Pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide explained

Pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide, also known as Pro-GRP, is a gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) precursor, a neurotransmitter that belongs to the bombesin-related neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of gastrin in order to increase the acidity of the gastric acid. Pro-GRP is a peptide composed of 125 amino acids, expressed in the nervous system and digestive tract.[1] [2] It is different from progastrin, consisting of 80 amino acids, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and oncogene in its extracellular version (hPG80).[3] [4]

The presence of GRP in lung cancer samples was identified in 1983.[5] In pathological situations, GRP has mitogenic activity in vitro in many cancers including pancreatic cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, breast and colorectal cancer.[6] [7] [8] [9] GRP could operate as an autocrine growth factor. In cancers, GRP induces cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by shutting down the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.[10] The mechanisms of the impacted signal pathways have not been established.[11]   As early as 1994, research on Pro-GRP as a biomarker for small-cell lung carcinoma began.[12] Because of the very short half-life of GRP (2 minutes), the Pro-GRP is used for measurements and analysis. Since then, Pro-GRP has been used as a tumor marker for patients with small-cell lung carcinoma in limited and extended stages.[13]

References

  1. Dumesny. Chelsea. Patel. Oneel. Lachal. Shamilah. Giraud. Andrew S.. Baldwin. Graham S.. Shulkes. Arthur. 2006. Synthesis, expression and biological activity of the prohormone for gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP). Endocrinology. 147. 1. 502–509. 10.1210/en.2005-0574. 0013-7227. 16223866. free.
  2. Saurin. Jc. Némoz-Gaillard. E. Ratineau. C. Chayvialle. Ja. Abello. J. 2000. Le neuropeptide bombésine module la prolifération et l'invasion tumorale.. Médecine/Sciences. 16. 8–9. 929. 10.4267/10608/1760. 10608/1760. 1958-5381.
  3. Book: Verena. D. Huebner. Purification and Structural Characterization of Progastrin-derived Peptides from a Human Gastrinoma. Roulan. JiangS. Terry D.. Lee. Kassu. Legesse. Takeshi. AzumiQ. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. April 2, 1990.
  4. You. Benoit. Mercier. Frédéric. Assenat. Eric. Langlois-Jacques. Carole. Glehen. Olivier. Soulé. Julien. Payen. Léa. Kepenekian. Vahan. Dupuy. Marie. Belouin. Fanny. Morency. Eric. 2020. The oncogenic and druggable hPG80 (Progastrin) is overexpressed in multiple cancers and detected in the blood of patients. eBioMedicine. en. 51. 102574. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.035. 6938867. 31877416.
  5. Bhatnagar. M.. Springall. D. R.. Ghatei. M. A.. Burnet. P. W. J.. Hamid. Q.. Giaid. A.. Ibrahim. N. B. N.. Cuttitta. F.. Spindel. E. R.. Penketh. R.. Rodek. C.. 1988-07-01. Localisation of mRNA and co-expression and molecular forms of GRP gene products in endocrine cells of fetal human lung. Histochemistry. 90. 4. 299–307. 10.1007/BF00495974. 0301-5564. 3068217. 12060289. subscription.
  6. Uchida. Kazuhiro. Kojima. Akira. Morokawa. Nasa. Tanabe. Osamu. Anzai. Chieko. Kawakami. Makio. Eto. Yoshikatsu. Yoshimura. Kunihiko. 2002-12-01. Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 128. 12. 633–640. 10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. 12474049. 23764903. 0171-5216.
  7. Preston. Shaun R.. Miller. Glenn V.. Primrose. John N.. 1996. Bombesin-like peptides and cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. en. 23. 3. 225–238. 10.1016/1040-8428(96)00204-1. 8842591.
  8. Moody. Terry W.. Chan. Daniel. Jensen. Jan Fahrenkrug and Robert T.. 2003-01-31. Neuropeptides as Autocrine Growth Factors in Cancer Cells. 2020-08-03. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 9. 6. 495–509. en. 10.2174/1381612033391621. 12570813.
  9. Patel. Oneel. Dumesny. Chelsea. Giraud. Andrew S.. Baldwin. Graham S.. Shulkes. Arthur. 2004. Stimulation of proliferation and migration of a colorectal cancer cell line by amidated and glycine-extended gastrin-releasing peptide via the same receptor. Biochemical Pharmacology. en. 68. 11. 2129–2142. 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.009. 15498503.
  10. Li. Xinqiu. Zhang. Litang. Ke. Xianzhu. Wang. Yuming. 2013. Human gastrin-releasing peptide triggers growth of HepG2 cells through blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Biochemistry (Moscow). en. 78. 1. 102–110. 10.1134/S0006297913010136. 23379566. 18293652. 0006-2979.
  11. 1989. Gastrin-releasing peptide gene-associated peptides are expressed in normal human fetal lung and small cell lung cancer: A novel peptide family found in man. Lung Cancer. 5. 10. 10.1016/0169-5002(89)90319-x. 0169-5002.
  12. 1994. Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (PROGRP) as a specific tumor marker in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Lung Cancer. 11. 45. 10.1016/0169-5002(94)93944-6. 0169-5002.
  13. Cavalieri. Stefano. Morelli. Daniele. Martinetti. Antonia. Galli. Giulia. Nichetti. Federico. de Braud. Filippo. Platania. Marco. 2018. Clinical implications for pro-GRP in small cell lung cancer. A single center experience. The International Journal of Biological Markers. en. 33. 1. 55–61. 10.5301/ijbm.5000305. 28967066. 1724-6008. free. 2434/551868. free.

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