–1964	Medical	Local, American School of Osteopathy	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
Beta Sigma Kappa	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΣΚ	1924	Optometry honor	International	Society/Coed	Active	^[21] ^[22]
Chi Delta Mu	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΔΜ	1913	Health professions, African American	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Chi Eta Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΗΦ	1932	Nursing, African American	International	Sorority, Female	Active
Chi Rho Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΡΣ	1949* 1975	Chiropractic	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[23]
Chi Zeta Chi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΖΧ	1901–1929	Medicine	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
Delta Epsilon Mu	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΕΜ	1996	Pre-health, health-related fields	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Delta Omicron Alpha	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΟΑ	1907–1917	Medicine	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
Delta Sigma Chi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΧ	1913	Chiropractic	International	Fraternity/Male	Active
Delta Sigma Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΔ	1882	Dentistry	International	Fraternity/Male	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΨΕ	1911	Optometry	Local, Ohio State University	Fraternity	Active
Hygeia Medical Sorority	English: HMS	2009	Medicine	Local, Universidad Mayor de San Simón	Sorority	Active	^[24]
Kappa Gamma Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΓΔ	1994	Pre-medical	Regional, California	Sorority/Female	Active
Kappa Tau Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΤΕ		Podiatry	Local, Kent State	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[25]
Mu Epsilon Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΕΔ	1965	Health	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Nu Sigma Nu	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΝΣΝ	1882	Medicine	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Omega Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΔ	1919	Optometry	National	Fraternity	Active	^[26]
Omega Tau Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΤΣ	1906	Veterinary medicine	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Omega Upsilon Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΥΦ	1894–1934	Medicine	International	Fraternity/Male	Inactive, Merged
Phi Alpha Gamma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΓ	1894–1948	Osteopathic medicine	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive, Merged
Phi Alpha Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΣ	1888	Medicine	National	Fraternity	Active	^[27] ^[28]
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΒΠ	1891	Medicine	Local, formerly National	Fraternity	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΧ	1889	Medicine	International	Fraternity/Male	Active
Phi Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔ	1901–1918	Medicine	International	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΕ	1904	Medicine	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Phi Kappa Mu	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΚΜ	1933	Medicine	Local, University of the Philippines College of Medicine	Fraternity/Male	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΛΚ	1907	Medicine	International	Fraternity	Active
Phi Rho Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΡΣ	1890	Medicine	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Phi Sigma Gamma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΣΓ	1890	Osteopathic	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΜ	1892–1922	Medical honor society	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive, Merged
Psi Omega	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΨΩ	1892	Dentistry	National (US)	Fraternity	Active
Rho Psi Eta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΨΗ	2007	Pre-Health Careers	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active	^[29] ^[30]
Sigma Mu Delta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΜΔ	1994	Pre-medical	Regional, California	Fraternity/Male	Active	^[31]
Sigma Phi Chi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΦΧ	1911	Chiropractic	Local	Sorority/Female	Active	^[32]
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΘΚΨ	1879	Medicine	Local (previously International)	Fraternity	Active
Xi Psi Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΞΨΦ	1889	Dentistry	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active

Military, government, and foreign service

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles		1966–1980s	Military	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Inactive
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΦΕ	1920	Foreign Service	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
Delta Phi Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΦΕ	1972	Foreign Service	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
Kappa Epsilon Psi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΕΨ	2011	Military	National/United States	Sorority/Female	Active
Kappa Lambda Chi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΛΧ	2013	Military	National/United States	Fraternity/Male	Active
Lambda Beta Alpha	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΒΑ	2017	Military	Local, Virginia	Sorority/Female	Active
Mu Beta Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΒΦ	2017	Military	International	Fraternity/Male	Active
Pershing Angels		1965	Military Drill	National (US)	Sorority/Female	Active
Pershing Rifles		1894	Military Drill	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
Scabbard and Blade		1904	Military honor	National (US)	Society/Coed	Active

Music

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΟ	1909	Music	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΚΨ	1919	Band	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Mu Beta Psi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΒΨ	1925	Music	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Mu Phi Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΦΕ	1903	Music	International	Sorority/Coed	Active
Nu Kappa Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΝΚΕ	1994	Music appreciation	National (US)	Sorority	Active
Phi Boota roota	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φᗺr	1976	Percussion	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[33] ^[34]
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΜΑ	1898	Music, Social	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Active
Sigma Alpha Iota	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑΙ	1903	Music	National (US)	Women's Fraternity/Female	Active
Tau Beta Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΤΒΣ	1946	Band, Service	National (US)	Sorority/Coed	Active

Pharmaceutical and pharmacological

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Alpha Zeta Omega	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΖΩ	1919	Pharmacy	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Beta Phi Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΦΣ	1888–1973	Pharmacy	National (US)	Fraternity/Male	Inactive
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΘ	1914	Pharmacy, medical, and dentistry	International	Fraternity	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΕ	1921	Pharmacy	National (US)	Women's Fraternity/Coed	Active
Kappa Psi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΨ	1879	Pharmacy	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Lambda Kappa Sigma	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΚΣ	1913	Pharmacy	National (US)	Women's Fraternity/Coed	Active
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΧ	1883	Pharmacy	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Rho Chi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΧ	1922	Pharmacy honor society	National (US)	Society/Coed	Active
Rho Pi Phi	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΠΦ	1919	Pharmancy	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active

Other

Name	Symbols	Formed/Range	Emphasis	Scope	Type/Gender	Status	Reference
Alpha Eta Rho	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΗΡ	1929	Aviation	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
American Criminal Justice Association–Lambda Alpha Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΑΕ	1937	Criminal Justice	International	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Delta Omega Epsilon	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΩΕ	1985	Civics, Academics	Local, NY Tri-state Area	Fraternity	Active
Epsilon Eta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΗ	2006	Environmental, Sustainability	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Pi Sigma Eta	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΣΗ	1930	Mortician honorary, funeral service	National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active	^[35] ^[36]
Sigma Phi Sigma				National (US)	Fraternity/Coed	Active
Sigma Rho		1892		Local, Michigan Technological University	Fraternity	Active	^[37] ^[38]

Notes

See also

• Honor society

External links

• Professional Fraternity Association webpage

Notes and References

1. http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/coord/titleixstat.htm Title IX
2. "Web site: Archived copy . 2007-07-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065112/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/byagency/34cfr106.pdf . 2007-09-30 . Code of Federal Regulations, PART 106: NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
3. http://www.sinfonia.org/social Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Sinfonia's Classification
4. Web site: Sigma Alpha Iota. Sigma Alpha Iota. 2010-12-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20101130180936/http://www.sai-national.org/home/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=hc61lItdqQk%3D&tabid=235. 2010-11-30. dead.
5. Web site: Phi Mu Alpha. Phi Mu Alpha. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140306140350/http://www.sinfonia.org/history.asp. 2014-03-06.
6. Web site: Home . 2023-01-31 . www.professionalfraternity.org.
7. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025142/http://www.professionalfraternity.org/Websites/pfa/images/All_Comers_Resolution_090613.pdf. March 4, 2016. All Comers Resolution.
8. Web site: Gamma Xi Phi . 2023-01-31 . Gamma Xi Phi . en-US.
9. Web site: Phi Alpha Tau Emerson Connect . 2023-01-31 . Emerson College.
10. Web site: Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated. . 2023-04-06 . Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated. . en-US.
11. Web site: 2023-03-22 . Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated Announces the Launch of Their Society Curated by Her for Her . 2024-05-17 . Women to Women Magazine . en-US.
12. Web site: Chapters and Colonies . 2023-02-01 . Beta Psi Omega . en.
13. Web site: About . 2023-02-01 . Beta Psi Omega . en.
14. Web site: Beta Psi Omega Home . 2024-05-17 . West Virginia University . en.
15. Web site: Sigma Alpha Nu Professional Pre-Law Fraternity . 2023-02-01 . Sigma Alpha Nu . en.
16. Web site: Sigma Alpha Nu - CalLink at UC Berkeley . 2023-02-02 . University of California at Berkeley.
17. Web site: Pi Lambda Sigma . 2024-01-27 . Cornell PFC . en-US.
18. Web site: Cornell Polis – Home . 2024-01-27 . Polis Cornell.
19. Web site: Alpha Delta Upsilon . 2023-02-01 . Life University.
20. Web site: Alpha Delta Upsilon Professional Chiropractic Sorority . 2023-02-01 . www.adulife.yolasite.com.
21. Web site: Beta Sigma Kappa - International Optometric Honor Society . 2023-02-01 . betasigmakappa.net.
22. Web site: Henson . Brooke . October 21, 2021 . American Academy of Optometry announces 2021 recipient of the Beta Kappa Research Fellowship . 2023-02-02 . Optometry Times . en.
23. Web site: Chi Rho Sigma Logan Connect . 2023-02-01 . Logan University.
24. https://www.lostiempos.com/doble-click/sociales/20200106/hermandad-hygeia-medical-sorority-celebra-su-decimo-aniversario La hermandad Hygeia Medical Sorority celebra su décimo aniversario
25. Web site: Kappa Tau Epsilon (KTE) Kent State University . 2023-02-01 . www.kent.edu.
26. http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Northern_Illinois_College_Optometry_Focus_Yearbook/1933/Page_54.html Northern Illinois College Optometry Focus Yearbook page 54
27. Web site: Early Penn Fraternities: Phi Alpha Sigma . 2023-02-01 . University Archives and Records Center . en.
28. Web site: The Fraternities . 2023-02-01 . Jefferson Interfraternal Council.
29. Web site: Home . 2023-02-01 . Rho Psi Eta UCSB . en.
30. Web site: Rho Psi Eta, Delta Chapter｜Cornell University｜Pre-Health Sorority . 2023-02-01 . Rho Psi Eta, Cornell . en.
31. Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (February 19, 2023) "Sigma Mu Delta". Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed February 23, 2023.
32. https://www.palmer.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/biography-palmer-mabel-heath.pdf Biography of Palmer Mabel Heath
33. Web site: Chapter . 2023-02-01 . Phi Boota roota . en.
34. Web site: Phi Boota Roota - GuideStar Profile . 2023-02-01 . www.guidestar.org.
35. Web site: Clubs & Activities . 2023-02-01 . Gupton-Jones College . en.
36. Web site: About CCMS Student Body Student Body . 2023-02-01 . www.ccms.edu.
37. Web site: Current Stories . March 10, 2024 . Michigan Technological University.
38. Web site: Home . March 10, 2024 . Sigma Rho Fraternity . en-US.