Prefecture-level divisions of China explained

Prefecture-level division Chinese: p=Dì Jí Xíngzhèngqū|labels=no
Category:	Second level administrative division of a unitary state
Territory:	China
Current Number:	339 prefecture-level divisions including 6 in Taiwan Province
Population Range:	444 (Sansha) – 14,047,625 (Chengdu)
Area Range:	13sqkm (Sansha) – 472472sqkm (Bayingolin)
Government:	Various, provincial government, central government
Subdivision:	Counties

Collapse:	yes
Order:	st
Prefecture-level divisions
T:	地級行政區
S:	地级行政区
P:	Dì Jí Xíngzhèngqū
T2:	地區
S2:	地区
P2:	Dìqū
Tib:	ས་ཁུལ་
Wylie:	sa khul
Zwpy:	Sakü
Zha:	Dagih
Mon:	Translate as League (盟)
Monr:	ayimaɣ
Uig:	ۋىلايىت
Uly:	Wilayit
Uyy:	Vilayit
Sgs:	Vilayit
Mnc:	ᠪᠠ

China is officially divided into 339 prefecture-level divisions, which rank below provinces and above counties as the second-level administrative division in the country. Of these, 333 are located in territory controlled by the People's Republic of China, while 6 are located in land controlled by Taiwan.

There are four types of prefecture-level divisions:

• 299 Prefecture-level cities (293 in Mainland China and 6 in the claimed Taiwan Province)
• 30 Autonomous prefectures

Of these, leagues and prefectures are in the process of being abolished and transformed into one of the other two types of prefecture-level divisions.

History

See also: History of the administrative divisions of China. Modern prefectures emerged out of successive attempts by Yuan Shikai and later the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China to abolish the second level of administrative divisions. When these attempts eventually failed, modern prefectures were created in 1936. Chinese provinces are relatively large by international standards, and provincial administrations have difficulty administering counties without an intermediary level of government. However, prefecture-level divisions are still not a formally recognized level of government in the same way as provinces and counties.

Types

Prefecture-level cities

By far the most common type of prefecture-level division, prefecture-level cities are cities with the right to administer surrounding counties. This arrangement is known as "cities governing counties." Although there have been at least a few prefecture-level cities since the beginning of the PRC, they were relatively uncommon until the 1980s. Since then, hundreds of prefectures have been converted into prefecture-level cities. They are each headed by a People's Government, whose officials are appointed by the province but subject to approval by the local People's Congress. As with other levels of Chinese government, the People's Congress can adopt local regulations and elects a standing committee to exercise its powers when not in session.

Prefectures

Until the 1980s, the most common prefecture-level division was the prefecture, which operated as the field agencies of the provincial government. Unlike other prefecture-level governments, they do not have their own People's Governments or People's Congresses. They are instead the field agencies of the province whose role is to supervise the local county governments. However, the number of prefectures has declined rapidly since the 1980s. There are now only six prefectures left, mainly in rural areas of outlying provinces.

Autonomous prefectures

Unlike other prefecture-level divisions, autonomous prefectures are a formal part of the Chinese administrative structure. They were established in 1953 as part of a series of administrative reforms giving greater autonomy to ethnic minorities. Like leagues and prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures have a locally elected People's Government and People's Congress.

Leagues

Leagues are similar to autonomous prefectures but are unique to Inner Mongolia. Their numbers have been declining in recent years as most are converted to prefecture-level cities. Only three leagues remain.

List of prefecture-level divisions

Notes:

• Municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, & Tianjin) are not included, but their internal divisions are similar to prefectures.
• Sub-provincial cities are included, but other types of sub-provincial divisions are not.
• The six prefectures of Taiwan Province are not listed.
• * Indicates capital of province.
• Bold: indicates sub-provincial city or above.

Name	Province	Type	Population (2010)	Area (km^2)	Prefecture Seat
Hefei	Anhui	City	7,457,027	11,323	Shushan District
Anqing		City	5,311,000	15,398	Daguan District
Bengbu		City	3,164,000	5,952	Bengshan District
Bozhou		City	4,851,000	8,394	Qiaocheng District
Chizhou		City	1,403,000	9,423	Guichi District
Chuzhou		City	3,938,000	13,398	Langya District
Fuyang		City	7,600,000	13,300	Yingzhou District
Huaibei		City	2,114,000	2,725	Xiangshan District
Huainan		City	3,342,000	5,533	Tianjia'an District
Huangshan		City	1,359,000	9,807	Tunxi District
Lu'an		City	4,610,000	15,447	Jin'an District
Ma'anshan		City	1,366,000	1,686	Yushan District
Suzhou, Anhui		City	5,353,000	9,939	Yongqiao District
Tongling		City	724,000	1,113	Tongguanshan District
Wuhu		City	2,263,000	3,317	Jiujiang District
Xuancheng		City	2,533,000	12,340	Xuanzhou District
Fuzhou, Fujian	Fujian	City	7,115,370	12,000	Gulou District
Xiamen		City	3,531,347	1,573	Siming District
Longyan		City	2,559,545	19,069	Xinluo District
Nanping		City	2,645,549	26,300	Yanping District
Ningde		City	2,821,996	13,452	Jiaocheng District
Putian		City	2,778,508	4,200	Chengxiang District
Quanzhou		City	8,128,530	11,015	Fengze District
Sanming		City	2,503,388	22,929	Meilie District
Zhangzhou		City	4,809,983	12,607	Xiangcheng District
Jiuquan	Gansu	City	1,095,947	191,342	Suzhou District
Jiayuguan		City	231,853	1,133	Xiongguan District
Zhangye		City	1,199,515	16,216	Ganzhou District
Jinchang		City	464,050	8,896	Jinchuan District
Wuwei		City	1,815,054	33,000	Liangzhou District
Baiyin		City	1,708,751	8,185	Baiyin District
Lanzhou		City	3,616,163	13,100	Chengguan District
Gannan			689,132	40,898	Hezuo City
Dingxi		City	2,698,622	7,837	Anding District
Linxia			1,946,677	8,169	Linxia City
Longnan		City	2,567,718	27,000	Wudu District
Tianshui		City	3,262,548	14,300	Qinzhou District
Pingliang		City	2,068,033	11,325	Kongtong District
Qingyang		City	2,211,191	10,470	Xifeng District
Qingyuan	Guangdong	City	3,698,394	19,000	Qingcheng District
Shaoguan		City	2,826,612	18,645	Zhenjiang District
Heyuan		City	2,953,019	15,478	Yuancheng District
Meizhou		City	4,240,139	15,836	Meijiang District
Chaozhou		City	2,669,844	3,614	Xiangqiao District
Zhaoqing		City	3,918,085	22,322	Duanzhou District
Yunfu		City	2,360,128	7,813	Yuncheng District
Foshan		City	7,194,311	3,813	Chancheng District
Guangzhou		City	12,700,800	7,434	Yuexiu District
Dongguan		City	8,220,237	2,465	Nancheng District
Huizhou		City	4,597,002	11,158	Huicheng District
Shanwei		City	2,935,717	5,271	Cheng District
Jieyang		City	5,877,025	5,240	Rongcheng District
Shantou		City	5,391,028	2,064	Jinping District
Zhanjiang		City	6,993,304	12,490	Chikan District
Maoming		City	5,817,753	11,458	Maonan District
Yangjiang		City	2,421,812	7,813	Jiangcheng District
Jiangmen		City	4,448,871	9,443	Pengjiang District
Zhongshan		City	3,120,884	1,800	Dong District
Zhuhai		City	1,560,229	1,653	Xiangzhou District
Shenzhen		City	10,357,938	2,050	Futian District
Baise	Guangxi	City	3,466,800	36,252	Youjiang District
Hechi		City	3,369,200	13,706	Jinchengjiang District
Liuzhou		City	3,758,700	16,877	Liubei District
Guilin		City	4,748,000	27,809	Lingui District
Hezhou		City	1,954,100	11,854	Babu District
Chongzuo		City	1,994,300	17,345	Jiangzhou District
Nanning		City	6,661,600	22,293	Qingxiu District
Laibin		City	2,099,700	13,400	Xingbin District
Guigang		City	4,118,800	10,595	Gangbei District
Wuzhou		City	2,882,200	12,588	Changzhou District
Fangchenggang		City	866,900	2,386	Gangkou District
Qinzhou		City	3,079,700	5,250	Qinbei District
Beihai		City	1,539,300	1,288	Haicheng District
Yulin, Guangxi		City	5,487,400	12,839	Yuzhou District
Bijie	Guizhou	City	6,536,370	26,853	Qixingguan District
Zunyi		City	6,127,009	11,877	Huichuan District
Tongren		City	3,092,365	18,006	Bijiang District
Liupanshui		City	2,851,180	9,926	Zhongshan District
Anshun		City	2,297,339	9,269	Xixiu District
Guiyang		City	4,324,561	8,034	Guanshanhu District
Qianxinan			2,805,857	16,804	Xingyi City
Qiannan			3,231,161	26,207	Duyun City
Qiandongnan			3,480,626	30,339	Kaili City
Danzhou	Hainan	City	932,362	3,400	Nada Town
Haikou		City	2,046,189	2,304	Longhua District
Sanya		City	685,408	1,919	Jiyang District
Sansha		City	444	13	Xisha District (Xisha Islands)
Shijiazhuang	Hebei	City	9,547,869	14,771	Chang'an District
Baoding		City	10,029,197	20,911	Xinshi District
Cangzhou		City	7,134,053	14,383	Yunhe District
Chengde		City	3,473,197	39,519	Shuangqiao District
Handan		City	9,174,679	12,068	Congtai District
Hengshui		City	4,340,773	8,815	Taocheng District
Langfang		City	4,358,839	6,417	Guangyang District
Qinhuangdao		City	2,987,605	7,812	Haigang District
Tangshan		City	7,577,284	17,040	Lubei District
Xingtai		City	7,104,114	12,486	Qiaodong District
Zhangjiakou		City	4,345,491	36,947	Qiaoxi District
Harbin	Heilongjiang	City	10,635,971	53,068	Songbei District
Daqing		City	2,904,532	8,556	Sartu District
Hegang		City	1,058,665	14,784	Xiangyang District
Heihe		City	1,673,898	54,390	Aihui District
Jiamusi		City	2,552,097	12,173	Jiao District
Jixi		City	1,862,161	22,351	Jiguan District
Mudanjiang		City	2,798,723	40,435	Dong'an District
Qiqihar		City	5,367,003	42,469	Jianhua District
Qitaihe		City	920,419	6,221	Taoshan District
Shuangyashan		City	1,462,626	10,225	Jianshan District
Suihua		City	5,416,439	13,595	Beilin District
Yichun, Heilongjiang		City	1,148,126	15,064	Yichun District
Daxing'anling		Prefecture	511,564	46,755	Jiagedaqi District
Zhengzhou	Henan	City	8,626,505	7,446	Zhongyuan District
Anyang		City	5,172,834	7,355	Wenfeng District
Hebi		City	1,569,100	2,182	Qibin District
Jiaozuo		City	3,539,860	4,071	Jiefang District
Kaifeng		City	4,676,159	6,444	Gulou District
Luohe		City	2,544,103	2,617	Yancheng District
Luoyang		City	6,549,486	15,208	Luolong District
Nanyang		City	10,263,006	26,600	Wolong District
Pingdingshan		City	4,904,367	7,882	Xinhua District
Puyang		City	3,598,494	4,188	Hualong District
Sanmenxia		City	2,233,872	10,496	Hubin District
Shangqiu		City	7,362,472	10,704	Liangyuan District
Xinxiang		City	5,707,801	8,169	Weibin District
Xinyang		City	6,108,683	18,819	Shihe District
Xuchang		City	4,307,199	4,996	Weidu District
Zhoukou		City	8,953,172	11,959	Chuanhui District
Zhumadian		City	7,230,744	15,083	Yicheng District
Wuhan	Hubei	City	9,785,392	8,494	Jiang'an District
Ezhou		City	1,048,672	1,504	Echeng District
Huanggang		City	6,162,072	17,446	Huangzhou District
Huangshi		City	2,429,318	4,630	Xialu District
Jingmen		City	2,873,687	12,404	Dongbao District
Jingzhou		City	5,691,707	14,067	Shashi District
Shiyan		City	3,340,843	23,600	Maojian District
Suizhou		City	2,162,222	9,636	Zengdu District
Xiangyang		City	5,500,307	19,700	Xiangcheng District
Xianning		City	2,462,583	9,861	Xian'an District
Xiaogan		City	4,814,542	8,910	Xiaonan District
Yichang		City	4,059,686	21,227	Xiling District
Enshi			3,290,294	9,266	Enshi City
Changsha	Hunan	City	7,044,118	11,820	Yuelu District
Changde		City	5,747,218	18,189	Wuling District
Chenzhou		City	4,581,778	19,317	Beihu District
Hengyang		City	7,141,462	15,310	Zhengxiang District
Huaihua		City	4,741,948	27,600	Hecheng District
Loudi		City	3,785,627	8,107	Louxing District
Shaoyang		City	7,071,826	20,829	Daxiang District
Xiangtan		City	2,748,552	5,015	Yuetang District
Yiyang		City	4,313,084	12,144	Heshan District
Yongzhou		City	5,180,235	22,255	Lengshuitan District
Yueyang		City	5,477,911	5,799	Yueyanglou District
Zhangjiajie		City	1,476,521	9,516	Yongding District
Zhuzhou		City	3,855,609	11,262	Tianyuan District
Xiangxi			2,547,833	15,486	Jishou City
Alxa	Inner Mongolia	League	231,334	267,574	Bayanhot Elute Subdistrict, Alxa Left Banner
Bayannur		City	1,669,915	65,788	Linhe District
Wuhai		City	532,902	1,754	Haibowan District
Ordos		City	1,940,653	87,000	Dongsheng District
Baotou		City	2,650,364	27,768	Hondlon District
Hohhot		City	2,866,615	17,224	Xincheng District
Ulanqab		City	2,143,590	54,491	Jining District
Xilingol		League	1,028,022	202,580	Xilinhot City
Chifeng		City	4,341,245	90,275	Hongshan District
Tongliao		City	3,139,153	59,535	Horqin District
Hinggan		League	1,613,250	59,806	Ulanhot City
Hulunbuir		City	2,549,278	263,953	Hailar District
Nanjing	Jiangsu	City	8,004,680	6,598	Xuanwu District
Changzhou		City	4,591,972	4,385	Xinbei District
Huai'an		City	4,799,889	10,072	Qinghe District
Lianyungang		City	4,393,914	7,444	Xinpu District
Nantong		City	7,282,835	8,001	Chongchuan District
Suqian		City	4,715,553	8,555	Sucheng District
Suzhou, Jiangsu		City	10,465,994	8,488	Gusu District
Taizhou, Jiangsu		City	4,618,558	5,790	Hailing District
Wuxi		City	6,372,624	4,787	Binhu District
Xuzhou		City	8,580,500	11,258	Yunlong District
Yancheng		City	7,260,240	16,920	Tinghu District
Yangzhou		City	4,459,760	6,658	Guangling District
Zhenjiang		City	3,113,384	3,847	Runzhou District
Nanchang	Jiangxi	City	5,042,565	7,402	Donghu District
Fuzhou, Jiangxi		City	3,912,312	7,258	Linchuan District
Ganzhou		City	8,368,440	39,400	Zhanggong District
Ji'an		City	4,810,340	25,300	Jizhou District
Jingdezhen		City	1,587,477	5,256	Changjiang District
Jiujiang		City	4,728,763	18,823	Xunyang District
Pingxiang		City	1,854,510	1,477	Anyuan District
Shangrao		City	6,579,714	22,791	Xinzhou District
Xinyu		City	1,138,873	1,227	Yushui District
Yichun, Jiangxi		City	5,419,575	7,208	Yuanzhou District
Yingtan		City	1,124,906	7,208	Yuehu District
Changchun	Jilin	City	7,677,089	20,532	Chaoyang District
Baicheng		City	2,033,058	25,683	Taobei District
Baishan		City	1,295,750	17,485	Hunjiang District
Jilin		City	4,414,681	27,700	Chuanying District
Liaoyuan		City	1,176,645	5,125	Longshan District
Siping		City	3,386,325	14,323	Tiexi District
Songyuan		City	2,881,082	22,000	Ningjiang District
Tonghua		City	2,325,242	15,195	Dongchang District
Yanbian			2,271,600	43,509	Yanji City
Shenyang	Liaoning	City	8,106,171	12,924	Shenhe District
Dalian		City	6,690,432	13,237	Xigang District
Anshan		City	3,645,884	9,252	Tiedong District
Benxi		City	1,709,538	8,411	Pingshan District
Chaoyang		City	3,044,641	19,698	Shuangta District
Dandong		City	2,444,697	14,981	Zhenxing District
Fushun		City	2,138,090	10,816	Shuncheng District
Fuxin		City	1,819,339	10,445	Xihe District
Huludao		City	2,623,541	10,415	Longgang District
Jinzhou		City	3,126,463	10,111	Taihe District
Liaoyang		City	1,858,768	4,731	Baita District
Panjin		City	1,392,493	4,071	Xinglongtai District
Tieling		City	2,717,732	13,000	Yinzhou District
Yingkou		City	2,428,534	5,402	Zhanqian District
Yinchuan	Ningxia	City	1,993,088	4,467	Jinfeng District
Shizuishan		City	725,482	5,209	Dawukou District
Wuzhong		City	1,273,792	20,733	Litong District
Zhongwei		City	1,080,832	16,986	Shapotou District
Guyuan		City	1,228,156	14,412	Yuanzhou District
Haixi	Qinghai		489,338	325,785	Delingha
Haibei			273,304	34,700	Sanjiaocheng Town, Haiyan County
Xining		City	2,208,708	7,372	Chengzhong District
Haidong		City	1,396,846	12,810	Ledu District
Hainan			441,689	46,000	Qabqa Town, Gonghe County
Huangnan			256,716	17,921	Rongwo Town, Tongren County
Yushu			378,439	188,794	Yushu City
Golog			181,682	76,312	Dawu Town, Maqên County
Xi'an	Shaanxi	City	8,467,837	9,983	Weiyang District
Ankang		City	2,629,906	23,529	Hanbin District
Baoji		City	3,716,731	18,712	Jintai District
Hanzhong		City	3,416,196	27,246	Hantai District
Shangluo		City	2,341,742	19,292	Shangzhou District
Tongchuan		City	834,437	3,882	Yaozhou District
Weinan		City	5,286,077	13,000	Linwei District
Xianyang		City	4,894,834	10,196	Qindu District
Yan'an		City	2,187,009	37,000	Baota District
Yulin, Shaanxi		City	3,351,437	43,578	Yuyang District
Jinan	Shandong	City	6,814,000	8,177	Lixia District
Qingdao		City	8,715,100	10,654	Shinan District
Binzhou		City	3,748,500	9,444	Bincheng District
Dezhou		City	5,568,200	10,356	Decheng District
Dongying		City	2,035,300	7,923	Dongying District
Heze		City	8,287,800	12,238	Mudan District
Jining		City	8,081,900	10,685	Shizhong District
Liaocheng		City	5,789,900	8,715	Dongchangfu District
Linyi		City	10,039,400	17,251	Lanshan District
Rizhao		City	2,801,100	5,310	Donggang District
Tai'an		City	5,494,200	7,762	Taishan District
Weifang		City	9,086,200	15,800	Kuiwen District
Weihai		City	2,804,800	5,436	Huancui District
Yantai		City	6,968,200	13,739	Laishan District
Zaozhuang		City	3,729,300	4,550	Shizhong District
Zibo		City	4,530,600	5,938	Zhangdian District
Taiyuan	Shanxi	City	4,201,591	6,956	Xinghualing District
Changzhi		City	3,334,564	13,864	Cheng District
Datong		City	3,318,057	14,176	Cheng District
Jincheng		City	2,279,151	9,484	Cheng District
Jinzhong		City	3,249,425	16,408	Yuci District
Linfen		City	4,316,612	20,275	Yaodu District
Lüliang		City	3,727,057	21,000	Lishi District
Shuozhou		City	1,714,857	5,737	Shuocheng District
Xinzhou		City	3,067,501	25,180	Xinfu District
Yangquan		City	1,368,502	4,452	Cheng District
Yuncheng		City	5,134,794	14,106	Yanhu District
Garzê	Sichuan		1,091,872	151,078	Kangding City
Ngawa			898,713	83,201	Barkam Town, Barkam County
Mianyang		City	4,613,862	20,249	Fucheng District
Guangyuan		City	2,484,123	16,313	Lizhou District
Nanchong		City	6,278,622	12,479	Shunqing District
Bazhong		City	3,283,771	12,301	Bazhou District
Dazhou		City	5,468,092	16,591	Tongchuan District
Ya'an		City	1,507,264	15,300	Yucheng District
Chengdu		City	14,047,625	12,390	Qingyang District
Deyang		City	3,615,759	5,818	Jingyang District
Suining		City	3,252,551	5,326	Chuanshan District
Guang'an		City	3,205,476	6,344	Guang'an District
Meishan		City	2,950,548	7,186	Dongpo District
Ziyang		City	3,665,064	7,962	Yanjiang District
Leshan		City	3,235,756	12,826	Shizhong District
Neijiang		City	3,702,847	5,386	Shizhong District
Zigong		City	2,678,898	4,372	Ziliujing District
Yibin		City	4,472,001	13,283	Cuiping District
Luzhou		City	4,218,426	12,247	Jiangyang District
Liangshan			4,532,809	60,423	Xichang City
Panzhihua		City	1,214,121	7,440	Dong District
Ngari	Tibet	Prefecture	95,465	304,683	Sênggêzangbo Town, Gar County
Nagqu		City	462,382	450,537	Nagqu Town, Nagqu County
Qamdo		City	657,505	110,154	Karub District
Xigazê		City	703,292	182,000	Samzhubzê District
Lhasa		City	559,423	31,662	Chingoin District
Lhoka			328,990	79,699	Zêtang Town, Nêdong County
Nyingchi		City	195,109	116,175	Bayi District
Altay	Xinjiang	Prefecture	603,280	117,988	Altay City
Bortala			443,680	24,896	Bole (Börtala) City
Tarbaĝatay		Prefecture	1,219,212	94,891	Tacheng (Qoqek) City
Karamay		City	391,008	7,734	Karamay District
Changji			1,428,592	73,659	Changji (Sanji) City
Ürümqi*Ürümqi		City	3,110,280	14,217	Tianshan District
Turpan		City	622,679	69,620	Gaochang District
Hami		City	572,400	138,919	Yizhou District
Ili			2,482,627	269,502	Yining (Ĝulja) City
Kizilsu			525,599	70,916	Atux City
Kaxgar		Prefecture	3,979,362	112,058	Kashi (Kaxgar) City
Aksu		Prefecture	2,370,887	128,099	Aksu City
		Prefecture	2,014,365	248,946	Hotan City
Bayingolin			1,278,492	472,472	Korla City
Kunming	Yunnan	City	6,432,000	21,473	Chenggong District
Qujing		City	5,855,000	28,904	Qilin District
Yuxi		City	2,304,000	15,285	Hongta District
Baoshan		City	2,506,000	19,040	Longyang District
Zhaotong		City	5,213,000	23,192	Zhaoyang District
Lijiang		City	1,245,000	21,219	Gucheng District
Pu'er		City	2,543,000	45,385	Simao District
Lincang		City	2,430,000	24,469	Linxiang District
Dehong			1,211,000	11,526	Mangshi
Nujiang			534,000	14,703	Liuku Town, Lushui County
Dêqên			400,000	23,870	Shangri-La City
Dali			3,456,000	29,459	Dali City
Chuxiong			2,684,000	29,256	Chuxiong City
Honghe			4,501,000	32,929	Mengzi City
Wenshan			3,518,000	32,239	Wenshan City
Xishuangbanna			1,134,000	19,700	Jinghong City
Hangzhou	Zhejiang	City	8,700,400	16,847	Jianggan District
Ningbo		City	7,605,700	9,365	Yinzhou District
Huzhou		City	2,893,500	5,818	Wuxing District
Jiaxing		City	4,501,700	3,915	Nanhu District
Jinhua		City	5,361,600	10,918	Wucheng District
Lishui		City	2,117,000	17,298	Liandu District
Quzhou		City	2,122,700	8,846	Kecheng District
Shaoxing		City	4,912,200	8,256	Yuecheng District
Taizhou, Zhejiang		City	5,968,800	9,411	Jiaojiang District
Wenzhou		City	9,122,100	11,784	Lucheng District
Zhoushan		City	1,121,300	1,440	Dinghai District

See also

• Administrative divisions of China
• Prefecture-level city
• Leagues in China
• Prefectures in China
• Autonomous prefecture

Sources

Bibliography

• Government Affairs Division. National administrative division information query platform . Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China . 24 March 2023 . Chinese . 31 December 2020.
• Book: Guo, Rongxing . How the Chinese Economy Works . 2017 . Palgrave Macmillan . 4th Revised.
• Book: Sun, Caihong . China's Political System . 2020 . Springer Nature & Chinese Social Sciences Press . Fang . Ning . Singapore . 91-124 . Fu . Yili . The Relationship between Central and Local Authorities in China.
• Book: Goodman . David S.G. . Handbook of the Politics of China . 2015 . Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . Northampton, Massachusetts.
• Book: Zhang . Li . LeGates . Richard . Zhao . Min . Understanding China's Urbanization: The Great Demographic, Spatial, Economic, and Social Transformation . 2016 . Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . Northampton, Massachusetts.
• Book: Saich . Tony . Governance and Politics of China . 2015 . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . Fourth.
• Book: Chung . Jae Ho . Lam . Chiu . China's Local Administration: Traditions and Changes in the Sub-National Hierarchy . 2010 . Routledge . New York.
• Book: Fitzgerald . John . Rethinking China's Provinces . 2002 . Routledge . New York.