Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, classified as imperative programming,[1] that involves implementing the behavior of a computer program as procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines) that call each other. The resulting program is a series of steps that forms a hierarchy of calls to its constituent procedures.
The first major procedural programming languages appeared –1964, including Fortran, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/I and BASIC.[2] Pascal and C were published –1972.
Computer processors provide hardware support for procedural programming through a stack register and instructions for calling procedures and returning from them. Hardware support for other types of programming is possible, like Lisp machines or Java processors, but no attempt was commercially successful.
Certain software development practices are often employed with procedural programming in order to enhance quality and lower development and maintenance costs.
Modularity is about organizing the procedures of a program into separate modules -- each of which has a specific and understandable purpose.
Minimizing the scope of variables and procedures can enhance software quality by reducing the cognitive load of procedures and modules.
A program lacking modularity or wide scoping tends to have procedures that consume many variables that other procedures also consume. The resulting code is relatively hard to understand and to maintain.
Since a procedure can specify a well-defined interface and be self-contained it supports code reuse -- in particular via the software library.
Procedural programming is classified as a imperative programming, because it involves direct command of execution.
Procedural is a sub-class of imperative since procedural includes block and scope concepts, whereas imperative describes a more general concept that does not require such features. Procedural languages generally use reserved words that define blocks, such as if, while, and for, to implement control flow, whereas non-structured imperative languages (i.e. assembly language) use goto and branch tables for this purpose.
Also classified as imperative, object-oriented programming (OOP) involves dividing a program implementation into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data (members) via a well-defined interface. In contrast, procedural programming is about dividing the program implementation into variables, data structures, and subroutines. An important distinction is that while procedural involves procedures to operate on data structures, OOP bundles the two together. An object is a data structure and the behavior associated with that data structure.[3]
Some OOP languages support the class concept which allows for creating an object based on a definition.
Nomenclature varies between the two, although they have similar semantics:
| width=33% | Procedural | width=33% | Object-oriented |
|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure | Method | ||
| Record | Object | ||
| Module | Class | ||
| Procedure call | Message |
The principles of modularity and code reuse in functional languages are fundamentally the same as in procedural languages, since they both stem from structured programming. For example:
The main difference between the styles is that functional programming languages remove or at least deemphasize the imperative elements of procedural programming. The feature set of functional languages is therefore designed to support writing programs as much as possible in terms of pure functions:
Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both styles. It is common for input/output code in functional languages to be written in a procedural style.
There do exist a few esoteric functional languages (like Unlambda) that eschew structured programming precepts for the sake of being difficult to program in (and therefore challenging). These languages are the exception to the common ground between procedural and functional languages.
In logic programming, a program is a set of premises, and computation is performed by attempting to prove candidate theorems. From this point of view, logic programs are declarative, focusing on what the problem is, rather than on how to solve it.
However, the backward reasoning technique, implemented by SLD resolution, used to solve problems in logic programming languages such as Prolog, treats programs as goal-reduction procedures. Thus clauses of the form:
have a dual interpretation, both as procedures
to show/solve, show/solve and … and
and as logical implications:
.
A skilled logic programmer uses the procedural interpretation to write programs that are effective and efficient, and uses the declarative interpretation to help ensure that programs are correct.