Procyonidae Explained

Procyonidae [1] is a New World family of the order Carnivora. It includes the raccoons, ringtails, cacomistles, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, and olinguitos. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments and are generally omnivorous.

Characteristics

Procyonids are relatively small animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails, though the common raccoon tends to be bulky.

Because of their general build, the Procyonidae are often popularly viewed as smaller cousins of the bear family. This is apparent in their German names: a raccoon is called a Waschbär (washing bear, as it "washes" its food before eating), a coati is a Nasenbär (nose-bear), while a kinkajou is a Honigbär (honey-bear). Dutch follows suit, calling the animals wasbeer, neusbeer and rolstaartbeer (curl-tail bear) respectively. However, it is now believed that procyonids are more closely related to mustelids than to bears.[2] Procyonids share common morphological characteristics including a shortened rostrum, absent alisphenoid canals, and a relatively flat mandibular fossa.[3] Kinkajous have unique morphological characteristics due to their arboreally adapted locomotion, including a prehensile tail and unique femoral structure.[4] [5]

Due to their omnivorous diet, procyonids have lost some of the adaptations for flesh-eating found in their carnivorous relatives. While they do have carnassial teeth, these are poorly developed in most species, especially the raccoons. Apart from the kinkajou, procyonids have the dental formula: for a total of 40 teeth. The kinkajou has one fewer premolar in each row: for a total of 36 teeth.

Most members of Procyonidae are solitary; however, some species form groups. Coati females will form bands of 4 to 24 individuals that forage together,[6] while Kinkajous have been found to form social groups of two males and one female.[7] Certain Procyonids give birth to one offspring like ringtails, olingos, and kinkajous while raccoons and coatis give birth to litters that range in size from 2 to 6 offspring.[8] [9] [10] [11]

Evolution

Procyonid fossils once believed to belong to the genus Bassariscus, which includes the modern ringtail and cacomistle, have been identified from the Miocene epoch, around 20 million years (Ma) ago. It has been suggested that early procyonids were an offshoot of the canids that adapted to a more omnivorous diet.[12] The recent evolution of procyonids has been centered on Central America (where their diversity is greatest); they entered the formerly isolated South America as part of the Great American Interchange,[13] beginning about 7.3 Ma ago in the late Miocene, with the appearance of Cyonasua.[14] Some fossil procyonids such as Stromeriella were also present in the Old World, before going extinct in the Pliocene.[15]

Genetic studies have shown that kinkajous are a sister group to all other extant procyonids; they split off about 22.6 Ma ago.[16] The clades leading to coatis and olingos on one branch, and to ringtails and raccoons on the other, separated about 17.7 Ma ago. The divergence between olingos and coatis is estimated to have occurred about 10.2 Ma ago, at about the same time that ringtails and raccoons parted ways.[13] The separation between coatis and mountain coatis is estimated to have occurred 7.7 Ma ago.[17]

Classification

See also: List of procyonids. There has been considerable historical uncertainty over the correct classification of several members. The red panda was previously classified in this family, but it is now classified in its own family, the Ailuridae, based on molecular biology studies. The status of the various olingos was disputed: some regarded them all as subspecies of Bassaricyon gabbii before DNA sequence data demonstrated otherwise.[18]

The traditional classification scheme shown below on the left predates the recent revolution in our understanding of procyonid phylogeny based on genetic sequence analysis. This outdated classification groups kinkajous and olingos together on the basis of similarities in morphology that are now known to be an example of parallel evolution; similarly, coatis are shown as being most closely related to raccoons, when in fact they are closest to olingos. Below right is a cladogram showing the results of molecular studies .[18] [13] [16] Genus Nasuella was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within Nasua.[19]

Phylogeny

Several recent molecular studies have resolved the phylogenetic relationships between the procyonids, as illustrated in the cladogram below.[13] [18] [19] [20]

Extinct taxa

Below is a list of extinct taxa (many of which are fossil genera and species) compiled in alphabetical order under their respective subfamilies.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Procyonidae . . dictionary.com . 2024-08-18.
  2. Flynn. John. Finarelli. John. Zehr. Sarah. Hsu. Johnny. Nedbal. Michael. Molecular Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Enigmatic Relationships. Systematic Biology. 54. 2. 2005. 317–337 . 10.1080/10635150590923326. 16012099 . free.
  3. Gompper . Matthew E. . Rega-Brodsky . Christine C. . 2016-01-06 . The Textbook in the Modern Mammalogy Classroom . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 23 . 2 . 217–218 . 10.1007/s10914-015-9319-4 . 17883651 .
  4. The functional anatomy of prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and Procyonidae (Carnivora) . Jason Michael . Organ . 2007 . 233832204 .
  5. Tarquini . Juliana . March 2021 . Femoral Shape in Procyonids (Carnivora, Procyonidae): Morphofunctional Implications, Size and Phylogenetic Signal . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 28 . 1 . 159–171 . 10.1007/s10914-019-09491-8 . 209332127 .
  6. Gompper . Matthew E. . Gittleman . John L. . Wayne . Robert K. . 1997-04-01 . Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behaviour of white-nosed coatis, Nasua narica . Animal Behaviour . 53 . 4 . 781–797 . 10.1006/anbe.1996.0344 . 53170578 .
  7. Kays . Roland W. . Gittleman . John L. . April 2001 . The social organization of the kinkajou Potos flavus (Procyonidae) . Journal of Zoology . 253 . 4 . 491–504 . 10.1017/S0952836901000450 .
  8. Web site: Jirik . Kate . LibGuides: North American Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development . 2022-11-15 . ielc.libguides.com . en.
  9. Web site: Jirik . Kate . LibGuides: Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Fact Sheet: Summary . 2022-11-15 . ielc.libguides.com . en.
  10. Web site: Coati San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants . 2022-11-15 . animals.sandiegozoo.org.
  11. Web site: 2012-02-07 . Raccoon Nation ~ Raccoon Facts Nature PBS . 2022-11-15 . Nature . en-US.
  12. Book: Russell, James . The Encyclopedia of Mammals . Facts on File . 1984 . 978-0-87196-871-5 . Macdonald . D. . New York . 98–99 . registration.
  13. Koepfli . K.-P. . Gompper . M. E. . Eizirik . E. . Ho . C.-C. . Linden . L. . Maldonado . J. E. . Wayne . R. K. . 2007 . Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 43 . 3 . 1076–1095 . 10.1.1.495.2618 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003 . 17174109.
  14. Woodburne. M. O.. Michael Woodburne. The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17. 4. 2010-07-14. 245–264. 10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8. 21125025. 2987556.
  15. R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
  16. Eizirik . E. . Murphy . W. J. . Koepfli . K.-P. . Johnson . W. E. . Dragoo . J. W. . Wayne . R. K. . O'Brien . S. J. . 2010-02-04 . Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 56 . 1 . 49–63 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 . 7034395 . 20138220.
  17. . Nunes Tsuchiya . Mirian Tieko . Evolutionary History of Procyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Integrating Genomics, Morphology and Biogeographic Modeling . 2017 .
  18. Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito . Helgen . K. M. . Pinto . M. . Kays . R. . Helgen . L. . Tsuchiya . M. . Quinn . A. . Wilson . D. . Maldonado . J.. ZooKeys. 324. 2013-08-15. 1–83. 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 . 24003317 . 3760134. free .
  19. Helgen . K. M. . Kays . R. . Helgen . L. E. . Tsuchiya-Jerep . M. T. N. . Pinto . C. M. . Koepfli . K. P. . Eizirik . E. . Maldonado . J. E. . August 2009 . Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae) . Small Carnivore Conservation . 41 . 65–74 . 2013-08-20.
  20. Law. Chris J.. Slater. Graham J.. Mehta. Rita S.. 2018-01-01. Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods. Systematic Biology. en. 67. 1. 127–144. 10.1093/sysbio/syx047. 28472434. 1063-5157. free.

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