Procolophoninae Explained

Procolophoninae is an extinct subfamily of procolophonid parareptiles from the late Early Triassic to the early Middle Triassic (Olenekian and Anisian stages) of Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe and South America. Currently, the oldest-known procolophonine is Procolophon from the earliest Olenekian stage.^[1]

Phylogeny

Procolophoninae was named in 1890 by Richard Lydekker. It is a stem-based taxon defined phylogenetically for the first time by Modesto et al. (2002) as "all taxa more related to Procolophon trigoniceps Owen, 1876 than to Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen, 1851".^[2] The cladogram below follows Ruta et al. 2011.^[1]

Below are two cladograms that follow phylogenetic analyses by Butler et al. (2023):^[3]

Analyses 1 and 3: Strict consensus of 760 and 18 most parsimonious trees (MPTs).

Analysis 2: Single MPT.

Notes and References

1. Marcello Ruta . Juan C. Cisneros . Torsten Liebrect . Linda A. Tsuji . Johannes Muller . 2011 . Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction . Palaeontology . 54 . 5 . 1117–1137 . 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x . 83693335 . free .
2. Juan Carlos Cisneros . 2008 . Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 6 . 3 . 345–366 . 10.1017/S1477201907002350 . 84468714 .
3. Butler . R. J. . Meade . L. E. . Cleary . T. J. . McWhirter . K. T. . Brown . E. E. . Kemp . T. S. . Benito . J. . Fraser . N. C. . 2023 . Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England . The Anatomical Record . 10.1002/ar.25316 . 37735997 . free.