Professional fraternities and sororities explained

Professional fraternities, in the North American fraternity system, are organizations whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession and whose membership is restricted to students in that particular field of professional education or study. This may be contrasted with service fraternities and sororities, whose primary purpose is community service, and social fraternities and sororities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.

Professional fraternities are often confused with honor societies because of their focus on a specific discipline. Professional fraternities are significantly different from honor societies in that honor societies are associations designed to provide recognition of the past achievement of those who are invited to membership. Honor society membership, in most cases, requires no period of pledging, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership.

Professional fraternities, on the other hand, work to build brotherhood among members and cultivate the strengths of members to promote their profession and to provide assistance to one another in their mutual areas of professional study. Membership in a professional fraternity may be the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the organization for life. Within their professional field of study, their membership is exclusive; however, they may initiate members who belong to other types of fraternities.

History

The first professional fraternity was founded at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1819: the Kappa Lambda Society of Aesculapius, established to bring together students of the medical profession. The fraternity lasted until about 1858.

Of the professional fraternities still in existence, the oldest is Phi Delta Phi founded at the University of Michigan in 1869; however, Phi Delta Phi changed its mission in 2012 to become an honor society for law school students.

Title IX applied to professional fraternities

In the United States fraternity system, professional fraternities are usually co-educational in accordance with Federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (commonly referred to as "Title IX"). This federal law discourages discrimination based on sex in any college or university receiving federal financial assistance.[1] However, the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities are exempt from Title IX in section (A)(6)(a). The U.S. Department of Education (DOE) regulations adopted under Title IX also allow such an exception for "the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities." (34 C.F.R. Sec. 106.14(a)).[2]

Before Title IX, many professional fraternities were all male and most professional sororities/women's fraternities were all female. Several of these professional fraternities and sororities even considered themselves both professional and social organizations because they often emphasized the social aspects of their activities. During the ensuing years since the enactment of Title IX, single-sex professional fraternities and sororities became coeducational to conform to Title IX. Several organizations simply opened their membership to both men and women. For example, Phi Chi (medicine) opened membership to women in 1973; Phi Beta (music and speech) opened membership to men in 1976; and Delta Omicron (music) opened membership to men in 1979. A few single-sex groups merged with other organizations, such as Phi Delta Delta, a women's professional law fraternity, merged with Phi Alpha Delta (law) in 1972.

Even though Title IX was enacted in 1972, there are still professional fraternities and sororities or their chapters that have not become coeducational and therefore, do not conform to Title IX. Generally, these groups still claim to be both professional and social organizations, for instance, Alpha Gamma Rho (men in agriculture), Alpha Omega Epsilon (women in engineering), and Sigma Phi Delta (men in engineering).

Several social fraternities and sororities have membership practices of selecting their members primarily from students enrolled in particular majors or areas of study, including Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Phi Sigma Rho, and Triangle. Nevertheless, these groups are social, rather than professional, organizations.[3] Although they select members from students in a particular field of study, like a professional fraternity, they are single-sex social organizations because their purposes focus only on the social development of their members. Examples of groups that have been officially granted exemption from Title IX by the DOE to remain single-sex include Sigma Alpha Iota in 1981 [4] and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia in 1983.[5]

Umbrella organizations

Many professional fraternities, particularly those of the highest esteem and reputation, are members of the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA).[6] This group resulted in 1978 from a merger of the Professional Interfraternity Conference (PIC) (for men's group) and the Professional Panhellenic Association (PPA) (for women's groups). In 2013, faced with an increase in campus policies that require student organizations to take all students, the PFA adopted a resolution against All Comers policies.[7]

List of professional fraternities

Arts, literature, and media

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Delta Chi XiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΧΞ2010DanceNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΦ1899TextilesLocal, Lowell Textile SchoolFraternityActive
Delta Kappa AlphaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΑ1936CinemaNational (US)Gender InclusiveActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΕΤ1953Graphic artists honor societyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Gamma Xi PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΞΦ2010African American artists and creatorsNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive[8]
Omega Xi AlphaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΟΞΑ 1928JournalismRegionalFraternityInactive
Phi Alpha TauGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΤ1902Communicative artsLocal, Emerson CollegeFraternity/MaleActive[9]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΒ1912Creative and performing artsNational (US)Fraternity/Gender InclusiveActive
Phi PsiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΨ1903Textile arts and manufacturing engineeringNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Zeta Phi EtaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΖΦΗ1893Communication arts and sciencesNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive

Agriculture

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Alpha Gamma RhoGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΡ1904AgricultureNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Alpha Gamma SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΣ 1923AgricultureNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Alpha Tau AlphaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΑ1921Agriculture and extension educationNational (US)FraternityActive
Alpha ZetaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΖ1897Agriculture and natural resourcesNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Delta Theta SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΘΣ1906AgricultureNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑ1978AgricultureNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive

Business and economics

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Alpha Kappa PsiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΚΨ1904BusinessInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΙ1905BusinessNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΠ1907BusinessNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Epsilon Nu TauGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΝΤ2008EntrepreneurshipNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Eta Phi BetaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΗΦΒ1942Business, African AmericanNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Gamma Iota SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΙΣ1966Insurance, risk management, actuarial sciencesInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Iota Phi LambdaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΙΦΛ1929Business and professional African AmericansNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Omicron Delta EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΟΔΕ1963Economics honor societyInternationalSociety/CoedActive
Phi Chi ThetaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΧΘ1924BusinessNational (US)Women's Fraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΓΝ1924BusinessNational (US)Sorority/CoedActive
Pi Sigma EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΣΕ1952Marketing and sales managementNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Sigma Iota EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΙΕ1927Management honorary and professional societyInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΗΡΣ2020BusinessNational (US)Sorority/WomenActive[10] [11]

Education

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Delta Kappa GammaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΚΓ1929EducationInternationalSociety/FemaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΔΠ1911Education honor societyInternationalSociety/CoedActive
Phi Delta KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΚ1906EducationInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΚ1923EducationInternationalSorority/CoedActive
Phi Epsilon KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΕΚ1913Physical education, performance, sports managementNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive

Science, technology, engineering, and math

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Alpha Chi SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΧΣ1902ChemistryNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Alpha Omega EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΩΕ1983EngineeringNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΡΧ1914ArchitectureNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Alpha Sigma KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΣΚ1989Architecture, engineering, mathematics, and sciencesNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Beta Psi OmegaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΨΩ2010BiologyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive[12] [13] [14]
Kappa Eta KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΗΚ1923Electrical and computer engineeringNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΘΠ2012Information technologyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Pi Mu EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΜΕ1914Mathematics honor societyNational (US)Society/CoedActive
Phi Sigma RhoGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΣΡ1984Science, technology, engineering, mathematicsNational (US)Sorority/Female and non-binaryActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΔΝ1921–1950sChemistryNational (US)Sorority/FemaleInactive
Scarab1909–19xx ?Architecture, landscape architecture, architectural engineeringNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive, Merged
Sigma Phi DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΦΔ1924EngineeringInternationalFraternity/MaleActive
Theta TauGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΘΤ1904EngineeringNational (US)Fraternity/Coed or male by chapterActive
Triangle Fraternity1907Engineering, architecture, and sciencesNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive

Law

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Delta Theta PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΘΦ1900LawInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Gamma Eta GammaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΓΗΓ1901LawNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΑΠ2007LawNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Phi Alpha DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΔ1902LawInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Phi Delta DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΔ1911–1972LawNational (US)Sorority/FemaleInactive
Phi Delta PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΦ1869Law honor (formerly professional)InternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Sigma Alpha NuGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑΝ2005Pre-lawLocal, University of California, BerkeleyFraternity/CoedActive[15] [16]
Pi Lambda SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΛΣ2016Pre-law, GovernmentLocal, Cornell UniversitySociety/CoedActive[17] [18]

Medicine

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Aleph Yodh Heאיה1908–1921Medicine, JewishNational (US)FraternitiesInactive
Alpha Delta ThetaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΔΘ1944Medical technologyLocal, was nationalSorority/FemaleActive
Alpha Delta UpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΔΥChiropracticSorority/FemaleActive[19] [20]
Alpha Epsilon IotaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΕΙ1890–1979MedicalNational (US)Women's Fraternity/FemaleInactive
Alpha Gamma KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΓΚ1939PodiatryNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Alpha Kappa KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΚΚ1888–20xx ?MedicineInternational, then localFraternity/MaleInactive
Alpha OmegaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΩ1907Denistry, JewishInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΨ1907Veterinary medicineNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Alpha Tau DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΔ1921NursingNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Alpha Tau SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΤΣ1912–1964MedicalLocal, American School of OsteopathyFraternity/MaleInactive
Beta Sigma KappaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΣΚ1924Optometry honor InternationalSociety/CoedActive[21] [22]
Chi Delta MuGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΔΜ1913Health professions, African AmericanInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Chi Eta PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΗΦ1932Nursing, African AmericanInternationalSorority, FemaleActive
Chi Rho SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΡΣ1949* 1975ChiropracticInternational Fraternity/CoedActive[23]
Chi Zeta ChiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΧΖΧ1901–1929MedicineNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive
Delta Epsilon MuGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΕΜ1996Pre-health, health-related fieldsNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Delta Omicron AlphaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΟΑ1907–1917MedicineNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive
Delta Sigma ChiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΧ1913ChiropracticInternationalFraternity/MaleActive
Delta Sigma DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΔ1882DentistryInternationalFraternity/MaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΨΕ1911OptometryLocal, Ohio State UniversityFraternityActive
Hygeia Medical SororityEnglish: HMS2009MedicineLocal, Universidad Mayor de San SimónSororityActive[24]
Kappa Gamma DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΓΔ1994Pre-medicalRegional, CaliforniaSorority/FemaleActive
Kappa Tau EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΤΕPodiatryLocal, Kent StateFraternity/CoedActive[25]
Mu Epsilon DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΕΔ1965HealthNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Nu Sigma NuGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΝΣΝ1882MedicineInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Omega DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΔ1919OptometryNationalFraternityActive[26]
Omega Tau SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΤΣ1906Veterinary medicineInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Omega Upsilon PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΩΥΦ1894–1934MedicineInternationalFraternity/MaleInactive, Merged
Phi Alpha GammaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΓ1894–1948Osteopathic medicineNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive, Merged
Phi Alpha SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΑΣ1888MedicineNationalFraternityActive[27] [28]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΒΠ1891MedicineLocal, formerly NationalFraternityActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΧ1889MedicineInternationalFraternity/MaleActive
Phi DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔ1901–1918MedicineInternationalFraternity/MaleInactive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΕ1904MedicineInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Phi Kappa MuGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΚΜ1933MedicineLocal, University of the Philippines College of MedicineFraternity/MaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΛΚ1907MedicineInternationalFraternityActive
Phi Rho SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΡΣ1890MedicineNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Phi Sigma GammaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΣΓ1890Osteopathic National (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΜ1892–1922Medical honor societyNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive, Merged
Psi OmegaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΨΩ1892DentistryNational (US)FraternityActive
Rho Psi EtaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΨΗ2007Pre-Health CareersNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive[29] [30]
Sigma Mu DeltaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΜΔ1994Pre-medicalRegional, CaliforniaFraternity/MaleActive[31]
Sigma Phi ChiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΦΧ1911ChiropracticLocalSorority/FemaleActive[32]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΘΚΨ1879MedicineLocal (previously International)FraternityActive
Xi Psi PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΞΨΦ1889DentistryInternationalFraternity/CoedActive

Military, government, and foreign service

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles1966–1980sMilitaryNational (US)Sorority/FemaleInactive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΦΕ1920Foreign ServiceNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Delta Phi EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΦΕ1972Foreign ServiceNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Kappa Epsilon PsiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΕΨ2011MilitaryNational/United StatesSorority/FemaleActive
Kappa Lambda ChiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΛΧ2013MilitaryNational/United StatesFraternity/MaleActive
Lambda Beta AlphaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΒΑ2017MilitaryLocal, VirginiaSorority/FemaleActive
Mu Beta PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΒΦ2017MilitaryInternationalFraternity/MaleActive
Pershing Angels1965Military DrillNational (US)Sorority/FemaleActive
Pershing Rifles1894Military DrillNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Scabbard and Blade1904Military honorNational (US)Society/CoedActive

Music

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΟ1909MusicInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΚΨ1919BandNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Mu Beta PsiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΒΨ1925MusicNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Mu Phi EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΜΦΕ1903MusicInternationalSorority/CoedActive
Nu Kappa EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΝΚΕ1994Music appreciationNational (US)SororityActive
Phi Boota rootaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φᗺr1976PercussionNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive[33] [34]
Phi Mu Alpha SinfoniaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΜΑ1898Music, SocialNational (US)Fraternity/MaleActive
Sigma Alpha IotaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΣΑΙ1903MusicNational (US)Women's Fraternity/FemaleActive
Tau Beta SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΤΒΣ1946Band, ServiceNational (US)Sorority/CoedActive

Pharmaceutical and pharmacological

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Alpha Zeta OmegaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΖΩ1919PharmacyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Beta Phi SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΒΦΣ1888–1973PharmacyNational (US)Fraternity/MaleInactive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΣΘ1914Pharmacy, medical, and dentistryInternationalFraternityActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΕ1921PharmacyNational (US)Women's Fraternity/CoedActive
Kappa PsiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΚΨ1879PharmacyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Lambda Kappa SigmaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΚΣ1913PharmacyNational (US)Women's Fraternity/CoedActive
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΦΔΧ1883PharmacyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Rho ChiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΧ1922Pharmacy honor societyNational (US)Society/CoedActive
Rho Pi PhiGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΡΠΦ1919PharmancyNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive

Other

NameSymbolsFormed/RangeEmphasisScopeType/GenderStatusReference
Alpha Eta RhoGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΑΗΡ1929AviationInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
American Criminal Justice Association–Lambda Alpha EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΛΑΕ1937Criminal JusticeInternationalFraternity/CoedActive
Delta Omega EpsilonGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΔΩΕ1985Civics, AcademicsLocal, NY Tri-state AreaFraternityActive
Epsilon EtaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΕΗ2006Environmental, SustainabilityNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Pi Sigma EtaGreek, Ancient (to 1453);: ΠΣΗ1930Mortician honorary, funeral serviceNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive[35] [36]
Sigma Phi SigmaNational (US)Fraternity/CoedActive
Sigma Rho1892Local, Michigan Technological UniversityFraternityActive[37] [38]

Notes

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/coord/titleixstat.htm Title IX
  2. "Web site: Archived copy . 2007-07-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065112/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/byagency/34cfr106.pdf . 2007-09-30 . Code of Federal Regulations, PART 106: NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
  3. http://www.sinfonia.org/social Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Sinfonia's Classification
  4. Web site: Sigma Alpha Iota. Sigma Alpha Iota. 2010-12-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20101130180936/http://www.sai-national.org/home/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=hc61lItdqQk%3D&tabid=235. 2010-11-30. dead.
  5. Web site: Phi Mu Alpha. Phi Mu Alpha. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140306140350/http://www.sinfonia.org/history.asp. 2014-03-06.
  6. Web site: Home . 2023-01-31 . www.professionalfraternity.org.
  7. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025142/http://www.professionalfraternity.org/Websites/pfa/images/All_Comers_Resolution_090613.pdf. March 4, 2016. All Comers Resolution.
  8. Web site: Gamma Xi Phi . 2023-01-31 . Gamma Xi Phi . en-US.
  9. Web site: Phi Alpha Tau Emerson Connect . 2023-01-31 . Emerson College.
  10. Web site: Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated. . 2023-04-06 . Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated. . en-US.
  11. Web site: 2023-03-22 . Eta Rho Sigma Sorority, Incorporated Announces the Launch of Their Society Curated by Her for Her . 2024-05-17 . Women to Women Magazine . en-US.
  12. Web site: Chapters and Colonies . 2023-02-01 . Beta Psi Omega . en.
  13. Web site: About . 2023-02-01 . Beta Psi Omega . en.
  14. Web site: Beta Psi Omega Home . 2024-05-17 . West Virginia University . en.
  15. Web site: Sigma Alpha Nu Professional Pre-Law Fraternity . 2023-02-01 . Sigma Alpha Nu . en.
  16. Web site: Sigma Alpha Nu - CalLink at UC Berkeley . 2023-02-02 . University of California at Berkeley.
  17. Web site: Pi Lambda Sigma . 2024-01-27 . Cornell PFC . en-US.
  18. Web site: Cornell Polis – Home . 2024-01-27 . Polis Cornell.
  19. Web site: Alpha Delta Upsilon . 2023-02-01 . Life University.
  20. Web site: Alpha Delta Upsilon Professional Chiropractic Sorority . 2023-02-01 . www.adulife.yolasite.com.
  21. Web site: Beta Sigma Kappa - International Optometric Honor Society . 2023-02-01 . betasigmakappa.net.
  22. Web site: Henson . Brooke . October 21, 2021 . American Academy of Optometry announces 2021 recipient of the Beta Kappa Research Fellowship . 2023-02-02 . Optometry Times . en.
  23. Web site: Chi Rho Sigma Logan Connect . 2023-02-01 . Logan University.
  24. https://www.lostiempos.com/doble-click/sociales/20200106/hermandad-hygeia-medical-sorority-celebra-su-decimo-aniversario La hermandad Hygeia Medical Sorority celebra su décimo aniversario
  25. Web site: Kappa Tau Epsilon (KTE) Kent State University . 2023-02-01 . www.kent.edu.
  26. http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Northern_Illinois_College_Optometry_Focus_Yearbook/1933/Page_54.html Northern Illinois College Optometry Focus Yearbook page 54
  27. Web site: Early Penn Fraternities: Phi Alpha Sigma . 2023-02-01 . University Archives and Records Center . en.
  28. Web site: The Fraternities . 2023-02-01 . Jefferson Interfraternal Council.
  29. Web site: Home . 2023-02-01 . Rho Psi Eta UCSB . en.
  30. Web site: Rho Psi Eta, Delta Chapter|Cornell University|Pre-Health Sorority . 2023-02-01 . Rho Psi Eta, Cornell . en.
  31. Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (February 19, 2023) "Sigma Mu Delta". Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed February 23, 2023.
  32. https://www.palmer.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/biography-palmer-mabel-heath.pdf Biography of Palmer Mabel Heath
  33. Web site: Chapter . 2023-02-01 . Phi Boota roota . en.
  34. Web site: Phi Boota Roota - GuideStar Profile . 2023-02-01 . www.guidestar.org.
  35. Web site: Clubs & Activities . 2023-02-01 . Gupton-Jones College . en.
  36. Web site: About CCMS Student Body Student Body . 2023-02-01 . www.ccms.edu.
  37. Web site: Current Stories . March 10, 2024 . Michigan Technological University.
  38. Web site: Home . March 10, 2024 . Sigma Rho Fraternity . en-US.