List of heads of state of Mexico explained

The President of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union.^[1] Throughout its history, Mexico has had several forms of government. Under the federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. Under the Seven Laws (centralist), the chief executive was named President of the Republic. In addition, there have been two periods of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Mexico.

The chronology of the heads of state of Mexico is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Mexican presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months.^[2]

This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed the Mexican Executive duties during periods of transition.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)

See main article: First Mexican Empire.

First Regency

After the end of the Mexican War of Independence, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire and appointed a regency composed of six people.

Members^[3]		Term of office
Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Juan O'Donojú	28 September 1821	8 October 1821
	Agustín de Iturbide	28 September 1821	11 April 1822
	Manuel de la Barcéna	28 September 1821	11 April 1822
	José Isidro Yañez	28 September 1821	11 April 1822
	Manuel Velázquez de León	28 September 1821	11 April 1822
	Antonio Pérez Martínez	9 October 1821	11 April 1822

Second Regency

Members		Term of office
Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Agustín de Iturbide	11 April 1822	18 May 1822
	José Isidro Yañez	11 April 1822	18 May 1822
	Miguel Valentín	11 April 1822	18 May 1822
	Manuel de Heras	11 April 1822	18 May 1822
	Nicolás Bravo	11 April 1822	18 May 1822

Monarchy of Agustín I

See main article: First Mexican Empire.

Provisional Government (1823–1824)

See main article: Provisional Government of Mexico.

The Provisional Government of 1823–1824 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of Mexico after the abdication of Agustín I, monarch of Mexican Empire in 1823.^[4] The provisional government was responsible for convening the body that created the Federal Republic and existed from 1 April 1823 to 10 October 1824.^[5]

Head of State^[6] ^[7] ^[8]		Term of office
Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Nicolás Bravo	31 March 1823	10 October 1824
	Guadalupe Victoria	31 March 1823	10 October 1824
	Pedro Celestino Negrete	31 March 1823	10 October 1824
	José Mariano Michelena	1 April 1823	10 October 1824
	Miguel Domínguez	1 April 1823	10 October 1824
	Vicente Guerrero	1 April 1823	10 October 1824

First Federal Republic (1824–1835)

See main article: First Mexican Republic. The president and vice president did not run jointly and could be from different parties.

	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political party	Vice President	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Guadalupe Victoria	10 October 1824	31 March 1829		Independent	Nicolás Bravo (1824-1827)	^[9]
		Vicente Guerrero	1 April 1829	17 December 1829		Liberal Party	Anastasio Bustamante	^[10] ^[11]
		José María Bocanegra	17 December 1829	23 December 1829		Popular York Rite Party	Vacant	^[12] ^[13]
		Vélez–Quintanar–Alaman	23 December 1829	31 December 1829		Liberal Party (Vélez) Independent (Quintanar and Alamán)	Vacant	^[14]
		Anastasio Bustamante	1 January 1830	13 August 1832		Conservative Party	Vacant	^[15]
		Melchor Múzquiz	14 August 1832	24 December 1832		Popular York Rite Party	Vacant	^[16] ^[17] ^[18]
		Manuel Gómez Pedraza	24 December 1832	31 March 1833		Federalist York Rite Party	Vacant	^[19] ^[20]
		Valentín Gómez Farías	1 April 1833	16 May 1833		Liberal Party	Himself	^[21] ^[22] ^[23]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	16 May 1833	3 June 1833		Liberal Party	Valentín Gómez Farías	^[24] ^[25] ^[26]
		Valentín Gómez Farías	3 June 1833	18 June 1833		Liberal Party	Himself
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	18 June 1833	5 July 1833		Liberal Party	Valentín Gómez Farías
		Valentín Gómez Farías	5 July 1833	27 October 1833		Liberal Party	Himself
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	27 October 1833	15 December 1833		Liberal Party	Valentín Gómez Farías
		Valentín Gómez Farías	16 December 1833	24 April 1834		Liberal Party	Himself	^[27]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	24 April 1834	27 January 1835		Conservative Party	Valentín Gómez Farías	^[28]
		Miguel Barragán	28 January 1835	27 February 1836		Conservative Party	Vacant	^[29] ^[30] ^[31] ^[32]

Centralist Republic (1835–1846)

See main article: Centralist Republic of Mexico.

	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Miguel Barragán	28 January 1835	27 February 1836		Conservative Party
		José Justo Corro	27 February 1836	19 April 1837		Conservative Party	^[33] ^[34] ^[35]
		Anastasio Bustamante	19 April 1837	18 March 1839		Conservative Party	^[36] ^[37]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	18 March 1839	10 July 1839		Conservative Party	^[38]
		Nicolás Bravo	11 July 1839	19 July 1839		Conservative Party	^[39] ^[40]
		Anastasio Bustamante	19 July 1839	22 September 1841		Conservative Party	^[41]
		Francisco Javier Echeverría	22 September 1841	10 October 1841		Conservative Party	^[42] ^[43] ^[44]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	10 October 1841	26 October 1842		Liberal Party	^[45] ^[46] ^[47]
		Nicolás Bravo	26 October 1842	4 March 1843		Conservative Party
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	4 March 1843	4 October 1843		Liberal Party	^[48]
		Valentín Canalizo	4 October 1843	4 June 1844		Conservative Party	^[49] ^[50]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	4 June 1844	12 September 1844		Liberal Party	^[51] ^[52]
		José Joaquín de Herrera	12 September 1844	21 September 1844		Liberal Party	^[53]
		Valentín Canalizo	21 September 1844	6 December 1844		Conservative Party	^[54]
		José Joaquín de Herrera	6 December 1844	30 December 1845		Liberal Party	^[55] ^[56]
		Mariano Paredes	31 December 1845	28 July 1846		Conservative Party	^[57] ^[58]
							Nicolás Bravo
		Nicolás Bravo	28 July 1846	4 August 1846		Conservative Party	^[59] ^[60] ^[61]
		José Mariano Salas	5 August 1846	23 December 1846		Conservative Party	^[62] ^[63] ^[64]

Second Federal Republic (1846–1863)

See main article: Second Federal Republic of Mexico.

	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		José Mariano Salas	5 August 1846	23 December 1846		Conservative Party	^[65]
		Valentín Gómez Farías	23 December 1846	21 March 1847		Liberal Party	^[66]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	21 March 1847	2 April 1847		Liberal Party	^[67]
							Valentín Gómez Farías
		Pedro María de Anaya	2 April 1847	20 May 1847		Liberal Party	^[68] ^[69] ^[70]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	20 May 1847	15 September 1847		Liberal Party	^[71] ^[72]
		Manuel de la Peña y Peña	16 September 1847	13 November 1847		Conservative Party	^[73] ^[74]
		Pedro María de Anaya	13 November 1847	8 January 1848		Liberal Party
		Manuel de la Peña y Peña	8 January 1848	3 June 1848		Conservative Party	^[75]
		José Joaquín de Herrera	3 June 1848	15 January 1851		Liberal Party	^[76]
		Mariano Arista	15 January 1851	5 January 1853		Liberal Party	^[77]
		Juan Bautista Ceballos	6 January 1853	7 February 1853		Liberal Party	^[78]
		Manuel María Lombardini	8 February 1853	20 April 1853		Conservative Party	^[79]
		Antonio López de Santa Anna	20 April 1853	5 August 1855		Conservative Party	^[80] ^[81] ^[82] ^[83]
		Martín Carrera	5 August 1855	12 September 1855		Conservative Party	^[84]
		Rómulo Díaz de la Vega	12 September 1855	3 October 1855		Conservative Party	^[85] ^[86]
		Juan Álvarez	4 October 1855	11 December 1855		Liberal Party	^[87] ^[88]
		Ignacio Comonfort	11 December 1855	17 December 1857		Liberal Party	^[89] ^[90]

Reform War 1858–1860

See main article: Reform War. There were two rival governments during the civil war of the Reform, which the liberals won.

Presidents recognized by the Conservatives

	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Ignacio Comonfort	17 December 1857	21 January 1858		Liberal Party	^[92] ^[93]
		Félix María Zuloaga	11 January 1858	24 December 1858		Conservative Party	^[94]
		Manuel Robles Pezuela	24 December 1858	21 January 1859		Conservative Party	^[95] ^[96]
		José Mariano Salas	21 January 1859	2 February 1859		Conservative Party
		Miguel Miramón	2 February 1859	13 August 1860		Conservative Party	^[97]
		José Ignacio Pavón	13 August 1860	15 August 1860		Conservative Party	^[98]
		Miguel Miramón	15 August 1860	24 December 1860		Conservative Party	^[99]

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)

See main article: Second Mexican Empire.

Regency

On 22 June 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On 11 July, the Board became the Regency of the Empire.^{[100] [101]}

Members		Term of office			Political party
Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Juan Nepomuceno Almonte	11 July 1863	10 April 1864		Conservative Party
	José Mariano Salas	11 July 1863	10 April 1864
	Pelagio Antonio de Labastida	11 July 1863	17 November 1863
	José Ignacio Pavón	11 July 1863	2 January 1864
	Juan Bautista Ormaechea	17 November 1863	10 April 1864

Monarchy of Maximilian I

Restored Republic (1867–1876)

See main article: Restored Republic (Mexico).

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Benito Juárez	—	18 December 1857	11 June 1861		Liberal Party
			1861	11 June 1861	30 November 1865
			—	1 December 1865	30 November 1867
			1867	1 December 1867	30 November 1871
			1871	1 December 1871	18 July 1872
		Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada	—	18 July 1872	30 November 1872		Liberal Party	^[102]
			1872	1 December 1872	20 November 1876
		José María Iglesias	—	26 October 1876	28 November 1876		Liberal Party	^[103]

Porfiriato (1876–1911)

See main article: Porfiriato.

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Porfirio Díaz	—	28 November 1876	6 December 1876		Liberal Party	^[104]
		Juan N. Méndez	—	6 December 1876	17 February 1877		Liberal Party	^[105]
		Porfirio Díaz		17 February 1877	30 November 1880		Liberal Party	^[106]
		Manuel González Flores	1880	1 December 1880	30 November 1884	4 years	Liberal Party	^[107]
		Porfirio Díaz	1884	1 December 1884	25 May 1911		National Porfirist Party National Reelectionist Party	^[108]
			1888
			1892
			1896
			1900
			1904					Ramón Corral
			1910

Revolution (1911–1928)

Political parties

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Francisco León de la Barra	—	25 May 1911	5 November 1911		Independent	^[109]
^[110]		Francisco I. Madero	1911	6 November 1911	19 February 1913		Progressive Constitutionalist Party	^[111] ^[112]
								José María Pino Suárez
		Pedro Lascuráin	—	19 February 1913		About 45 minutes	Independent	^[113]
		Victoriano Huerta	—	19 February 1913	15 July 1914		Independent	^[114] ^[115]
		Francisco S. Carvajal	—	15 July 1914	13 August 1914		Independent	^[116]

Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes

See main article: Convention of Aguascalientes. The Conventionists were followers of revolutionary generals Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. They fought a civil war with the followers of revolutionaries under Venustiano Carranza.

	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Eulalio Gutiérrez	6 November 1914	16 January 1915		^[117]
		Roque González Garza	16 January 1915	10 June 1915		^[118]
		Francisco Lagos Cházaro	10 June 1915	10 October 1915		^[119]

Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy

The revolutionary Constitutionalist Army under the authority "First Chief" Venustiano Carranza defeated the Army of the Convention in 1915, with a new constitution drafted in 1916–17.

Political parties

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Venustiano Carranza	—	Head of the Executive Power First Chief of the Constitutional Army			Liberal Constitutionalist Party	^[120]
				13 August 1914	30 April 1917
			1917	President of Mexico
				1 May 1917	21 May 1920
		Adolfo de la Huerta	—	1 June 1920	30 November 1920		Liberal Constitutionalist Party	^[121]
		Álvaro Obregón	1920	1 December 1920	30 November 1924	4 years	Laborist Party	^[122]
		Plutarco Elías Calles	1924	1 December 1924	30 November 1928	4 years	Laborist Party

Maximato (1928–1934)

See main article: Maximato. President-elect Obregón was assassinated before he was inaugurated for a six-year presidential term. Calles brought together revolutionaries to found the National Revolutionary Party (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)). Calles could not succeed himself as president, but he remained the power behind the presidency as the jefe máximo (maximum chief).

Political parties

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Emilio Portes Gil	—	1 December 1928	4 February 1930		National Revolutionary Party	^[123]
		Pascual Ortiz Rubio	1929	5 February 1930	4 September 1932		National Revolutionary Party	^[124] ^[125]
		Abelardo L. Rodríguez	—	4 September 1932	30 November 1934		National Revolutionary Party

Modern Mexico (1934–present)

See main article: Sexenio (Mexico). After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the 1934 general election, all the presidents have completed their six-year terms.

Political parties

	Portrait	Name	Elected	Term of office			Political party
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Lázaro Cárdenas	1934	1 December 1934	30 November 1940	6 years	National Revolutionary Party
		Manuel Ávila Camacho	1940	1 December 1940	30 November 1946	6 years	Party of the Mexican Revolution
		Miguel Alemán Valdés	1946	1 December 1946	30 November 1952	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Adolfo Ruiz Cortines	1952	1 December 1952	30 November 1958	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Adolfo López Mateos	1958	1 December 1958	30 November 1964	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Gustavo Díaz Ordaz	1964	1 December 1964	30 November 1970	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Luis Echeverría	1970	1 December 1970	30 November 1976	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		José López Portillo	1976	1 December 1976	30 November 1982	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Miguel de la Madrid	1982	1 December 1982	30 November 1988	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Carlos Salinas de Gortari	1988	1 December 1988	30 November 1994	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Ernesto Zedillo	1994	1 December 1994	30 November 2000	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Vicente Fox	2000	1 December 2000	30 November 2006	6 years	National Action Party
		Felipe Calderón	2006	1 December 2006	30 November 2012	6 years	National Action Party
		Enrique Peña Nieto	2012	1 December 2012	30 November 2018	6 years	Institutional Revolutionary Party
		Andrés Manuel López Obrador	2018	1 December 2018	Incumbent ^[126]		National Regeneration Movement
		Claudia Sheinbaum	2024	1 October 2024			National Regeneration Movement

Presidents who died in office

President	Term of office	Date of death	Notes
Benito Juárez	1857–1872	18 July 1872 (aged 66)
Venustiano Carranza	1914–1920	21 May 1920 (aged 60)

See also

• President of Mexico
• Emperor of Mexico
• First Lady of Mexico
• Politics of Mexico
• History of Mexico
  • Aztec Empire
    • Tenochtitlan
      • List of Tenochtitlan rulers
  • New Spain
    • List of viceroys of New Spain

External links

• Lista de gobernantes de México Official List

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States . 78 . Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas (UNAM) . 9 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150218091702/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/infjur/leg/constmex/pdf/consting.pdf . 18 February 2015 .
2. Iturriaga, XXXX: 61.
3. Web site: El viajero en México: Ó sea la capital de la República, encerrada en un libro. . 9 August 2011 . Open Library.
4. http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/Portal/PtMain.php?pagina=exp-triunvirato-articulo INEHRM Secretaría de Gobernación
5. Web site: El Viajero en México (Pág. 30) . CDigital. 12 September 2010.
6. Web site: Decreto. Nombramiento de los individuos que han de componer el poder ejecutivo. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150821/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1823_122/Decreto_Nombramiento_de_los_individuos_que_han_de_componer_el_poder_ejecutivo.shtml . 3 September 2018 . 8 August 2011 . 500 años de México en documentos . es.
7. Web site: Decreto. Nombramiento de suplentes para el supremo poder ejecutivo. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150818/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1823_122/Decreto_Nombramiento_de_suplentes_para_el_supremo_poder_ejecutivo.shtml . 3 September 2018 . 8 August 2011 . 500 años de México en documentos . es.
8. Web site: Vicente Guerrero, 1782-1831. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110812165003/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65:vicente-guerrero-1783-1831&catid=84:biografias-independencia . 12 August 2011 . 8 August 2011 . Gobierno Federal . es.
9. Web site: How the First President of the United Mexican States came into office. . 500 años de México en documentos . 3 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034258/http://132.247.131.1/pagiib/files/Investigacion/Publicaciones/07_gonzalez%20polo.pdf . 3 July 2011 . dead .
10. Book: La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836. . 2006 . 74–75 . Universidad de Sevilla . 9788400084677 . es . 12 October 2010.
11. Web site: Vicente Guerrero . . 9 August 2011.
12. Web site: Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados. Elección de presidente interino de la República en el Excmo. Sr. D. José María Bocanegra. . es . 8 July 2011 . 3 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013434/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1829_116/Acuerdo_de_la_C_mara_de_Diputados_Elecci_n_de_presidente_interino_de_la_Rep_blica_en_el_Excmo_Sr_D_Jos_Mar_a_Bocanegra.shtml . dead .
13. Web site: José María Bocanegra asume interinamente la presidencia de la República, por licencia de Vicente Guerrero. . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111007155023/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/18121829.html . 7 October 2011 . dead .
14. Web site: Acuerdo del consejo de gobierno. Nombramiento de asociados al Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, para ejercer el supremo poder ejecutivo. . es . 9 August 2011.
15. Web site: Anastasio Bustamante, vicepresidente con Vicente Guerrero, asume la Presidencia de la República. . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114054220/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/01011830.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
16. Web site: Melchor Múzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante. . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114170436/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/14081832-MM.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
17. Web site: Melchor Múzquiz. . Presidencia de la Republica . es . 9 August 2011.
18. Web site: Anastasio Bustamante. . Secretaria de Educación Publica en el Distrito Federal . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100412/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=14&mes=8 . 29 March 2013 . dead .
19. Web site: Manuel Gómez Pedraza. . es . 9 August 2011.
20. Web site: Manuel Gómez Pedraza asume la presidencia de la República mediante los convenios de Zavaleta. . Memoria Politica de Mexico . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110429193338/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/24121832.html . 29 April 2011 . dead .
21. Web site: El Sr. D. Valentín Gómez Farías, al jurar como Vicepresidente. . Memoria Política de México . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203826/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1833-GF-VPte.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
22. Web site: Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México. . 16 May 2011 . Imagen Política de México y del Mundo . es . 9 August 2011.
23. Web site: Valentín Gómez Farías. . Presidencia de la Republica . es . 9 August 2011.
24. Web site: Antonio López de Santa Anna . Federal Government of Mexico . es . 9 August 2011.
25. Web site: Antonio López de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México. . Memoria Política de México . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110515043152/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/5/16051833.html . 15 May 2011 . dead .
26. Web site: La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección. . Internet para el profesional de la política. . 2 . es . 9 August 2011.
27. Web site: Santa Anna asume el poder; Valentín Gómez Farías va al exilio. . Memoria Política de México . es . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114033958/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/4/24041834.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
28. Web site: Relación Cronológica de las Legislaturas de la Cámara de Diputados. . Cámara de Diputados . es . 9 August 2011 .
29. Web site: Asume la presidencia de la República interinamente el general Miguel Barragán en sustitución de Santa Anna. . Memoria Política de México . es . 10 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050453/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/28011835.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
30. Book: Riva Palacio, Vicente . México a través de los siglos . 1940 . Editorial Cumbre . es . 10 August 2011.
31. Book: De La Fuente Guerrero, Sara C. . Las Constituciones de México. . 2003 . Servigraf . es . México.
32. Web site: Bases constitucionales expedidas por el Congreso Constituyente. . es . 10 August 2011.
33. Web site: José Justo Corro asume el cargo de presidente interino por la enfermedad del general Miguel Barragán. . es . 10 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114175007/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/28021836.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
34. Web site: Decreto que expide las Leyes Constitucionales de la República Mexicana.. 500 años de México en documentos. 10 August 2011. 25 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180925201255/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1836_129/Decreto_que_expide_las_Leyes_Constitucionales_de_l_208.shtml. dead.
35. Web site: Tratado definitivo de paz y amistad entre México y España.. 500 años de México en documentos.. 10 August 2011. 11 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611010320/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/uploads/tratado28diciembre1836.pdf. dead.
36. Web site: La primera República Federal 1824–1835. . 8 . es . 10 August 2011.
37. Web site: Anastasio Bustamante.. Federal Government of Mexico . 10 August 2011.
38. Web site: López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón, Antonio. . es . 10 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120724235359/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LSA94.html . 24 July 2012 . dead .
39. Web site: Nicolás Bravo 1786–1854. . es . 10 August 2011.
40. Web site: Nicolás Bravo. . es . 10 August 2011.
41. Web site: Anastasio Bustamante.. Government of the State of Aguascalientes. 10 August 2011.
42. Web site: Anastasio Bustamante.. Memoria Política de México. 30 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111114032844/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/BUA80.html. 14 November 2011. dead.
43. Web site: Francisco Javier Echeverría asume la presidencia de la República.. Memoria Política de México. 30 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094820/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/22091841-EFJ.html. 4 October 2011. dead.
44. Web site: Francisco Javier Echeverría.. Presidencia de la Republica . 30 August 2011.
45. Web site: Decreto de la Junta de Representantes. Se declara Presidente de la República, a D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna.. Memoria Política de México. 30 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195529/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1841PSA.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
46. Web site: Junta de Representantes o Consejo de los Departamentos. . Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (UNAM) . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719215118/http://www.iih.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc04/028.html . 19 July 2011 . dead .
47. Web site: Efemérides / Santa Anna. . Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100704/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=10&mes=10 . 29 March 2013 . dead .
48. Web site: Decreto del gobierno. Sobre que volverá a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195056/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1843DSA.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
49. Web site: Decreto del gobierno. Se deposita el gobierno provisional de la República en el general D. Valentín Canalizo. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201746/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1843DVC.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
50. Web site: Valentín Canalizo asume la presidencia de la República como sustituto de Santa Anna. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152544/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/04101843-CV.html . 5 October 2011 . dead .
51. Web site: Ley. Se declara presidente constitucional de la República, á D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203602/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1844LPS.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
52. Web site: Efemérides / Santa Anna. . Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092157/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=4&mes=6 . 29 March 2013 . dead .
53. Web site: Valentín Canalizo es nombrado presidente interino de la República. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111004100913/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/21091844-CV.html . 4 October 2011 . dead .
54. Web site: Canalizo, Valentín. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114174421/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/CAV94.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
55. Web site: Herrera asume la Presidencia tras un levantamiento popular. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111206211928/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/06121844.html . 6 December 2011 . dead .
56. Web site: Decreto del senado. Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. José Joaquín de Herrera. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201532/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1844DPJ.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
57. Web site: Mariano Paredes. . Presidencia de la Republica . 30 August 2011.
58. Web site: Decreto del congreso extraordinario. Se declarará presidente interino á D. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201906/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846PMP.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
59. Web site: Nicolás Bravo asume la presidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050755/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/28071846.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
60. Web site: Se concede permiso al presidente de la República, para mandar en persona las fuerzas de tierra. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101204009/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DRT.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
61. Web site: Manifiesto de Mariano Salas y Valentín Gómez Farías. . 500 años de México en documentos . 30 August 2011 . 19 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114651/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1846_139/Manifiesto_de_Mariano_Salas_y_Valent_n_G_mez_Far_a_1666.shtml . dead .
62. Web site: El General Mariano Salas toma posesión de la presidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114164430/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/05081846-MS.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
63. Web site: Republica Federal. . El Viajero en México . 5 . 30 August 2011.
64. Web site: Se declara vigente la Constitución de 1824. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200605/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DVC.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
65. Web site: Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. Antonio Lopez de Santa-Anna. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101180352/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DPS.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
66. Web site: Se declara que D. Valentín Gómez Farías queda en posesion de su encargo de vicepresidente de la República. . Memoria Política de México . 30 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101204016/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DVG.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
67. Web site: 21 DE MARZO DE 1847. . Biblioteca Digital . 30 August 2011.
68. Web site: Efemerides/Pedro María Anaya. . Secretaria de Educacion Publica del D.F. . 3 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100739/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=2&mes=4 . 29 March 2013 . dead .
69. Web site: Desemejanzas entre el lider politico y el jefe militar. . Senate of Mexico. . 2 . 3 September 2011 .
70. Web site: Se concede licencia al actual presidente para mandar el ejército, y se suprime la vicepresidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México. . 3 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101192547/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1847LPE.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
71. Web site: Pedro María de Anaya. . Presidencia de la Republica. . 3 September 2011.
72. Web site: Tropas mexicanas al mando de Pedro María Anaya y Manuel Rincón luchan contra las fuerzas al mando de Scott en Churubusco. . Memoria Política de México. . 3 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114164731/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/20081847.html . 14 November 2011 . dead .
73. Web site: El Presidente de la República, a sus compatriotas. . Memoria Política de México. . 3 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203354/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1847SanaComp-.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
74. Web site: Manuel de la Peña y Peña . Presidencia de la Republica. . 3 September 2011.
75. Web site: El general Pedro María Anaya asume la presidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México. . 6 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517130845/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/13111847-PMA.html . 17 May 2012 . dead .
76. Web site: Herrera, José Joaquín de. . Memoria Política de México. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143634/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/HJJ92.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
77. Web site: Tras reñidas elecciones, el general Mariano Arista asume pacíficamente la presidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517124827/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/15011851-AM.html . 17 May 2012 . dead .
78. Web site: Juan Bautista Ceballos asume el poder ejecutivo tras la renuncia del presidente Mariano Arista. . Memoria Política de México. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517124109/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/06011853-CJB.html . 17 May 2012 . dead .
79. Web site: Lombardini asume la Presidencia. . Memoria Política de México. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517161338/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/07021853.html . 17 May 2012 . dead .
80. Web site: Santa Anna. . Secretaria de Educacion Publica del D.F. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151003063357/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=20&mes= . 3 October 2015 . dead .
81. Web site: López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón Antonio. . Memoria Política de México. . 19 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120724235359/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LSA94.html . 24 July 2012 . dead .
82. Web site: Símbolos patrios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. . https://archive.today/20071020003155/http://portal.sre.gob.mx/china/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=144&op=page&SubMenu= . dead . 20 October 2007 . Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores . 26 July 2012 .
83. Web site: Al triunfo del Plan de Ayutla, Santa Anna sale de México. . Memoria Política de México. . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517224849/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/09081855.html . 17 May 2012 . dead .
84. Web site: Martín Carrera. . Secretaria de Educacion Publica del Distrito Federal. . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329093113/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=9&mes=8 . 29 March 2013 . dead .
85. Web site: Martín Carrera. . Gobierno Federal de Mexico. . 9 August 2012.
86. Web site: El general Rómulo Díaz de la Vega asume de facto la presidencia de la República. . Memoria Política de México. . 9 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143610/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/12091855-DVR.html . 1 November 2012 . dead .
87. Web site: Juan Álvarez. . Memoria Política de México. . 9 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092657/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/ALJ90.html . 4 March 2016 . dead .
88. Web site: 1855 Decreto del gobierno. Se nombra presidente de la República al general D. Juan Alvarez. . Memoria Política de México. . 9 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052932/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/3Reforma/1855DPR.html . 4 March 2016 . dead .
89. Web site: Ignacio Comonfort.. Gobierno Federal de México. . 9 August 2012.
90. Web site: Ignacio Comonfort asume la Presidencia.. Memoria Política de México.. 9 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309181204/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/11121855.html. 9 March 2016. dead.
91. Web site: Juárez García Benito Pablo.. Memoria Politica de México.. 29 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100437/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/JGB06.html. 4 March 2016. dead.
92. Web site: Es proclamado el Plan de Tacubaya, con el que los conservadores pretenden derogar la Constitución de 1857.. Memoria Politica de México.. 29 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193851/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/17121857.html. 4 March 2016. dead.
93. Web site: El Congreso declara que dejó de ser Presidente de la República don Ignacio Comonfort desde el 17 de diciembre de 1857.. 500 años de México en documentos.. 29 April 2013. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142409/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1861_164/El_Congreso_declara_que_dej_de_ser_Presidente_de_la_Rep_blica_don_Ignacio_Comonfort_desde_el_17_de_diciembre_de_1857.shtml. dead.
94. Web site: Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152817/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/11011858-ZFM.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
95. Web site: Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133536/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/24121858-RPM.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
96. Web site: Plan de Navidad.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. 20 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181020072942/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1858_147/Plan_de_Navidad_1696.shtml. dead.
97. Web site: Zuloaga nombra presidente sustituto de la República a Miguel Miramón.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101153624/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/02021859.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
98. Web site: José Ignacio Pavón, presidente de la Suprema Corte, se encarga durante dos días del poder ejecutivo del gobierno conservador.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144645/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/13081860-PJI.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
99. Web site: Toma posesión como presidente interino de la República, Miguel Miramón. Juárez sigue siendo el presidente legal.. Memoria Politica de México.. 30 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144606/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/15081860.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
100. Web site: Se establece la regencia del Imperio mexicano.. 500 años de México. . 30 April 2013.
101. Web site: Acta de la primera reunión de la Junta Superior de Gobierno.. 500 años de México.. 30 April 2013. 2 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902222354/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1863_162/Acta_de_la_primera_reuni_oacute_n_de_la_Junta_Superior_de_Gobierno.shtml. dead.
102. Web site: Lerdo de Tejada Sebastián.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130110030314/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LTS23.html. 10 January 2013. dead.
103. Web site: El Congreso declara la reelección de Lerdo de Tejada y José Ma. Iglesias se da a la rebeldía.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145828/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/26101876.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
104. Web site: Porfirio Díaz asume el poder por primera vez.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130613131438/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/28111876.html. 13 June 2013. dead.
105. Web site: El general Juan N. Méndez ocupa la presidencia en tanto Porfirio Díaz termina con los últimos reductos de las fuerzas de Iglesias y de Lerdo de Tejada.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130611000123/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/06121876-MJN.html. 11 June 2013. dead.
106. Web site: Porfirio Díaz es nombrado presidente constitucional de la República.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130613063110/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/5/05051877.html. 13 June 2013. dead.
107. Web site: El general Manuel González toma posesión como presidente constitucional.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130922044018/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/01121880-GM.html. 22 September 2013. dead.
108. Web site: Díaz Mori Porfirio.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130308080109/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/DIM30.html. 8 March 2013. dead.
109. Web site: León de la Barra Francisco.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130708143207/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LBF63.html. 8 July 2013. dead.
110. Web site: Anti-Reelectionist-Progressive Constitutional . 30 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131204122634/http://www.lorenzomeyer.org/Articulos-Revistas/38.pdf . 4 December 2013 . dead .
111. Web site: Francisco I. Madero asume el cargo de la Presidente de la República.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130113051940/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/06111911.html. 13 January 2013. dead.
112. Web site: Se consuma la traición: Huerta y Wilson firman el Pacto de la Embajada.. Memoria Politica de México.. 1 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20081204190603/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913.html. 4 December 2008. dead.
113. Web site: Por sólo cuarenta y cinco minutos, Pedro Lascuráin Paredes asume el cargo de presidente interino.. Memoria Politica de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154236/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913-LP.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
114. Web site: Victoriano Huerta asume la presidencia y rinde la protesta de ley ante los diputados.. Memoria Politica de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154030/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913a.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
115. Web site: Victoriano Huerta, vencido por las fuerzas constitucionalistas, renuncia a la Presidencia de la República.. Memoria Politica de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101140126/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/15071914.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
116. Web site: FRANCISCO S. CARVAJAL.. Bicentenario de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20111126063422/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/acces/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=614:francisco-s-carvajal&catid=28:epoca-independiente&Itemid=35. 26 November 2011. dead.
117. Web site: Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz asume la presidencia del gobierno convencionista.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145950/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/03101914-EG-TP.html. 1 November 2012.
118. Web site: El presidente provisional, nombrado por la Convención, Eulalio Gutiérrez, huye de México con los fondos de la Tesorería. Lo sucede Roque González Garza.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152937/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/16011915.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
119. Web site: Francisco Lagos Cházaro se convierte en el último presidente del gobierno de la Convención.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130613025004/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/6/10061915-FChF.html. 13 June 2013. dead.
120. Web site: Carranza Garza Venustiano.. Bicentenario de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130516165933/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/CGV59.html. 16 May 2013. dead.
121. Web site: Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la República.. Bicentenario de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000643/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/6/01061920.html. 21 November 2008. dead.
122. Web site: Obregón Salido Álvaro.. Bicentenario de México.. 2 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130308085525/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/OSA80.html. 8 March 2013. dead.
123. Web site: Portes Gil Emilio.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130516090947/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/PGE90.html. 16 May 2013. dead.
124. Web site: Pascual Ortiz Rubio sufre un atentado y resulta herido durante su toma posesión de la Presidencia de la República.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101153907/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/05021930.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
125. Web site: Ortíz Rubio renuncia a la Presidencia. Ejerció su mandato en el periodo del "Maximato" llamado así por el poder real ejercido por Calles.. Memoria Politica de México.. 10 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143350/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/02091932.html. 1 November 2012. dead.
126. Web site: El sexenio de AMLO acaba en tres años exactos… ¿por qué durará menos?. es. AMLO's six-year term ends in exactly three years... Why will it last less time?. El Financiero. 21 September 2021. 9 March 2024.