Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro explained

Term Start:1 January 2019
Term End:1 January 2023
President Link:President of Brazil
Cabinet:See list
Party:Liberal[1]
Election:2018
Seat:Palácio da Alvorada
Predecessor:Michel Temer
Successor:Lula da Silva
Vicepresident:Hamilton Mourão

The presidency of Jair Bolsonaro started on January 1, 2019, when he was inaugurated as the 38th president of Brazil, and ended on December 31, 2022,[2] with the inauguration of the cabinet of Lula da Silva III on January 1, 2023. He was elected the president of Brazil on October 28, 2018, by obtaining 55.1% of the valid votes in the 2018 Brazilian general election, defeating Fernando Haddad.[3] On October 30, 2022, Bolsonaro was defeated by Lula da Silva.[4] In the years Brazil has been a democracy since 1985, Bolsonaro became the first president to lose an election as an incumbent.[4]

His government was characterized by the strong presence of ministers with a military background, international alignment with the populist right and autocratic leaders,[5] [6] and was recognized for his anti-environmental,[7] [8] anti-indigenous people[9] [10] and pro gun policies.[11] [12] He was also responsible for a broad dismantling of cultural,[13] [14] scientific and educational government programs,[15] [16] [17] in addition to promoting repeated attacks on democratic institutions[18] [19] and spreading fake news.[20] His government was responsible for a significant reduction in bureaucracy and modernization of public systems, with the fast paced digitization of federal public services, through the creation of the digital platform "gov.br".[21] Bolsonaro also sanctioned the Economic Freedom Act, reducing bureaucracy in economic activities and facilitating the opening and operation of businesses throughout the country, which proved very beneficial, especially for small companies.[22]

During his administration crime dropped across the country[23] and unemployment rates slowly fell,[24] with the brazilian GDP showing a moderate growth rate, averaging 1.5% per year.[25] At the same time, job insecurity,[26] [27] [28] [29] inflation[30] and hunger increased,[31] while per capita income, social inequality and poverty reached its worst levels since 2012.[32]

Background

See main article: 2018 Jair Bolsonaro presidential campaign and 2014 Brazilian economic crisis. Bolsonaro, at the time of his election, was a 27-year member of Congress; his victory has been credited to voter anger at the political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession, and a surge in violent crime.[33] According to sociologist Clara Araújo, “the dissatisfaction over the economic crisis, it seems to me, was channeled along with a discourse about conservative morals”.[34] The economy of Brazil was recovering from crisis, with an unemployment rate of 12 percent at the time of the election, double that of five years prior. The crisis was caused by, among other factors, weak commodity prices; events revealed underlying weaknesses in the economy, which include poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption.[35]

Cabinet and appointments

See main article: Bolsonaro administration cabinet members. On October 11, 2018, days before his election victory, Bolsonaro had already announced DEM congressman Onyx Lorenzoni as the future Chief of Staff in his cabinet.[36] On October 31, President-elect Bolsonaro announced astronaut Marcos Pontes as the future Minister of Science and Technology; as of that date, he had already confirmed two other ministerial nominations: Paulo Guedes as Economy minister, and Augusto Heleno as Defense minister.[37] However, on 7 November, Augusto Heleno was appointed to the Institutional Security Office of Brazil.[38] On the first day of November, Bolsonaro confirmed that anti-graft judge Sergio Moro had accepted his invitation to serve as Justice minister. The decision drew backlash from the international press because Moro had convicted Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Bolsonaro's chief political rival in the election, for money laundering and corruption.[39] [40]

On November 11, 2018, O Estado de S. Paulo released a story stating that Bolsonaro's team has chosen World Bank director and former Finance minister Joaquim Levy to head the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES).[41] A report was later issued by Folha de S. Paulo that Bolsonaro has yet to confirm the nomination of Levy to the post.[42] A press release from Paulo Guedes's team, released the next day, confirmed Levy's appointment.[43] On November 15, 2018, economist Roberto Campos Neto was named as the future Central Bank governor.[44]

In December 2018 the final composition had emerged after weeks of announcements and appointments. The cabinet would include 22 personnel, of which 16 are ministers, two are cabinet-level positions and four are secretaries directly linked to the presidency.[45] The 22 figure is down from 29 in the outgoing administration. Seven of the ministers will be military men, eight have technocrat profiles, and seven are politicians. Hindustan Times commented that "there are just two women in Bolsonaro’s government, which is double the number in the outgoing lineup under President Michel Temer", and that "there are no blacks, despite half of Brazil’s population being at least partly descended from Africans."[46]

On November 7, 2019, Roberto Alvim was nominated Special Secretary for Culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism,[47] only to be fired on January 17, 2020 after appearing to quote a speech by German Nazi politician Joseph Goebbels in a government-sanctioned video.[48] [49]

On June 18, 2020, Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub resigned.[50]

Domestic policy

See also: 2021 Brazilian Military crisis. In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.[51]

Economy

Bolsonaro spent the first months of his administration trying to pass legislation and enact reforms with the stated goal of creating more economic freedom and growth for Brazil. The federal government cut taxes for some specific sectors of the economy and removed import tariffs for several areas, such as capital goods, and IT or telecommunication products which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in the medical, industrial, and agricultural sectors.[52] [53] [54] The president also removed the import tariffs of sailing ships, jet skis and other luxury items.[55] The government also passed a controversial pension reform, along with making other changes across the economy.[56] The government also tried to pass economic plans such as the Plano Mais Brasil, which centered around the decentralization of resources combined with greater responsibility in the fiscal management of all entities of the federation, reduction of taxes for productive sectors of the economy, reduction of direct public investments in the economy, and the debureaucratization of the State, while increasing funding for programs that fight poverty.[57] Some of those proposals were able to successfully go through Congress, though others were stopped in different committees. Overall, though the economy did grow, poverty and inequality expanded under Bolsonaro.[58]

According to the economist Guilherme Delgado, the proposed measures made by Bolsonaro disorganized the public service, stifled investments, privileged the rich, weakened democratic rights and deepened economic and social inequalities.[59]

The result of Bolsonaro's economic reforms were mixed. Overall, prior to the COVID-19 recession, the Brazilian economy was recovering and growing, though at a slower pace than predicted by the government. In 2021, Brazil broke a record with more than 4 million companies being opened by the private sector, of which 1,4 million end up closing, an increase of 34.6% when compared to 2020.[60] Talking about most of the reforms enacted by Bolsonaro, according to the Interunion Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies, "the final objective [of the reforms] was to reduce the size of the State, not so that it could become more agile, but so that the private sector could profit from activities that were previously done by the government."[61] The Bolsonaro administration left Brazil with a public debt of $5,87 trillion reais (or US$1.12 trillion).[62] Bolsonaro ended his term leaving the largest federal debt in the history of the country.[63] Bolsonaro was also the first Brazilian president since the Plano Real, in the mid-90s, to end his term with a real minimum wage worth less than when taking office.[64] [65]

Energy

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than most other countries. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[66] In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.[67] In 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).[68] according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.[69] [70] [71] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.[72] In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.[73]

Infrastructure

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government was to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed until that point, or even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.[74] Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,[75] of the BR-101 in the Northeast,[76] of BR-116 in Bahia,[77] of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,[78] duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,[79] from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,[80] of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,[81] construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay),[82] bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,[83] completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,[84] inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,[85] paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222[86] and the BR-235,[87] in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná [88] and President Dutra Highway,[89] among others. During Bolsonaro's government, there was also a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the government inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,[90] start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,[91] in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,[92] among others.

Response to COVID-19 pandemic

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Bolsonaro and his administration have been accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020.[93] Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the "common flu" and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis.[94] He criticized the governor of Rio de Janeiro for suspending flights from other states with confirmed cases, claiming that Rio de Janeiro was behaving like its own country and that taking precautions such as closing businesses to limit the spread was hurting the economy.[95]

In March 2020, there were demonstrations throughout the country calling for Bolsonaro's resignation due to his government's handling of the virus.[96] According to independent polls taken at the time: 44% of Brazilians considered Bolsonaro's government "bad", 33% thought it ordinary, and 26% thought it excellent.[97] In the same poll, 64% of Brazilians disapproved of Bolsonaro's handling of the virus, and 44.8% favored his resignation.[98]

As cases in the country rose, Bolsonaro claimed that "Brazilians never catch anything", and as an example said that a Brazilian man can jump into sewage and nothing will happen to him.[99] He continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media.[100] [101] He has been criticised by João Doria, the Governor of São Paulo, for not acting on the crisis at a federal level, instead leaving the responsibility of placing measures to tackle the virus to the individual states.[102]

On July 7, 2020, Bolsonaro said that he had tested positive for COVID-19.[103] On 25 July, he announced that he had tested negative for COVID-19 in a fourth test since being diagnosed, but the next week he indicated that he had also started suffering from "mold in the lung".[104] [105] Even so, he stated his opposition to mandatory vaccination.[106] [107]

In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration.[108] In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available; he supported the efficacy of any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe.[109] In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall".

On December 17, 2020, Bolsonaro made comments in jest at a political event in Porto Seguro, Bahia that people taking the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine might get side-effects including transforming into crocodiles, becoming superhuman, turning into bearded ladies, and developing effeminate voices.[110]

In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch.[111] Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not.[112] In February, Supreme Court Justice Rosa Weber charged Bolsonaro with putting the Brazilian people at risk for spreading misinformation by encouraging the use of hydroxychloroquine as a valid treatment for COVID-19.[113] In March, as the nation saw a surge in deaths, Bolsonaro criticized the measures to curb the virus and told the public to "stop whining".[114]

In June 2021, protests erupted all over Brazil against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets.[115] In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown that Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello, comparing the virus to HIV.[116] In other videos, Bolsonaro criticised efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine.[117]

By the end of June 2021, more members of Bolsonaro's opposition called for his impeachment for his handling and spreading of misinformation during the pandemic. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and more than 20 others.[118] [119]

In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption".[120] In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" had washed over the country. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price.[121] It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine[122] and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $45 million to a company in Singapore.[123] in response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro.[124] He has denied the allegations, calling the investigation "an embarrassment" and saying "I'm incorruptible".[125] Bharat Biotech claimed innocence with regard to the deal.[126]

Agriculture

In 2019, a trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union, which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected.[127] However, since then, France, which is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement,[128] through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions.[129]

Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture broke successive production records. It is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons).[130] In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$871.3 billion.[131]

Crime

Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as a result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average.[132] [133]

Gun policy

President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on January 15, 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace, extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own a firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years.[134]

Education

The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed, the country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate, the MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities.[135] [136]

The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018, the best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place.[137] By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking.[138]

In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities.[139] President Bolsonaro has supported the Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties. Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro.[140]

Environment

According to a report by the National Institute for Space Research the deforestation of the rainforests in Brazil more than doubled during Bolsonaro's presidency.[141] [142] Bolsonaro called the publication a lie and fired the institute's director, Ricardo Galvão.[143] [144]

In June 2019, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said she was concerned about deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and would seek "straight talk with Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro on the upcoming G20 summit in Osaka". She also said that the situation "does not affect the imminent free trade agreement between Mercosur and the EU".[145] [146] [147] After French President Emmanuel Macron conditioned France's support for a trade accord between the European Union and Mercosul to Brazil remaining in the Paris Agreement, Bolsonaro said, at the meeting of the G20 in Osaka, that Brazil "will not leave the Paris Agreement", also inviting Macron to visit Brazil's Amazon region.[148] [149]

In August 2019, Bolsonaro accused Macron of having "a misplaced colonialist mentality in the 21st century" in reference to criticism by the French president, when he called on G7 leaders to discuss the Amazon crisis. He later tweeted "I regret that the President Macron seeks to exploit an internal issue in Brazil and other Amazonian countries for personal political gains."[150] [151] He added that "the Brazilian government remains open to dialogue, based on objective data and mutual respect."[152] [153] Macron stated he will refuse to ratify the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.[154] Bolsonaro's Facebook comments mocking Brigitte Macron's looks escalated the diplomatic clash, which was dubbed "the worst diplomatic crisis between France and Brazil in 40 years".[155]

During a conversation with journalists in July 2019, Bolsonaro lashed out at European leaders, saying that the Amazon belongs to Brazil and European countries can mind their own business because they have already "destroyed their environment". He also said: "We preserve more [rainforest] than anyone. No country in the world has the moral right to talk about Amazon."[156]

During the 2019 Brazil wildfires, Bolsonaro accused (without providing any evidence) non-governmental organizations of starting the forest fires, due to a reduction of government funding to the NGOs. Environmental and climate experts described Bolsonaro's accusation as a "smokescreen" to hide his own government's rolling back of protections for the Amazon. They instead attributed the fires to farmers clearing land.[157]

In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if it receives 10 billion dollars per year as help from the international community.[158]

On April 15, 2021, in a letter to U.S. President Joe Biden, Bolsonaro said that Brazil is committed to ending illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030 and stated "the need of an adequate financial support from the international community, compatible with the magnitude and urgency of the challenges to be faced".[159] According to TV host and entrepreneur Luciano Huck, outreach from the Biden administration "opens a door for Brazil to correct its current course of climate denialism".[160] In April 2021, nearly 200 Brazilian organizations published an open letter warning US lawmakers against making deals with Bolsonaro's administration unless it reverses its anti-environmental agenda. According to Mother Jones, deforestation in the Amazon reached a 12-year high during Bolsonaro's administration and he has dismantled environmental policies, removed resources from enforcement agencies, and reduced environmental regulations.[161] During the Leaders Summit on Climate, Bolsonaro pledged Brazil would go carbon-neutral by 2050, ten years earlier than previously pledged.[162] [163]

In November 2021, Bolsonaro promised to end and reverse deforestation of the Amazon rainforest by 2030, in the COP26 climate summit's first major agreement.[164] [165]

Following the disappearance of Brazilian indigenous expert Bruno Pereira and British journalist Dom Phillips in June 2022 while on a trip to report the remote Brazilian Amazon region of Javari Valley and to interview indigenous people who were patrolling the area against illegal miners and fishers,[166] Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro downplayed the pair's disappearance, calling the trip an "unrecommended adventure" they should not have taken.[167] The United Nations Human Rights Committee said the Brazilian government response to Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips disappearance and subsequent murder was 'extremely slow' and highlighted both the indigenous expert and the journalist works as raising awareness, monitoring and reporting illegal activities in the Javari Valley region,[168] [169] which is the second biggest indigenous territory in Brazil and is believed to have one of the world's highest concentrations of uncontacted indigenous tribes.[170]

His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide.[171] [172] [173] [174] Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon.[175] [176] [177] Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs.[178] [179]

Defense

In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of its military and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that the country "needs to have the least deterrent power".[180] [181]

In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced his Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto; the latter, like Bolsonaro, lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil, unlike Silva. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned.[182] In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them.[183] In mid-August, the military conducted a 10-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was only announced a day before, and it passed by the country's national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes.[184] [185]

Election fraud claims

After Biden won the 2020 US presidential election, Bolsonaro was quick to make unsubstantiated allegations, along with Trump, that there was a possibility of fraud in the election.[186] [187] In an interview, he said he would wait to officially recognise Biden as president.[188]

In January 2021, Bolsonaro said the Brazilian electronic voting system could fall victim to the same fate as that of the United States.[189] He added that lack of confidence in the vote was to blame for the storming of the U.S. Capitol building, and that Brazil should return to printed ballots to avoid fraud.

Bolsonaro has claimed without evidence that the Brazilian electronic voting system is "riddled with fraud".[190] Brazil's electoral authorities and Supreme Court have ordered an investigation into his campaign against the voting system.[191] [192] In response he claimed that the country was "under attack" and that he refused to be intimidated by the investigation.[193] He also said there would be no election in 2022 unless the system was overhauled; these claims gave rise to thousands of protesters filling the streets to support the overhaul of the electronic voting system.[194] Top judges across the country have rejected Bolsonaro's claims, stating that the system has been free of fraud since its introduction in 1996. Bolsonaro's critics have accused him of trying to stir distrust in the people of Brazil ahead of the 2022 election.[195]

In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation of his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities within Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. The investigation had been approved by Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes.[196] In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge Justice de Moraes and another Justice, Luis Roberto Barroso, the leader of the electoral court.[197]

Foreign policy

Foreign Affairs minister Ernesto Araújo had outlined five measures for the first 100 days of the Bolsonaro administration. The first two were official state visits of President Bolsonaro to the United States and Israel; the third was revising Mercosur policies; the fourth was restoring the coat of arms to the cover of the Brazilian passport; and the fifth was ending visa requirements for U.S. and Canadian citizens.[198]

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.[199] In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil,”[200] [201] [202] [203] although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.[204] Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.[205] His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some as an attempt to curry favor the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US.[206] Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president will be to Israel.[207] Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists." The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,[208] but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.[209] "I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.[210]

Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader to be received by Bolsonaro on a state visit to Brasília since he assumed the Brazilian presidency.[211] Bolsonaro praised Macri for ending the 12-years rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans of leaving the Mercosur, he criticized that it gave priority to ideological issues instead of economic ones.[212] A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.[213]

Bolsonaro has also praised U.S. President Donald Trump and his foreign policy. Bolsonaro's son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.[214] Bolsonaro is widely considered to be the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members have said that if elected, he will dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil. During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.[215] U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a 'like-minded' partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.[216]

On March 7, 2020, Bolsonaro was hosted by the U.S. President Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago for a working dinner, where the two leaders discussed the U.S.-led effort to oust Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, a future trade deal and peace for the Middle East, also Trump reaffirmed his interest in upgrading the American military alliance with Brazil, suggesting give to the country a full NATO membership, as part of an effort to fortify the Western Hemisphere against Russian and Chinese influence.[217] [218] Bolsonaro praised Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil ... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."[219] Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.[220]

With the intention of the U.S. President Donald Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".[221] [222] [223] [224] After protests for over his use of "homophobic, racist and misogynist remarks", a ceremony hosted by Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce and set to award United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Bolsonaro with person of the year awards for "fostering closer commercial and diplomatic ties between Brazil and the United States" was cancelled.[225] On January 25, 2020, on his first state visit to India, Bolsonaro said that Brazil will continue to demand a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and that will remain a priority on his government. Together with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, he said that "Brazil and India are two great countries, among the ten largest economies in the world, that together have 1.5 billion inhabitants, are democratic countries. We believe that it will be good for the world if Brazil and India join this group".[226] As head of state, he was the chief guest at the Delhi Republic Day parade on 26 January 2020.[227]

On January 20, 2021, in a letter to the new U.S. president, Joe Biden, Bolsonaro wrote that he would work to strengthen ties between Brazil and the U.S. in the areas of economy, environment, defense, technology, both bilaterally and in international institutions in order to strengthen stability and security in the hemisphere and around the world.[228] Biden welcomed Bolsonaro's words and the opportunity for the countries to join efforts, saying, "there are no limits to what Brazil and the U.S. can achieve together" and stressing that his administration was "ready to work closely with the Brazilian government in this new chapter of the bilateral relationship".[229] On April 6, 2021, Bolsonaro discussed with the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, the creation of a consortium between Brazil and Russia for the mass production of the COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, in Brazilian territory, in addition to cooperation in trade, defense, science and technology.[230] [231] During the administration of the U.S. President Donald Trump, the U.S. pushed Brazil to reject Sputnik V.[232] According to The Economist magazine, Bolsonaro's policies are the main reason the EU has not ratified a trade deal with Mercosur.[233]

On June 15, 2021, Brazil joined NASA's Artemis Space Program.[234] Bolsonaro joined U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and NASA Administrator Bill Nelson to announce that Brazil is "committed to working with the United States and international partners for the fair and peaceful exploration of deep space".[235]

Immigration

On January 8, 2019, Minister of Foreign Affairs Ernesto Araújo asked diplomats to inform the UN that Brazil had withdrawn from the Global Compact for Migration.

Venezuela

The Bolsonaro administration declared on January 12, 2019, that it recognized Juan Guaidó, the acting president of Venezuela appointed by the National Assembly, as the legitimate president of Venezuela amidst the Venezuelan presidential crisis.[236]

Free trade

Bolsonaro supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.[237]

Investigations

See also: List of scandals in Brazil. Of the new ministers announced, five are or were subjected to investigation: Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Tereza Cristina, Onyx Lorenzoni, Paulo Guedes and Marcos Pontes.[238] Onyx Lorenzoni, the Chief of Staff, is suspected of receiving an undeclared amount of R$100,000 in campaign donations in 2012 and 2014, the latter of which he confessed to.[239] Tereza Cristina, the Minister of Agriculture, is accused of having benefited JBS in a process of land leasing while she was Secretary of State for Agrarian Development and Production of Mato Grosso do Sul. Cristina has defended her actions as "acting in accordance with government policy".[240] Economy Minister Paulo Guedes is under investigation by the Federal Police for allegations that he mismanaged public pension funds.[241] Science and Technology Minister Marcos Pontes was investigated by military prosecutors in 2007 for supposedly making commercial use of his public image before entering the military reserve, which is forbidden according to the Military Penal Code. Pontes denied wrongdoing, stating that "there is nothing irregular in my professional activities".[242] Health Minister Mandetta is being probed for alleged procurement fraud, influence peddling and undeclared campaign donations.[243]

After allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno, a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates that did not run for office.[244] Bebianno claimed to have formal documentation for all the funds he requested at direction by the State.[245] In July 2019, it was reported that Bolsonaro and other cabinet members were the targets of a cellphone hacking operation to expose corruption in high-profile trials.[246]

Education Ministry corruption

In March 2022, an exposé was published[247] about a group of evangelical pastors who, despite not being government officials and having no qualifications in education, have been operating a scheme that funneled money from the Brazilian Ministry of Education into several cities, at the behest of associated mayors and business people, skirting formal processes for allocation of funds. The pastors allegedly bribed mayors — with cash, gold bullion and even Bible copies to be distributed to the pastors' churches — in exchange of access to authorities and earmarks directed to the cities governed by those mayors. Some mayors[248] also reported that those who denounced the scheme were retaliated through central government's suspension of previously agreed funding to local education and child care programs and initiatives in those cities. On March 22, the then-Minister of Education Milton Ribeiro admitted, in a conversation with other pastors involved in the scheme, that he misused ministry's funds, diverting them to cities at Bolsonaro's request. Ribeiro stepped down from his office after those news broke out and opposition lawmakers in the Brazilian Senate have since been pushing for a Senate inquiry committee to investigate the allegations of corruption and other crimes by government officials and the pastors.[249] [250]

As of June 2022, Federal Police of Brazil and Public Prosecutor's Office have been investigating Bolsonaro government officials and others. On June 22, 2022, as a result of their investigations, both former Education Minister Milton Ribeiro and the pastors were arrested on corruption charges in a pretrial detention.[251] [252] A day after they were arrested, a judge released the former minister and four suspects from jail.[253] Additionally, prosecutors and federal police officers suspect president Bolsonaro interfered with the investigations because of a telephone tapping authorized by a court in which the former minister says the president told him he "believed" police were going to search the former minister's house. The prosecutors asked the judge overseeing the investigations that they were sent to the Brazilian Supreme Court due to presidential immunity.[254] [255]

Sexual harassment scandal

On June 28, 2022, as part of a journalistic investigation into broad reports of workplace harassment inside the federal government-owned bank Caixa Econômica Federal, several female employees accused Pedro Guimarães, an economist who had been the bank's CEO since he was appointed by Bolsonaro in 2019, of sexual harassment. Most of the reports but not all said Guimarães, among other things, flirted, groped and invited the women out while they were travelling on business. The investigation also revealed audio records from Guimarães, with strong offensive language and even violent attitude towards employees on other occasions,[256] [257] and that at least one internal investigation related to the sexual harassment accusations was dropped by a Caixa committee tasked with probing staff wrongdoings.[258] On June 29, he stepped down as the bank's CEO[259] after Bolsonaro allies feared the accusations could undermine his re-election campaign, especially among female voters,[260] since Guimarães and Bolsonaro are close friends and used to make public appearances together.[261] In addition, prosecutors opened multiple investigations against Guimarães, such as criminal, civil and labor procedures.[262] [263] [264] On July 19, a director at Caixa's internal affairs committee charged with receiving complaints was found dead at the bank's headquarters in Brasilia, Brazil's federal capital, leading to a local police investigation which is currently underway.[265]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 CPI. Bolsonaro dismissed the threat of COVID-19, calling it a "little flu". Soon after, his then-Justice Minister Sergio Moro resigned.[266] The leading medical journal The Lancet has dubbed Bolsonaro as the biggest threat to Brazil amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It said that Bolsonaro's disregard for and flouting of lockdown measures were sowing confusion in Brazilian society.[267] Bolsonaro has attacked lockdown measures implemented by some of Brazil's governors. His Health Minister Nelson Teich resigned after serving only a month. Bolsonaro has also actively participated in anti-lockdown rallies.[268] Bolsonaro also earned criticism for his actual methods to counter the pandemic, promoting the unproven usage of chloroquine as treatment,[269] advocating for herd immunity,[270] and rejecting various offerings of a COVID-19 vaccine which caused the country's vaccination effort to start late and with few resources.[271]

Brazil's Health Ministry hid months of data on COVID-19 from public view on June 6, 2020, and stopped giving total counts of confirmed cases (above 672,000, second only to the United States) and deaths (more than 35,000). “The cumulative data ... does not reflect the moment the country is in,” Bolsonaro wrote on Twitter.[272]

On July 7, 2020, Bolsonaro announced that he had tested positive.[273]

Accusations of violating international law

In late November 2019, a group of Brazilian lawyers, a human rights group and six former government ministers denounced Bolsonaro before the International Criminal Court in The Hague for inciting the genocide of indigenous peoples of Brazil and perpetrating crime against humanity.[274] [275] A 60-page document was presented to chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda listing official speeches by Bolsonaro as well as 33 of his actions linked with criminal character. Among his attacks on the indigenous peoples of Brazil were calling them "prehistoric men" and comparing them to "animals in zoos".

On April 3, 2020, the Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy forwarded to the ICC a complaint against Bolsonaro for crime against humanity.[276] Procedures have been requested to investigate his evasive and contradictory recommendations to fight COVID-19.

In late July 2020, the Brazilian Union Network UNISaúde, a coalition of labor unions representing more than one million health workers in Brazil, filed a judicial complaint against Bolsonaro to the International Court of Justice, citing his "attitude of contempt, neglect, negativism" during the COVID-19 pandemic.[277] [278] The document was sent to the International Criminal Court on the grounds that this constituted a crime against humanity.

On September 15, 2020, the ICC rejected the Brazilian Association of Jurists' complaint against Bolsonaro, but it may be reconsidered based on new evidence.[279] However, in December 2020 it placed the 2019 case under preliminary jurisdiction review.

On January 23, 2021, two top Brazilian indigenous leaders, Chief Raoni Metuktire of the Kayapo people, and Chief Almir Narayamoga Surui of the Paiter Surui tribe, sued Bolsonaro for crimes against humanity.[280] Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has increased by 50% since Bolsonaro took office in 2019, further threatening endangered traditional communities.[281] In 2019, invasions of indigenous territories increased by 135%, also indicating that their rights are violated and that people are regularly killed. Lawyer William Bourdon filed a request for preliminary examination to the ICC.

In June 2021, Brazil Lawyers Order continued their action to bring Bolsonaro to the International Criminal Court over his "irresponsible" management of the COVID-19 pandemic.[282] A request by Brazil's prosecutor general office was sent to the country's jurisdiction to investigate Bolsonaro for negligence in the case of corruption allegations related to the purchase of Covaxin vaccines from India.[283] Twenty million doses of the vaccine were purchased for $317 million through a contract signed by the Health Ministry that was plagued by irregularities. The police investigation would last 90 days.

In July 2021, the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil filed an additional ICC complaint against Bolsonaro, on top of the one filed in 2019, for crimes against humanity, genocide, and ecocide, within the context of the devastation of the Amazon rainforest.[284] [285] In October, climate lawyers from the Austrian group AllRise filed yet another complaint about a "widespread attack on the Amazon, its dependents and its defenders that not only result in the persecution, murder and inhumane suffering in the region, but also upon the global population."[286]

2020 political crisis

Investigations continued in 2020. In April 2020 justice minister Sergio Moro resigned, alleging that Bolsonaro was improperly pressuring him to remove the federal police chief; Bolsonaro subsequently removed and replaced the chief with a family friend of Bolsonaro.[287] Police executed search warrants against key Bolsonaro supporters in May 2020 on charges of libel and intimidation, prompting Bolsonaro, while wearing a tie decorated with images of assault rifles, to exclaim "This is fucking over." Bolsonaro attended protests in 2020 that The Guardian characterized as "anti-democratic protests where demonstrators have called for congress and the supreme court to be closed or even torched." On 30 May 2020 prominent Bolsonaro opponents, across the political spectrum, expressed unity against Bolsonaro and launched the Movimento Estamos Juntos ("We Are Together Movement").[288] Lower-house speaker Rodrigo Maia publicly mulled a future impeachment of Bolsonaro "at the appropriate time", but stated that for now the priority was to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.[289]

Surveys

See main article: Opinion polling on the Jair Bolsonaro presidency. According to a survey by Ibope, released by the National Confederation of Industry on 13 December 2018, 75% of Brazilian population thought that Bolsonaro was "on the right path", while 14% thought Bolsonaro was "on the wrong path" and another 11% did not respond. On 23 December 2018, Folha de São Paulo published a survey of Datafolha in which 65% of respondents said that Brazil's economy would highly improve under Bolsonaro's governance, while 6% said that it would highly worsen and another 29% did not respond. This was the highest rate of optimism regarding the future of the economy since 1997, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was re-elected president.[290]

Another Datafolha survey, published on 1 January 2019, showed that 65% of respondents believe the Bolsonaro administration would be "great or good"; 17% believe it would be "regular", 12% believe it would be "bad or awful", while 6% did not respond. This rate of optimism regarding the administration is smaller than those for the first terms of presidents Collor, Cardoso, Lula and Dilma but higher than those of Franco and Temer.[291]

In the few months following his election, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. Another Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents considered the Bolsonaro administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it.[292] Later in 2020, as the pandemic spread, his popularity bounced back up and was the highest since his inauguration.[293]

As of 2021, in the midst of economic uncertainty and the COVID-19 virus still rampaging through the country, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell sharply again to the lowest levels of his presidency.[294]

On 13 January 2022, the Human Rights Watch criticised the Bolsonaro administration for promoting anti-human rights policies, including Indigenous rights, women's rights, disability rights, and free speech. The Washington-based group urged Brazil's democratic institutions to protect voting and speech rights leading to the October 2022 presidential elections from any attempt by Jair Bolsonaro to subvert the electoral system.[295]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro officially joins centre-right Liberal Party. Aljazeera.com. 30 November 2021. 7 December 2021.
  2. News: Will Bolsonaro's victory in Brazil usher right-wing ripple effects in Latin America?. Tegel. Simeon. 31 October 2018. NBC News. 2 November 2018. en-US.
  3. News: Jair Bolsonaro declared Brazil's next president. Phillips. Tom. Phillips. Dom. 29 October 2018. The Guardian. en. 31 October 2018.
  4. Web site: Lula defeats Bolsonaro to again become Brazil's president . 2022-10-31 . CNBC . en.
  5. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-47740929 ""
  6. https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/governo-bolsonaro-usa-fe-crista-como-eixo-de-politica-externa/ "Governo Bolsonaro usa fé cristã como eixo de política externa"
  7. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-56831720?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bcorreiobraziliense.com.br%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bbrazil%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D "'A boiada passou e corre o risco de passar de novo': as preocupações de ambientalistas um ano após reunião ministerial de Bolsonaro"
  8. https://diplomatique.org.br/a-amazonia-e-o-antiambientalismo-de-resultados/ "A Amazônia e o antiambientalismo de resultados"
  9. https://diplomatique.org.br/o-governo-bolsonaro-e-o-anti-constitucionalismo-contra-os-povos-indigenas/ "O governo Bolsonaro e o anticonstitucionalismo contra os povos indígenas"
  10. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-51229884 "Os 5 principais pontos de conflito entre governo Bolsonaro e indígenas"
  11. https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/brasil-triplica-registro-de-armas-novas-durante-o-governo-bolsonaro/ "Brasil triplica registro de armas novas durante o governo Bolsonaro"
  12. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/desde-inicio-do-governo-bolsonaro-mudou-31-vezes-a-politica-de-armas-no-brasil/ "Desde início do governo, Bolsonaro mudou 31 vezes a política de armas no Brasil"
  13. https://www.almg.gov.br/comunicacao/tv-assembleia/videos/video?id=1499040&tagLocalizacao=88 "Política Cultural do governo Bolsonaro"
  14. Vilela, Soraia. "Após desmonte sob Bolsonaro, setor cultural espera retomada". Deutsche Welle Brasil, 29/11/2022
  15. http://portal.sbpcnet.org.br/noticias/o-conturbado-legado-de-bolsonaro-para-ciencia-saude-e-meio-ambiente/ "O conturbado legado de Bolsonaro para ciência, saúde e meio ambiente"
  16. Santiago, Abinoan. "Cortes de verbas, atritos e 5G: o legado do governo Bolsonaro na ciência".
  17. Marques, Luíz. "A ciência versus Bolsonaro". Jornal da Unicamp, 23/04/2019
  18. Mello, Igor. "Bolsonaro ameaçou democracia com ataques ao STF e às eleições, diz ONG HRW". UOL, 13/01/2022
  19. Jiménez, Carla. "Ex-presidentes e políticos de 26 países fazem alerta sobre insurreição de Bolsonaro". El País Brasil, 06/09/2021
  20. https://www.dn.pt/internacional/como-funciona-a-fabrica-de-fake-news-de-bolsonaro--15276955.html "Como funciona a fábrica de fake news de Bolsonaro"
  21. News: Governo estima economia de R$ 100 milhões por ano com site único . Veja magazine . 15 April 2019 . pt-br.
  22. News: MP da liberdade econômica é sancionada; veja os principais pontos. 20 September 2019. Agência Brasil. pt-br.
  23. https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/09/14/opinion/1568421039_616695.html "O que explica a redução de homicídios no Brasil?"
  24. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2022/11/desemprego-recua-para-83-e-atinge-9-milhoes.shtml "Taxa de desemprego recua para 8,3% até outubro, menor nível desde 2014"
  25. Sarlinger, Giuliana. "PIB da era Bolsonaro cresce menos que o dos governos FHC, Lula e Temer". UOL, 02/12/2022
  26. https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/categorias/617298-mp-de-bolsonaro-sobre-home-office-deixa-trabalhador-na-mao-do-patrao "MP de Bolsonaro sobre home office deixa trabalhador ‘na mão’ do patrão"
  27. https://observatoriodademocracia.org.br/2021/04/09/dois-anos-de-retrocessos-no-mundo-do-trabalho/ "Dois anos de retrocessos no mundo do trabalho"
  28. Web site: Fome, inflação e informalidade desafiam discurso de Bolsonaro. Hunger, inflation and unreported employment challenge Bolsonaro’s speech. Estado de Minas. 10 September 2022.
  29. Web site: Citando dados errados, Bolsonaro critica IBGE e volta a colocar em dúvida estatísticas de desemprego. Citing incorrect data, Bolsonaro criticizes IBGE and once again casts doubt on unemployment statistics. O Globo. 31 August 2021.
  30. https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2023/01/10/inflacao-no-governo-bolsonaro-atinge-o-maior-patamar-para-um-mandato-desde-a-primeira-gestao-de-dilma.ghtml "Inflação no governo Bolsonaro atinge o maior patamar para um mandato desde a primeira gestão de Dilma"
  31. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/infomaterias/2022/10/retorno-do-brasil-ao-mapa-da-fome-da-onu-preocupa-senadores-e-estudiosos "Retorno do Brasil ao Mapa da Fome da ONU preocupa senadores e estudiosos"
  32. https://www.dw.com/pt-br/a-trajet%C3%B3ria-de-sete-indicadores-econ%C3%B4micos-sob-bolsonaro/a-63302330 "A trajetória de sete indicadores econômicos sob Bolsonaro"
  33. Brazil Elects Far-Right Jair Bolsonaro as Next President. https://web.archive.org/web/20181102001620/http://time.com/5437289/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-wins-president-election/. dead. 2 November 2018. Dilorenzo. Sarah. 28 October 2018. Time. en. 2 November 2018.
  34. News: Brazil Election: Jair Bolsonaro Heads to Runoff After Missing Outright Win . The New York Times . 8 October 2018 . Londoño . Ernesto . Andreoni . Manuela .
  35. News: Brazil's failure to live up to its great economic promise has handed power to the far-right . Independent.co.uk.
  36. Web site: Bolsonaro anuncia Onyx Lorenzoni para Ministério da Casa Civil em eventual governo . Politica.estadao.com.br . 11 October 2018 . 2 January 2019.
  37. Web site: Bolsonaro anuncia astronauta Marcos Pontes como ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia. G1.globo.com.
  38. Web site: General Heleno troca ministério da Defesa no governo Bolsonaro pelo GSI. Noticias.uol.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  39. News: Brazil's far-right president-elect Bolsonaro vows to move Israel embassy to Jerusalem. Jamieson. Alastair. 2 November 2018. NBC News. 2 November 2018. en-US.
  40. Web site: 1 November 2018 13h36 . Por que a nomeação de Moro por Bolsonaro caiu mal na imprensa internacional . Noticias.uol.com.br . 2 January 2019.
  41. Web site: Joaquim Levy será o presidente do BNDES, Estado de S. Paulo . Economia.estadao.com.br . 2 January 2019.
  42. Web site: Guedes quer Joaquim Levy no BNDES, mas nome precisa ser avalizado por Bolsonaro, Folha de S. Paulo . 1.folha.uol.com.br . 11 November 2018 . 2 January 2019.
  43. Web site: Joaquim Levy aceita convite para presidir BNDES, informa assessoria de Paulo Guedes, G1 . G1.globo.com . 2 January 2019.
  44. Web site: Roberto Campos Neto comandará Banco Central, Agência Brasil EBC, accessed 17 November 2018 . pt. Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br . 15 November 2018 . 2 January 2019.
  45. Web site: o autor . Saiba quem são os 22 ministros da esplanada de Bolsonaro, Poder360, accessed 12 December 2018 . Poder360.com.br . 28 November 2018 . 2 January 2019.
  46. Web site: 22 April 2016 . Jair Bolsonaro government has military, conservative streak, Hindustan Times . 2 January 2019 . Hindustantimes.com.
  47. Web site: NOTA À IMPRENSA – Integração Turismo e Cultura – Ministério do Turismo . pt-br . NOTE TO THE PRESS – Tourism and Culture Integration – Ministry of Tourism . https://web.archive.org/web/20191114013327/http://www.turismo.gov.br/%C3%BAltimas-not%C3%ADcias/13141-nota-%C3%A0-imprensa-integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-turismo-e-cultura.html . 2019-11-14 . live . 2019-11-22 .
  48. Web site: Brazil culture secretary fired after echoing words of Nazi Goebbels . Sam . Cowie . 2020-01-17 . . 2020-01-17 .
  49. Web site: Brazil's culture secretary fired after appearing to quote Nazi leader Joseph Goebbels in a video. Vasco Cotovio . Jack Guy. CNN. 17 January 2020 . 2020-01-18.
  50. Web site: Em vídeo ao lado de Bolsonaro, ministro Abraham Weintraub, da Educação, anuncia saída do cargo. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  51. Web site: Todas as medidas tomadas pelo governo Bolsonaro até agora. VEJA.com.
  52. Web site: Como o governo Bolsonaro se saiu na economia. Forbes Brasil. 21 May 2020 . 21 May 2020.
  53. Web site: Brasil zera imposto de importação para bens de informática e de telecomunicações. 21 May 2020. Forbes.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  54. Web site: Governo zera imposto de importação de quase 500 produtos para atrair investimentos. Firjan.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  55. Web site: Governo zera imposto de importação sobre moto aquática, balão e dirigível. G1. 3 February 2022.
  56. Web site: Proposta de Emenda a Constituicao - Previdencia. Folha de Sao Paulo. 8 January 2023.
  57. Web site: Executivo e Legislativo propõem mudanças na Constituição para País consolidar nova ordem fiscal. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105211931/http://www.economia.gov.br/noticias/2019/11/executivo-e-legislativo-propoem-mudancas-na-constituicao-para-pais-consolidar-nova-ordem-fiscal. dead. 2019-11-05. Economia.gov.br.
  58. Web site: Como o governo Bolsonaro se saiu na economia. DW.com. 30 December 2022.
  59. Fachin, Patricia. "Plano mais Brasil não é um projeto de crescimento, mas de aprofundamento da desigualdade econômica e social". Revista do Instituto Humanitas - Unisinos, 12 November 2019
  60. Web site: Brasil quebra recorde ao registrar 4 milhões de empresas abertas em 2021. Firjan.com.br. 9 February 2022.
  61. https://www.andes.org.br/conteudos/noticia/pacote-do-plano-mais-brasil-representa-destruicao-do-estado-brasileiro1 "Pacote do Plano Mais Brasil representa destruição do Estado brasileiro"
  62. Web site: Dívida Pública Federal atinge R$ 5,87 trilhões em novembro. Ministério da Economia. 30 December 2022.
  63. Web site: Dívida pública do Brasil cresce quase R$ 93 bilhões de outubro para novembro. G1. 30 December 2022.
  64. Web site: Bolsonaro é o 1° presidente desde o real a deixar salário mínimo menor. Metrópoles. 9 May 2022 . 30 December 2022.
  65. Web site: Bolsonaro será o 1º presidente desde o Real a deixar salário mínimo menor. Correiobraziliense.com.br. 9 May 2022. 30 December 2022.
  66. Web site: Matriz Energética . 20 June 2021 . 24 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203230/https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica . dead .
  67. Web site: Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021. pt. 2021-05-03. Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. 6, 14. 2021-05-17.
  68. Web site: RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021. Irena.org.
  69. News: Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? . 2017-02-03. Sharenergy.com.br. 2018-10-07. pt-BR.
  70. News: Invest in Brazil. 2018-08-23. Capitalinvest-group.com. 2018-10-07. en-US.
  71. Web site: Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Abril/2021. pt. 2021-05-03. Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. 6, 13. 2021-05-17.
  72. Web site: Bolsonaro defends agreement with Congress to veto taxes on solar energy . 2021-03-31 . G1.globo.com . pt-br.
  73. Web site: Government resets import tax on solar energy equipment . 2021-03-31 . Gov.br. pt-br.
  74. Web site: Retomar obras destrava até R$ 144 bilhões. Época Negócios. 4 July 2022.
  75. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasil. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  76. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasil. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  77. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasi. Gov.brl. 4 July 2022.
  78. Web site: DNIT segue com a construção de três viadutos na BR-163/364, em Cuiabá. Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes. 4 July 2022.
  79. Web site: DNIT finaliza o ano com mais de 163 quilômetros de pista recuperada em Santa Catarina. Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes. 4 July 2022.
  80. Web site: DNIT avança nas obras de duplicação da BR-280 em Santa Catarina. Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes. 4 July 2022.
  81. Web site: Obras de duplicação na BR-381 são destaque em Minas Gerais em 2020. Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes. 4 July 2022.
  82. Web site: Segunda ponte sobre o Rio Paraná. Itaipu.gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  83. Web site: Publicado Edital para construção da ponte sobre o Rio Paraguai entre Porto Murtinho e Carmelo Peralta – Portal do Governo de Mato Grosso do Sul. Ms.gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  84. Web site: Trecho da BR-163 foi asfaltado no governo Bolsonaro, como afirma post. 20 October 2020. Folha.uol.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  85. Web site: Ponte do Rio Madeira deve ser inaugurada em abril. Diário da. Amazônia. Diário da Amazônia. 4 July 2022.
  86. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasil. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  87. Web site: Estradas - BR-235 ganha 77 quilômetros de pista pavimentada em Jeremoabo (BA). Estradas.com.br. 15 February 2021. 4 July 2022.
  88. Web site: Projeto que prevê concessão de rodovias e redução de tarifas de pedágios no Paraná é aprovado e será debatido a partir de fevereiro. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  89. Web site: Contrato de concessão da Dutra é prorrogado por mais um ano; ANTT aprova redução no pedágio. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  90. Web site: Bolsonaro participa de inauguração de trecho da Ferrovia Norte-Sul. 4 March 2021. Agência Brasil. 4 July 2022.
  91. Web site: Governo firma acordo com Exército para construção de ferrovia na Bahia. 11 September 2020. Agência Brasil. 4 July 2022.
  92. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasil. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  93. Web site: Coronavirus: Bolsonaro downplays threat of pandemic to Brazil. 25 March 2020. BBC.com. 7 July 2020. 1 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054300/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205. live.
  94. Web site: Just like Trump, Brazil's Bolsonaro puts the economy ahead of his people during coronavirus. 20 April 2020. TheConversation.com. 7 July 2020. 9 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200609005226/https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351. live.
  95. Web site: Bolsonaro critica Witzel por querer impedir voos para o Rio de Janeiro [20/03/2020]]. 2021-05-12. noticias.uol.com.br. pt-br.
  96. News: 2020-03-19. Coronavirus protest in Brazil sees millions bang pots from balconies. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-05-12.
  97. Web site: Bedinelli. Talita. 2020-03-19. Gestão de Bolsonaro do coronavírus é reprovada por 64%, e 45% se dizem a favor de impeachment. 2021-05-12. EL PAÍS. pt-br.
  98. News: 2020-04-28. Brazilians divided on impeachment of President Bolsonaro: poll. en. Reuters. 2021-05-12.
  99. Web site: 2020-03-27. Jair Bolsonaro claims Brazilians 'never catch anything' as Covid-19 cases rise. 2021-05-12. the Guardian. en.
  100. News: Phillips. Tom. 23 March 2020. Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro says coronavirus crisis is a media trick. en-GB. The Guardian. 7 July 2020. 0261-3077. 2 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200702014127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick. live.
  101. Web site: Bolsonaro diz que 'pequena crise' do coronavírus é 'mais fantasia' e não 'isso tudo' que mídia propaga. 2021-05-09. G1.globo.com. pt-br.
  102. Web site: Doria rebate Bolsonaro: 'estamos fazendo o que ele não faz, liderar' [20/03/2020]]. 2021-05-09. noticias.uol.com.br. pt-br.
  103. Web site: Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707201055/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-positive-coronavirus-intl/index.html. 7 July 2020. 7 July 2020. CNN. 7 July 2020 .
  104. News: Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro Says He Tested Negative for Coronavirus. 27 July 2020. Time Magazine. 25 July 2020. 27 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727025453/https://time.com/5871754/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-negative-coronavirus/. dead.
  105. Web site: Rodrigo Pedroso and Amy Woodyatt. Brazil's Bolsonaro says he has 'mold' in his lungs as his wife tests positive for Covid-19. 31 July 2020. CNN. 31 July 2020 . 31 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204018/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/31/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-mold-lungs-intl/index.html. live.
  106. Web site: Savarese . Mauricio . Brazil leader rapped for stirring doubt on COVID-19 vaccine . 4 September 2020 . . 19 September 2020 . 13 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200913101052/https://apnews.com/76e0d15bff4cf885f29abb953a842253 . live .
  107. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro says COVID-19 vaccinations will not be mandatory . 3 September 2020 . . 19 September 2020 . 10 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200910031312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-vaccination/brazils-bolsonaro-says-covid-19-vaccinations-will-not-be-mandatory-idUSKBN25U30C . live .
  108. Web site: Datafolha: aprovação de Bolsonaro sobe para 37%, a melhor do mandato, e reprovação cai para 34%. 14 August 2020. G1.globo.com. pt-br. 14 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200814081948/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml. live.
  109. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro rejects COVID-19 shot, calls masks taboo. 2021-05-09. AP NEWS. 5 May 2021.
  110. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro warns virus vaccine can turn people into 'crocodiles'. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20211028211335/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/brazil-s-bolsonaro-warns-virus-vaccine-can-turn-people-into-crocodiles-1.5237678. 28 October 2021. 16 December 2021. CTV News. 18 December 2020 .
  111. Web site: 22 January 2021. Crise derruba popularidade de Bolsonaro, aponta Datafolha. 9 February 2021. Folha de S.Paulo. pt-BR.
  112. Web site: Bolsonaro attends rally as Brazil political scandal heats up. 2021-05-09. Aljazeera.com. en.
  113. Web site: 2021-02-22. Bolsonaro could face criminal charges for chloroquine endorsement. 2021-08-06. The Brazilian Report. en-US.
  114. News: 2021-03-05. Covid: Bolsonaro tells Brazilians to 'stop whining' as deaths spike. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-05-09.
  115. Web site: COVID-19: Bolsonaro doesn't believe in social distancing, masks or vaccines. That wasn't lost on those protesting. 2021-08-05. Sky News. en.
  116. News: 2021-07-22. YouTube removes Bolsonaro videos for Covid misinformation. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-08-05.
  117. News: YouTube removes videos posted by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro that spread coronavirus misinformation. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-08-05. 0190-8286.
  118. Web site: 2021-06-30. Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response. 2021-08-06. France 24. en.
  119. Web site: 2021-06-30. Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response. 2021-08-06. RFI. en.
  120. News: Become an FT subscriber to read Financial Times. 2021-08-05. Financial Times. 28 July 2021 .
  121. News: McCoy. Terrence. 5 July 2021. As coronavirus probe deepens, Bolsonaro increasingly threatened by a corruption scandal. The Washington Post.
  122. News: CPI da Covid: Quem é quem no escândalo Covaxin. pt-BR. BBC News Brasil. 2021-08-05.
  123. Web site: 2021-07-03. Brazil court approves investigation into Bolsonaro over vaccine deal. 2021-08-06. euronews. en.
  124. Web site: 2021-07-02. STF autoriza investigação de Bolsonaro por prevaricação no caso Covaxin. 2021-08-05. O Globo. pt-BR.
  125. Web site: TEMPO. O.. 2021-07-01. Em live, Bolsonaro ataca presidente da CPI da Covid no Senado. 2021-08-05. Politica. pt-BR.
  126. Web site: Juliana Koch and Mitchell McCluskey. Brazil suspends Covid-19 vaccine deal with Indian firm. 2021-08-06. CNN. 30 June 2021 .
  127. Web site: Acordo Mercosul-UE vai beneficiar setor de fruticultura, diz Bolsonaro - Revista Globo Rural | Economia . 20 June 2021 . 24 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203307/https://revistagloborural.globo.com/Noticias/Economia/noticia/2019/08/acordo-mercosul-ue-vai-beneficiar-setor-de-fruticultura-diz-bolsonaro.html . dead .
  128. Web site: Bolsonaro: 'Grande problema para avançar no acordo Mercosul-UE é a França'. Istoedinheiro.com.br. 20 November 2020. 4 July 2022.
  129. Web site: Acordo entre Mercosul e UE: Macron exige nova política ambiental de Bolsonaro. Brasil. Econômico. 5 February 2021. Economia.ig.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  130. Web site: Serviços e Informações do Brasil. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  131. Web site: Faturamento da agropecuária tem recorde de R$ 871,3 bilhões em 2020; governo vê alta de 10% para este ano. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  132. News: Brasil registra queda de 25% nos assassinatos nos primeiros três dois do ano . G1 . 18 April 2019.
  133. News: Bolsonaro volta a comemorar queda nos índices de criminalidade . Istoé . 14 October 2019.
  134. Web site: Bolsonaro assina decreto que facilita posse de armas. G1.globo.com.
  135. Web site: Brasil cai em ranking mundial de ciências e matemática e empaca em leitura. Educacao.uol.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  136. Web site: Inep. Gov.br. 4 July 2022.
  137. Web site: No ranking mundial de universidades, a melhor brasileira não fica nem em 250º lugar. Epocanegocios.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  138. Web site: As melhores universidades do mundo, segundo o ranking do THE. Educacao.uol.com.br. 4 July 2022.
  139. Web site: Call for students to film 'biased' teachers brings Brazil's culture wars to classroom. Anna Jean Kaiser. May 3, 2019. The Guardian. May 21, 2019.
  140. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro dismisses 'imbecile' students as he faces biggest protests yet. Anna Jean Kaiser. May 15, 2019. The Guardian. May 21, 2019.
  141. News: Satellite data shows Amazon deforestation rising under Brazil's.... 2019-06-04. Reuters. 2019-08-21. en.
  142. Web site: Amazon Deforestation Shot Up by 278% Last Month, Satellite Data Show. Brandon Specktor 2019-08-07T21:42:34Z Planet Earth. livescience.com. 7 August 2019. en. 2019-08-21.
  143. Web site: Jair Bolsonaro to Merkel: Reforest Germany, not Amazon DW 15.08.2019. DW.COM. en-GB. 2019-08-21.
  144. News: Space agency chief out amid deforestation row. 2019-08-02. 2019-08-21. en-GB.
  145. News: Merkel descreve situação sob Bolsonaro como dramática. pt. Deutsche Welle. 26 May 2019. 26 June 2019. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231109/https://www.dw.com/pt-br/merkel-descreve-situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-sob-bolsonaro-como-dram%C3%A1tica/a-49367311. live.
  146. News: Merkel wants 'straight talk' with Bolsonaro over deforestation. Space Daily. 26 May 2019. 26 June 2019. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231057/http://www.spacedaily.com/afp/190626140722.4340bpio.html. live.
  147. News: Merkel quer ter "conversa clara" com Bolsonaro sobre desmatamento no G20. pt. El País. 26 May 2019. 26 June 2019. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231057/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/26/politica/1561562740_367321.html. live.
  148. News: Bolsonaro sinaliza a Macron que fica no Acordo de Paris, e discute com Trump medidas contra Maduro. pt. El País. 28 May 2019. 28 June 2019. 29 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133338/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/28/politica/1561724232_672469.html. live.
  149. News: Bolsonaro sinaliza a Macron que Brasil vai continuar no Acordo do Clima de Paris. pt. G1.globo.com. 28 May 2019. 28 June 2019. 28 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163338/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/06/28/bolsonaro-convida-macron-para-visitar-a-amazonia.ghtml. live.
  150. Web site: Bolsonaro . Jair . Jair M. Bolsonaro on Twitter . twitter.com . 14 June 2020 . 31 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200531175625/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1164667765799694345 . live .
  151. Web site: Smith-Schoenwalder . Cecelia . The Amazon Rainforest Is On Fire. Can Pressure From Other Nations Get Brazil to Act? . Usnews.com . 14 June 2020 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801220852/https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2019-08-23/the-amazon-rainforest-is-on-fire-can-pressure-from-other-nations-get-brazil-to-act . live .
  152. News: Bolsonaro diz que Macron busca instrumentalizar uma questão interna e critica tom sensacionalista sobre a Amazônia . G1 . pt . 22 August 2019 . 23 August 2019 . 23 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190823014327/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/08/22/bolsonaro-diz-que-macron-busca-instrumentalizar-uma-questao-interna-e-critica-tom-sensacionalista-sobre-a-amazonia.ghtml . live .
  153. News: Macron Calls on G7 Countries to Discuss Amazon Forest in Summit . Bloomberg . 22 August 2019 . 23 August 2019 . 23 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190823111912/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-22/macron-calls-on-g7-countries-to-discuss-amazon-forest-in-summit . live .
  154. News: Ireland, France set to block EU-Mercosur trade deal over Amazon . Al-Jazeera . 23 August 2019 . 24 August 2019 . 26 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190826214837/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/ireland-block-eu-mercosur-trade-deal-amazon-fires-190823095908509.html . live .
  155. News: Macron rebukes Bolsonaro for 'extraordinarily rude' comments about wife . 26 August 2019 . The Guardian . 26 August 2019 . 26 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190826190747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/26/macron-rebukes-bolsonaro-over-extraordinarily-rude-comments-about-wife . live .
  156. Web site: Bolsonaro declares 'the Amazon is ours' and calls deforestation data 'lies'. The Guardian. 19 July 2019. en. 16 August 2019. 11 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190811005051/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-rainforest-deforestation. live.
  157. Web site: Simões . Eduardo . Boadle . Anthony . Mano . Ana . Stargardter . Gabriel . Brown . Tom . O'Brien . Rosalba . Igniting global outrage, Brazil's Bolsonaro baselessly blames NGOs for Amazon fires . . 23 August 2019 . 21 August 2019 . 23 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190823071421/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-idUSKCN1VB1BY . live .
  158. Felin . Bruno . STATEMENT: Brazil Sets Weak 2030 Emission Reduction Target . World Resources Institute . 10 December 2020 . 3 January 2021.
  159. Web site: Felin . Bruno . Bolsonaro envia carta a Biden prometendo fim do desmatamento ilegal até 2030 . CNN . 15 April 2021.
  160. Web site: 11 March 2021. Brazil's Bolsonaro needs to get real on climate change. Financial Times.
  161. Web site: Mother Jones . Indigenous and Environmental Groups Warn Biden Not to Trust Bolsonaro . April 15, 2021 . Dias . Isabela . April 23, 2021.
  162. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro promises to end deforestation despite overseeing a sharp increase. 22 April 2021. The New York Times.
  163. Web site: Leaders of countries like Brazil, Japan and Canada made commitments on Thursday to curb greenhouse gas emissions during President Joe Biden's climate summit. 22 April 2021. CNBC.
  164. News: COP26: Don't Be Fooled by Bolsonaro's Pledges . Human Rights Watch . 2 November 2021.
  165. News: COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over . . 10 November 2021.
  166. News: British Journalist and Indigenous Expert Are Missing in Amazon After Threats . The New York Times . 7 June 2022 . Nicas . Jack . Andreoni . Manuela .
  167. Web site: Bolsonaro Downplays Journalist's Disappearance in Amazonas. 1.folha.uol.com.br . 8 June 2022 .
  168. Web site: Resposta do governo ao desaparecimento de Dom Phillips e Bruno Pereira foi 'extremamente lenta', diz comitê da ONU. G1.globo.com .
  169. Web site: Bolsonaro blamed as UN, activists denounce Amazon murders. news.yahoo.com .
  170. Web site: Brazil urged to step up search for missing journalist and indigenous activist . Un.org. 10 June 2022 .
  171. Web site: 2021-04-25 . Imagine Jair Bolsonaro Standing Trial for Ecocide at The Hague - The New York Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20210425160936/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/sunday-review/bolsonaro-amazon-fire.html . dead . 2021-04-25 . 2023-07-10 .
  172. News: Watts . Jonathan . 2023-02-06 . Investigate Bolsonaro for genocide, says Brazil’s Marina Silva . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-07-10 . 0261-3077.
  173. Web site: Bolsonaro should be investigated by International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and nature . 2023-07-10 . The Irish Times . en.
  174. McCartin . Matthew J. . 2022–2023 . The Planet v. Bolsonaro: How an International Crime of Ecocide Could Aid in Enforcing the UNFCCC . Journal of Global Rights and Organizations . 13 . 1.
  175. Web site: 2021-08-11 . Brazil indigenous group accuses Bolsonaro of ‘genocide’ and ‘ecocide’ . 2023-07-10 . The Independent . en.
  176. Web site: 2022-02-04 . Indigenous Groups Accuse Brazil’s Bolsonaro of Genocide, Call on the ICC to Investigate Sounds and Colours . 2023-07-10 . soundsandcolours.com . en-GB.
  177. Web site: ICC climate crimes suit filed against Brazil's Bolsonaro – DW – 10/12/2021 . 2023-07-10 . dw.com . en.
  178. Web site: 2021-06-24 . Chiefs demand Bolsonaro's prosecution, say Amazon close to irreversible destruction . 2023-07-10 . NBC News . en.
  179. News: Milhorance . Flávia . 2021-01-23 . Jair Bolsonaro could face charges in The Hague over Amazon rainforest . en-GB . The Observer . 2023-07-10 . 0029-7712.
  180. News: Bolsonaro: Brasil precisa de armamentos, meios de se defender . Metrópole . pt . 26 October 2019.
  181. News: Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixou de se armar por ideologia . 1.folha.uol.com.br. pt . 26 October 2019.
  182. News: Jeantet . Diane . Biller . David . Brazil military chiefs quit as Bolsonaro seeks their support . 7 September 2021 . . March 31, 2021.
  183. News: Brito . Ricardo . Perry . Michael . Brazil's Bolsonaro says military would follow his orders to take the streets . 7 September 2021 . . 24 April 2021.
  184. News: Alvares . Debora . Savares . Mauricio . Military display rolls into Brazil capital before tense vote . 7 September 2021 . . 11 August 2021.
  185. News: Phillips . Tom . Bolsonaro's 'banana republic' military parade condemned by critics . 7 September 2021 . . 10 August 2021.
  186. Web site: 2021-04-22. Brazil's Bolsonaro alleges fraud in US presidential election. 2021-08-06. AP NEWS. en.
  187. Web site: 2020-11-30. Brazil's Bolsonaro alleges fraud in US presidential election. 2021-08-06. The Independent. en.
  188. News: 2020-11-29. Brazil's Bolsonaro to wait 'a bit longer' to recognize winner of U.S. election. en. Reuters. 2021-08-06.
  189. News: 2021-01-07. Bolsonaro warns U.S.-like political crisis could happen in Brazil. en. Reuters. 2021-08-06.
  190. Web site: 2021-08-05. Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution. 2021-08-06. Reuters.
  191. Web site: Buenos Aires Times Brazil's electoral court to probe Bolsonaro for attacking voting system. 2021-08-06. Batimes.com.ar.
  192. Web site: Brazil's president hits out at new probe into voting fraud claims. 2021-08-06. Aljazeera.com. en.
  193. Web site: 2021-07-09. Taking Trump's cue, Bolsonaro clouds vote with fraud claims. 2021-08-06. The Independent. en.
  194. Web site: 2021-08-04. Brazil high court orders Bolsonaro investigated for 'vote fraud' claims. 2021-08-06. France 24. en.
  195. Web site: Brazil top justice orders Bolsonaro investigated for fraud claims. 2021-08-06. Aljazeera.com. en.
  196. News: Fonseca . Pedro . Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution . 7 September 2021 . . 5 August 2021.
  197. News: Paraguassu . Lisandra . Bolsonaro attacks Brazil judges, warns of "institutional rupture" . 7 September 2021 . . 15 August 2021.
  198. Web site: Os planos do chanceler para os 100 primeiros dias de governo. 12 January 2019. Época.
  199. News: Ana Cristina. Campos. Veja as propostas de Bolsonaro e Haddad para a política externa. Agência Brasil. 26 October 2018. 26 October 2018.
  200. News: Presidential candidates present a drastic turn in foreign policy Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) promises to break Brazil's traditional diplomatic positions while Fernando Haddad. 2018-10-27.
  201. News: Os compromissos de Bolsonaro em Taiwan.. Jair Bolsonaro. 2018-03-04. 2018-10-29.
  202. News: Conversa com Brasileiros em Taiwan.. Jair Bolsonaro. 2018-03-05. 2018-10-29.
  203. News: 巴西川普批中掠奪者 北京急了. Liberty Times. 2018-10-26. 2018-10-27.
  204. News: Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese tiger. Financial Times. 27 December 2018 . en-GB. 2018-12-27.
  205. News: Constança. Rezende. Bolsonaro quer campo de refugiados em Roraima. O Estado de S. Paulo. Grupo Estado. São Paulo, Brazil. 14 March 2018. 14 March 2018.
  206. News: Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese dragon. Financial Times. 27 December 2018 . en-GB. 2018-12-27.
  207. News: Israel hails election of Brazil's controversial Bolsonaro, who plans visit soon . The Times of Israel . 29 October 2018.
  208. News: Netanyahu embraces Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro in Israel . Associated Presa . 31 March 2019. 6 April 2018. Ilan. Ben Zion.
  209. Web site: Arab League warns Brazil that Jerusalem embassy move could harm ties. .
  210. Web site: 'I love Israel' — Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Tel Aviv | DW | 31.03.2019. .
  211. Web site: 2019-01-16. All Smiles in Brasilia as Macri and Bolsonaro Reset Relationship. 22 January 2019. Bloomberg.com.
  212. News: Alberto. Almendariz. Bolsonaro: "Un abrazo a Macri, que terminó con la 'Dilma Kirchner'". Bolsonaro: "A hug for Macri, who ended the 'Dilma-Kirchner'". es. 11 October 2018. La Nación. 29 October 2018.
  213. News: Brazil's Bolsonaro names Trump fan top diplomat as Cuba relations sour . Reuters . 3 December 2018.
  214. News: Brazil Should Shun Venezuela and Embrace Israel, Bolsonaro's Son Says . Bloomberg . 10 October 2018.
  215. Web site: What to Expect from Jair Bolsonaro. Winter. Brian. October 9, 2018. Americas Quarterly. October 11, 2018.
  216. News: Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect wants to move Israel embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem . The Independent . 2 November 2018.
  217. News: Trump and Bolsonaro Discuss Venezuela Over Mar-a-Lago Dinner . Adghirni, Sami . Harney, John . Parker, Mario . Bloomberg . 7 March 2020 . 8 March 2020 . 8 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200308093830/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-08/trump-and-bolsonaro-to-discuss-venezuela-over-mar-a-lago-dinner . live .
  218. News: That would really be historic: Trump wants NATO to tighten ties with Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro . Gehrke, Joel . Washington Examiner . 7 March 2020 . 8 March 2020 . 8 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200308022738/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/that-would-really-be-historic-trump-wants-nato-to-tighten-ties-with-brazils-jair-bolsonaro . live .
  219. News: Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill . The Guardian . 30 October 2018.
  220. News: Brazil military uneasy with Bolsonaro's openness to U.S. base: source . Reuters . January 5, 2019.
  221. News: Trump says strongly considering NATO membership for Brazil . Reuters . 19 March 2019.
  222. News: Trump says looking at NATO membership for Brazil. Euronews. 19 March 2019.
  223. News: 'Diplomacia em primeiro lugar, até as últimas consequências', diz Bolsonaro sobre Venezuela. G1.globo.com. 19 March 2019.
  224. News: Em almoço fechado, Trump diz querer Brasil como membro pleno da Otan. Folha de S.Paulo. 20 March 2019.
  225. Web site: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro abruptly cancels US visit after protests. Dom Phillips. May 3, 2019. The Guardian. May 6, 2019.
  226. News: Índia e Brasil confirmam interesse em ampliar Conselho de Segurança da ONU. Correio Brasiliense. 25 January 2019. 31 January 2020. 27 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200127211543/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2020/01/25/interna_politica,823263/india-e-brasil-confirmam-interesse-em-ampliar-conselho-de-seguranca-da.shtml. live.
  227. Web site: Republic Day 2020 Live Updates: PM Modi, President Kovind, Chief Guest President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro Arrive At Rajpath; R-day Parade To Begin. Bureau. ABP News. 26 January 2020. news.abplive.com. en. 26 January 2020. 26 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200126043754/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/republic-day-2020-live-updates-india-71st-r-day-brazilian-prez-jair-bolsonaro-chief-guest-rajpath-1148777. live.
  228. News: Bolsonaro manda carta para Biden . CNN Brazil . 20 January 2021 . 18 March 2021.
  229. News: Em carta a Bolsonaro, Biden pede colaboração no clima e no combate à pandemia . Galzo, Weslley . CNN Brazil . 18 March 2021 . 18 March 2021.
  230. News: Bolsonaro e Putin conversam por telefone sobre vacina Sputnik V e frigoríficos, diz Planalto . Mazui, Guilherme . G1 . 6 April 2021.
  231. News: Bolsonaro à CNN: Há uma grande possibilidade de o Brasil fabricar a Sputnik V . Magalhães, Leandro . CNN . 6 April 2021.
  232. News: U.S. officials pushed Brazil to reject Russia's coronavirus vaccine, according to HHS report . Noori Farzan, Antonia . Washington Post. 18 March 2021 . 16 March 2021.
  233. News: 2021-03-20. Joe Biden and Jair Bolsonaro square off over the Amazon. The Economist. 2021-04-16. 0013-0613.
  234. Web site: Brazil Signs Artemis Accords. 15 June 2021. NASA.gov.
  235. Web site: Brasil oficializa adesão a programa da Nasa que quer voltar a enviar humanos para a Lua. 15 June 2021. G1.globo.com. pt.
  236. Web site: Brasil reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino de Venezuela. Redacción. Gestión. 12 January 2019. Gestion.
  237. News: How Brazil, Argentina helped seal EU-Mercosur deal . France 24 . 28 June 2019.
  238. Web site: Cinco ministros j anunciados por Bolsonaro so ou foram alvo de investigao. O. POVO. Online. Opovo.com.br. 30 July 2021.
  239. Web site: Planilha investigada por PGR indica mais um repasse via caixa dois para Onyx. 14 November 2018. Folha de S.Paulo.
  240. Web site: Tereza Cristina diz que adotou 'políticas de governo' ao conceder benefícios fiscais à JBS. 19 November 2018. Folha de S.Paulo.
  241. Web site: PF abre inquérito para investigar elo de Paulo Guedes com suspeitas em fundos de pensão. G1.globo.com.
  242. Web site: Investigado, Marcos Pontes nega crime comercial. 10 July 2007. O Globo.
  243. News: Quem é Luiz Henrique Mandetta, que será ministro da Saúde de Bolsonaro. André. Shalders* - @andreshalders. BBC News Brasil. 20 November 2018.
  244. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro Fires Key Adviser Amid Accusations of Campaign-Finance Fraud. Paulo Trevisani. Jeffrey T. Lewis. February 18, 2019. Wall Street Journal. February 19, 2019.
  245. Web site: Bebianno confirma que repasse a candidatas laranjas foi feito por ministro do Turismo. May 6, 2019. Correio. May 6, 2019.
  246. Web site: Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil President, Says His Phones Were Hacked . The New York Times . 25 July 2019 . 1 August 2019 . Londoño, Ernesto.
  247. Web site: Gabinete paralelo de pastores controla agenda e verba do Ministério d…. https://archive.today/20220414072124/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,pastores-controlam-agenda-e-liberacao-de-dinheiro-no-ministerio-da-educacao,70004012011. dead. 2022-04-14. 14 April 2022. Archive.ph. 4 July 2022.
  248. Web site: Prefeitos reiteram que pastor pedia propina em dinheiro e até em ouro para obter verba no MEC. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  249. Web site: Ministro da Educação diz em áudio que, a pedido de Bolsonaro, repassa verba a municípios indicados por pastores. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  250. Web site: Oposição protocola pedido de abertura de CPI do MEC; criação ainda depende de Pacheco. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  251. Web site: Brazil police probe Education Ministry graft allegations, source says. 26 March 2022. 4 July 2022. Reuters.com.
  252. Web site: Brazil's ex-education minister arrested on corruption charges. 22 June 2022. 4 July 2022. Reuters.com.
  253. News: Brazil judge releases former Bolsonaro minister from jail . 2022-06-24 . Mauricio . Savarese . . . Washington, D.C. . 0190-8286 . 1330888409.
  254. Web site: MPF cita 'possível interferência ilícita' de Bolsonaro na investigação contra Milton Ribeiro e envia caso ao STF. https://archive.today/20220703124459/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/06/mpf-cita-possivel-interferencia-ilicita-de-bolsonaro-na-investigacao-contra-milton-ribeiro-e-envia-caso-ao-stf.ghtml. dead. Oglobo.globo.com. 3 July 2022. 4 July 2022.
  255. Web site: PF prende ex-ministro Milton Ribeiro e pastores investigados por suposto esquema de desvio de verbas na Educação. G1.globo.com. 4 July 2022.
  256. Web site: 2022-06-28 . Exclusivo: funcionárias denunciam presidente da Caixa por assédio sex… . https://archive.today/20220628210133/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/exclusivo-funcionarias-denunciam-presidente-da-caixa-por-assedio-sexual . dead . 2022-06-28 . 2022-07-23 . archive.ph.
  257. Web site: 2022-06-30 . Exclusivo: gravações mostram assédio moral de Pedro Guimarães na Caixa . 2022-07-23 . Metrópoles . pt-BR.
  258. Web site: 2022-07-23 . Caixa engavetou denúncia de assédio contra Pedro Guimarães . https://archive.today/20220723194130/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/caixa-engavetou-denuncia-de-assedio-contra-pedro-guimaraes . dead . 2022-07-23 . 2022-07-23 . archive.ph.
  259. Web site: 2022-07-23 . Brazil's Caixa CEO, close Bolsonaro ally, resigns over sexual harassm… . https://archive.today/20220723203201/https://www.reuters.com/business/brazils-caixa-ceo-close-bolsonaro-ally-depart-amid-harassment-probe-sources-say-2022-06-29/ . dead . 2022-07-23 . 2022-07-23 . archive.ph.
  260. Web site: 2022-07-23 . Downfall of Bolsonaro ally spotlights Brazilian leader's female voter… . https://archive.today/20220723203209/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/downfall-bolsonaro-ally-spotlights-brazilian-leaders-female-voter-issue-2022-06-30/ . dead . 2022-07-23 . 2022-07-23 . archive.ph.
  261. Web site: Pedro Guimarães deixa presidência da Caixa após acusações de assédio sexual . 2022-07-23 . br.noticias.yahoo.com . pt-BR.
  262. Web site: R7 . MPF investiga presidente da Caixa por assédio sexual . 2022-07-23 . Correio do Povo . pt-br.
  263. Web site: MP junto ao TCU pede investigação contra ex-presidente da Caixa . 2022-07-23 . Poder360 . July 2022 . pt-br.
  264. Web site: MPT abre apuração preliminar sobre acusação de assédio na Caixa . 2022-07-23 . Poder360 . 29 June 2022 . pt-br.
  265. Web site: Diretor da Caixa Econômica Federal é encontrado morto na sede do banco em Brasília . 2022-07-23 . G1 . pt-br.
  266. Web site: Bolsonaro continues to dismiss Covid-19 threat as cases skyrocket in Brazil. 8 May 2020 .
  267. Lancet . The . COVID-19 in Brazil: "So what?" . The Lancet . 9 May 2020 . 395 . 10235 . 1461 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31095-3 . 32386576 . 7251993 . free .
  268. News: Brazil coronavirus death toll rises sharply . 18 May 2020 . Deutsche Welle .
  269. Web site: "Nobody Is Doing Anything Wrong", Says Bolsonaro about Brazil's Chloroquine Production. 2021-02-12. Folha de S. Paulo.
  270. Web site: Brazil senator says Bolsonaro never wanted COVID-19 vaccines, preferred herd immunity. 2021-05-22. Reuters.
  271. Web site: Brazil Let 70 Million Shots Get Away and Sealed Its Covid Fate. Julia Leite, Andrew Rosati, and Simone Preissler Iglesias. Bloomberg. 2021-05-28.
  272. News: 2020-06-07. Brazil takes down COVID-19 data, hiding soaring death toll. en. Reuters. 2020-06-07.
  273. Web site: Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus. 2020-07-07. CNN. 7 July 2020 .
  274. News: Phillips . Dom . 28 November 2019 . Indict Jair Bolsonaro over indigenous rights, international court is urged . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205004755/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/27/jair-bolsonaro-international-criminal-court-indigenous-rights . 5 February 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  275. News: . Jair Bolsonaro accused of inciting genocide before the International Criminal Court . live . . 29 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117135356/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/jair-bolsonaro-accused-inciting-genocide-international-criminal-court/ . 17 January 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  276. News: Oliveira . Caroline . 3 April 2020 . Covid-19: Crimes against humanity charges pressed against Bolsonaro at ICC . live . en . . translated by Italo Piva . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810124250/https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/04/03/covid-19-crimes-against-humanity-charges-pressed-against-bolsonaro-at-icc . 10 August 2020 . 16 July 2021.
  277. News: Pedroso . Rodrigo . 26 July 2020 . Brazilian healthcare union accuses President Bolsonaro of 'crimes against humanity' . live . . . https://archive.today/20210716191146/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-26-20-intl/index.html . 16 July 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  278. News: Reeves . Philip . 27 July 2020 . Brazil's Bolsonaro Is Accused Of Crime Against Humanity Over Coronavirus 'Neglect' . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716192018/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895940087/brazils-bolsonaro-is-accused-of-crime-against-humanity-over-coronavirus-neglect?t=1626462569587 . 16 July 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  279. News: . International Criminal Court rejects action against Jair Bolsonaro . live . Pendect . 16 September 2020 . https://archive.today/20210716202934/https://pendect.com/categories/regional/americas/brazil/international-criminal-court-rejects-action-against-jair-bolsonaro . 16 July 2021 . 17 July 2021.
  280. News: . Brazil indigenous leaders sue Bolsonaro for 'crimes against humanity' . live . en . . . 23 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055126/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210123-brazil-indigenous-leaders-sue-bolsonaro-for-crimes-against-humanity . 25 February 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  281. News: Milhorance . Flávia . 23 January 2021 . Jair Bolsonaro could face charges in The Hague over Amazon rainforest . live . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610000407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest . 10 June 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  282. News: . Lawyers in Brazil to bring Bolsonaro to international court . live . . 10 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210717115104/https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=68270 . 17 July 2021 . 17 July 2021.
  283. News: Preissler Iglesias . Simone . 2 July 2021 . Bolsonaro Faces Probe for Alleged Negligence in Vaccine Case . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210703070555/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/bolsonaro-to-face-probe-into-alleged-negligence-in-vaccine-case . 3 July 2021 . 17 July 2021.
  284. News: . Bolsonaro under scrutiny in The Hague for crimes against humanity, genocide and possibly ecocide . live . . 14 July 2021 . https://archive.today/20210716235322/https://www.fern.org/de/ressourcen/bolsonaro-under-scrutiny-in-the-hague-for-crimes-against-humanity-genocide-and-possibly-ecocide-2370/ . 16 July 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  285. News: . Action against Bolsonaro takes an unprecedented step at the International Criminal Court... . live . Morning Express . 15 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716235634/https://morningexpress.in/action-against-bolsonaro-takes-an-unprecedented-step-at-the-international-criminal-court-as-indigenous-people-prepare-to-denounce-him-for-genocide-and-ecocide-in-court/ . 16 July 2021 . 16 July 2021.
  286. News: Davey-Attlee . Florence . Brazil's Bolsonaro accused of crimes against humanity at ICC for his record on the Amazon . CNN . 12 October 2021.
  287. News: Amid Pandemic, Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Faces Political Crisis . 9 June 2020 . NPR.org . April 2020 . en.
  288. News: Brazil's left and right unite to launch pro-democracy manifesto . 9 June 2020 . the Guardian . 31 May 2020 . en.
  289. News: Brazil's political rivals unite to oppose Bolsonaro and 'defend life, freedom and democracy' . 9 June 2020 . The Independent . 2 June 2020 . en.
  290. Web site: Otimismo com economia dispara, diz Datafolha, Folha . 23 December 2018 . .folha.uol.com.br . 2 January 2019.
  291. Web site: Para 65%, Bolsonaro fará governo ótimo ou bom, mostra Datafolha . January 2019 . .folha.uol.com.br . 2 January 2019.
  292. Web site: Desaprovação do Governo Bolsonaro supera aprovação pela primeira vez, mostra pesquisa Atlas Político. Flávia. Marreiro. 23 May 2019. El País Brasil. 4 July 2022.
  293. Web site: 'He became a hero': Bolsonaro sees popularity surge as Covid-19 spreads . The Guardian . 10 October 2020 . 11 October 2020.
  294. Web site: Bolsonaro's approval falls to 24%, the lowest ever, says Datafolha poll . 13 May 2021 . Reuters . 9 August 2021.
  295. News: Human Rights Watch says Bolsonaro a threat to democracy in Brazil – report. 13 January 2022. Reuters.com. 13 January 2022 .