Prasterone Explained

Verifiedfields:verified
Watchedfields:verified
Verifiedrevid:443682301
Width:225
Width2:235
Tradename:Intrarosa, others
Dailymedid:Prasterone
Pregnancy Au:D
Pregnancy Au Comment:[1]
Routes Of Administration:By mouth, vaginal (rectal), intramuscular (as prasterone enanthate), injection (as prasterone sodium sulfate)
Class:Androgen
Anabolic steroid; Estrogen; Neurosteroid
Atc Prefix:G03
Atc Suffix:XX01
Atc Supplemental:
(combination with estrogen)
Legal Au:S4
Legal Au Comment:[2] [3]
Legal Br:C5
Legal Br Comment:[4]
Legal Ca:Schedule IV
Legal Ca Comment:[5]
Legal Us:Rx-only
Legal Us Comment:[6]
Legal Eu:Rx-only
Bioavailability:50%
Metabolism:Liver
Metabolites:• Androsterone
• Etiocholanolone
• sulfate
• Androstenedione
• Androstenediol
• Testosterone
• Dihydrotestosterone
• Androstanediol
• Estrone
• Estradiol
Elimination Half-Life:

25 minutes[7]
: 11 hours

Excretion:Urine
Cas Number:53-43-0
Pubchem:5881
Iuphar Ligand:2370
Drugbank:DB01708
Chemspiderid:5670
Unii:459AG36T1B
Kegg:D08409
Chebi:28689
Chembl:90593
Synonyms:EL-10; GL-701; KYH-3102; Androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one; 3β-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one; 5,6-Didehydroepiandrosterone;[8] Dehydroisoepiandrosterone
Iupac Name:(3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-17-one
C:19
H:28
O:2
Smiles:O=C3[C@]2(CC[C@@H]1[C@@]4(C(=C/C[C@H]1[C@@H]2CC3)\C[C@@H](O)CC4)C)C
Stdinchi:1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h3,13-16,20H,4-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-,18-,19-/m0/s1
Stdinchikey:FMGSKLZLMKYGDP-USOAJAOKSA-N
Melting Point:148.5

Prasterone, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and sold under the brand name Intrarosa among others, is a medication as well as over-the-counter dietary supplement which is used to correct DHEA deficiency due to adrenal insufficiency or old age, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, to treat painful sexual intercourse due to vaginal atrophy, and to prepare the cervix for childbirth, among other uses.[9] [10] It is taken by mouth, by application to the skin, in through the vagina, or by injection into muscle.

Side effects of prasterone in women include symptoms of masculinization like oily skin, acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire, headaches, insomnia, and others. The compound is a naturally occurring prohormone of androgens and estrogens and hence is an agonist of the androgen and estrogen receptors, the respective biological targets of androgens like testosterone and estrogens like estradiol.[11] Prasterone also has a variety of activities of its own, including neurosteroid and other activities.

DHEA, the active ingredient of prasterone, was discovered in 1934. An association between DHEA levels and aging was first reported in 1965. The compound started being used as a medication in the late 1970s and as a supplement in the early 1980s. The marketing of prasterone over-the-counter as a supplement is allowed in the United States but is banned in many other countries.

Medical uses

Deficiency

DHEA and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) are produced by the adrenal glands. In people with adrenal insufficiency such as in Addison's disease, there may be deficiency of DHEA and DHEA-S. In addition, levels of these steroids decrease throughout life and are 70 to 80% lower in the elderly relative to levels in young adults. Prasterone can be used to increase DHEA and DHEA-S levels in adrenal insufficiency and older age. Although there is deficiency of these steroids in such individuals, clinical benefits of supplementation, if any, are uncertain, and there is insufficient evidence at present to support the use of prasterone for such purposes.[12] [13]

Menopause

See also: Prasterone enanthate and Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate.

Prasterone is sometimes used as an androgen in menopausal hormone therapy.[14] [15] [16] In addition to prasterone itself, a long-lasting ester prodrug of prasterone, prasterone enanthate, is used in combination with estradiol valerate for the treatment of menopausal symptoms under the brand name Gynodian Depot.[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The current evidence of any benefit of DHEA supplementation to menopausal and postmenopausal women is inconclusive.[23] [24] [25] Whereas prasterone (DHEA) supplementation in postmenopausal women can lead to an increase in E1, E2, testosterone, DHEA, and DHEAS serum levels, and a reduction in SHBG; still, the current evidence regarding the benefits of DHEA supplementation in postmenopausal women is inconclusive—while some studies suggest potential benefits, such as improved well-being, sexual function, and possibly decreased menopausal symptoms, these findings are not universally agreed upon.[26] Moreover, the long-term safety data for DHEA supplementation is lacking, which is a significant concern. This is particularly relevant given that DHEA supplementation can lead to increased estrogenic availability, which could potentially have implications for conditions sensitive to hormonal levels.[26] This is particularly relevant given that DHEA supplementation can lead to increased estrogenic availability, which could potentially have implications for conditions sensitive to hormonal levels.[26]

Vaginal atrophy

Prasterone, under the brand name Intrarosa, is approved in the United States in a vaginal insert formulation for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis.[27] [28] The mechanism of action of prasterone for this indication is unknown, though it may involve local metabolism of prasterone into androgens and estrogens.

Sexual desire

Prasterone has been used orally at a dosage of 10 mg/day to increase sexual desire in women.

Childbirth

See also: Prasterone sulfate.

As the sodium salt of prasterone sulfate (brand names Astenile, Mylis, Teloin),[29] [30] an ester prodrug of prasterone, prasterone is used in Japan as an injection for the treatment of insufficient cervical ripening and cervical dilation during childbirth.[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Available forms

See also: Prasterone enanthate, Prasterone sulfate, Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate and Testosterone propionate/testosterone cypionate/prasterone.

Prasterone was previously marketed as a pharmaceutical medication under the brand name Diandrone in the form of a 10 mg oral tablet in the United Kingdom.[38]

Side effects

Prasterone is produced naturally in the human body, but the long-term effects of its use are largely unknown. In the short term, several studies have noted few adverse effects. In a study by Chang et al., prasterone was administered at a dose of 200 mg/day for 24 weeks with slight androgenic effects noted.[39] Another study utilized a dose up to 400 mg/day for 8 weeks with few adverse events reported.[40] A longer-term study followed patients dosed with 50 mg of prasterone for 12 months with the number and severity of side effects reported to be small.[41] Another study delivered a dose of 50 mg of prasterone for 10 months with no serious adverse events reported.[42]

As a hormone precursor, there have been reports of side effects possibly caused by the hormone metabolites of prasterone.[43]

It is not known whether prasterone is safe for long-term use. Some researchers believe prasterone supplements might actually raise the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, diabetes,[43] and stroke. Prasterone may stimulate tumor growth in types of cancer that are sensitive to hormones, such as some types of breast, uterine, and prostate cancer.[43] Prasterone may increase prostate swelling in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate gland.

Prasterone is a steroid hormone. High doses may cause aggressiveness, irritability, trouble sleeping, and the growth of body or facial hair on women. It also may stop menstruation and lower the levels of HDL cholesterol, which could raise the risk of heart disease. Other reported side effects include acne, heart rhythm problems, liver problems, hair loss (from the scalp), and oily skin. It may also alter the body's regulation of blood sugar.

Prasterone may promote tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. It may also increase the risk of uterine and prostate cancers due to metabolism into estrogens and androgens, respectively. Patients on hormone replacement therapy may have more estrogen-related side effects when taking prasterone. This supplement may also interfere with other medicines, and potential interactions between it and drugs and herbs are possible.[44]

Prasterone is possibly unsafe for individuals experiencing pregnancy, breastfeeding, hormone sensitive conditions, liver problems, diabetes, depression or mood disorders, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), or cholesterol problems.[45]

Prasterone has been reported to possess few or no side effects even at very high dosages (e.g., 50 times the recommended over-the-counter supplement dosage).[46] However, it may cause masculinization and other androgenic side effects in women and gynecomastia and other estrogenic side effects in men.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral uptake of prasterone is excellent. Its volume of distribution is 17.0-38.5L (whereas it is 8.5-9.3L for its active metabolite DHEA-S). Prasterone (DHEA) has a biological half-life of 15-38 min (whereas it is 7-22h for DHEA-S). 51-73% of DHEA-S and its metabolites are excreted via the renal route.[47]

Prasterone is metabolized into androgens and estrogens in the body,[48] including androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol. The transformation of prasterone into androgens and estrogens is tissue-specific, for instance occurring in the liver, fat, vagina, prostate gland, skin, and hair follicles (as well as other tissues).[49]

Metabolism

Prasterone is also reversibly transformed into its active metabolite prasterone sulfate (DHEA-S) by steroid sulfotransferase (specifically SULT1E1 and SULT2A1), which in turn can be converted back into prasterone by steroid sulfatase.[50] Interconversion takes place in both adrenal and peripheral tissues.

It is transformed into androstenedione by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and into androstenediol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). Then, androstenedione and androstenediol can be converted into testosterone by 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD, respectively. Subsequently, testosterone can be metabolized into dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase.

In addition, androstenedione and testosterone can be converted into estrone and estradiol by aromatase, respectively.

Dose-response of hormone levels

At a high dosage of 1,600 mg/day orally for 4 weeks, treatment of postmenopausal women with prasterone has been found to increase serum levels of DHEA by 15-fold, testosterone by 9-fold, DHEA-S, androstenedione, and DHT all by 20-fold, and estrone and estradiol both by 2-fold.[51] [52]

Although prasterone can reliably increase testosterone levels in women, this isn't similarly the case in men. A high dosage of 1,600 mg/day prasterone in men for 4 weeks was found to increase DHEA and androstenedione levels but did not significantly affect testosterone levels.

Dosing

In clinical studies of prasterone supplementation, dosages have ranged from 20 to 1,600 mg per day.[53]

In people with adrenal insufficiency, oral dosages of 20 to 50 mg/day prasterone have been found to restore DHEA and DHEA-S levels to physiological levels seen in young healthy adults. Conversely, oral dosages of 100 to 200 mg/day prasterone have been found to result in supraphysiological levels of DHEA and DHEA-S.

Micronization of prasterone has been found to significantly increase levels of DHEA-S achieved with oral administration, but to produce no significant change in levels of DHEA or testosterone levels achieved.

Chemistry

See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids.

Prasterone, also known as androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one, is a naturally occurring androstane steroid and a 17-ketosteroid. It is closely related structurally to androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol), androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione), and testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one). Prasterone is the δ5 (5(6)-dehydrogenated) analogue of epiandrosterone (5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one), and is also known as 5-dehydroepiandrosterone (5-DHEA) or δ5-epiandrosterone. A positional isomer of prasterone which may have similar biological activity is 4-dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA).[54]

Derivatives

Prasterone is used medically as the C3β esters prasterone enanthate and prasterone sulfate. The C19 demethyl analogue of prasterone is 19-nordehydroepiandrosterone (19-nor-DHEA), which is a prohormone of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone).[55] [56] The 5α-reduced and δ1 (1(2)-dehydrogenated) analogue of prasterone is 1-dehydroepiandrosterone (1-DHEA or 1-androsterone), which is a prohormone of 1-testosterone (δ1-DHT or dihydroboldenone).[57] Fluasterone (3β-dehydroxy-16α-fluoro-DHEA) is a derivative of prasterone with minimal or no hormonal activity but other biological activities preserved.

History

DHEA was discovered, via isolation from male urine, by Adolf Butenandt and Hans Dannenbaum in 1934, and the compound was isolated from human blood plasma by Migeon and Plager in 1954. DHEA sulfate, the 3β-sulfate ester of DHEA, was isolated from urine in 1944, and was found by Baulieu to be the most abundant steroid hormone in human plasma in 1954. From its discovery in 1934 until 1959, DHEA was referred to by a number of different names in the literature, including dehydroandrosterone, transdehydroandrosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, and androstenolone. The name dehydroepiandrosterone, also known as DHEA, was first proposed by Fieser in 1949, and subsequently became the most commonly used name of the hormone. For decades after its discovery, DHEA was considered to be an inactive compound that served mainly as an intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens from cholesterol. In 1965, an association between DHEA sulfate levels and aging was reported by De Nee and Vermeulen. Following this, DHEA became of interest to the scientific community, and numerous studies assessing the relationship between DHEA and DHEA sulfate levels and aging were conducted.

Prasterone, the proposed and recommended of DHEA and the term used when referring to the compound as a medication, were published in 1970 and 1978, respectively.[58] [59] The combination of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg prasterone enanthate in an oil solution was introduced for use in menopausal hormone therapy by intramuscular injection under the brand name Gynodian Depot in Europe by 1978.[60] [61] [62] [63] In the early 1980s, prasterone became available and was widely sold over-the-counter as a non-prescription supplement in the United States, primarily as a weight loss aid.[64] It was described as a "miracle drug", with supposed anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer benefits. This continued until 1985, when the marketing of prasterone was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to a lack of evidence for health benefits and due to the long-term safety and risks of the compound being unknown at the time. Subsequently, prasterone once again became available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement in the United States following the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Conversely, it has remained banned as a supplement in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[65]

In 2001, Genelabs submitted a New Drug Application of prasterone for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to the FDA. It had the tentative brand names Anastar, Aslera, and Prestara.[66] However, this application was not approved, and while development of prasterone for SLE in both the United States and Europe continued until up to 2010, the medication was ultimately never approved for the treatment of this condition. In 2016, the FDA approved prasterone in an intravaginal gel formulation for the treatment of painful sexual intercourse due to vulvovaginal atrophy in the United States under the brand name Intrarosa.[67] [68] This was the first prasterone-containing medication to be approved by the FDA in this country.

Society and culture

Generic names

Prasterone is the generic name of DHEA in English and Italian and its International Nonproprietary Name, United States Adopted Name and Italian Common Name,[31] [69] [70] [71] while its generic name is prasteronum in Latin, prastérone in French and its French popular name, and prasteron in German.

Marketing

In the United States, prasterone or prasterone sulfate have been advertised, under the names DHEA and DHEA-S, with claims that they may be beneficial for a wide variety of ailments. Prasterone and prasterone sulfate are readily available in the United States, where they are sold as over-the-counter dietary supplements.[72]

In 1996, reporter Harry Wessel of the Orlando (Florida) Sentinel wrote about DHEA that "Thousands of people have gotten caught up in the hoopla and are buying the stuff in health food stores, pharmacies and mail-order catalogs" but that "such enthusiasm is viewed as premature by many in the medical field." He noted that "National publications such as Time, Newsweek and USA Today have run articles recently about the hormone, while several major publishers have come out with books touting it."[73] His column was widely syndicated and reprinted in other U.S. newspapers.

The product was being "widely marketed to and used by bodybuilders," Dr. Paul Donahue wrote in 2012 for King Features syndicate.[74]

Regulation

By country

Australia

In Australia, a prescription is required to buy prasterone, where it is also comparatively expensive compared to off-the-shelf purchases in US supplement shops. Australian customs classify prasterone as an "anabolic steroid[s] or precursor[s]" and, as such, it is only possible to carry prasterone into the country through customs if one possesses an import permit which may be obtained if one has a valid prescription for the hormone.[75]

Canada

In Canada, prasterone is a Controlled Drug listed under Section 23 of Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act[76] and as such is available by prescription only.

United Kingdom

Prasterone is listed as an anabolic steroid and is thus a class C controlled drug.

United States

Prasterone is legal to sell in the United States as a dietary supplement. It is currently grandfathered in as an "Old Dietary Ingredient" being on sale prior to 1994. Prasterone is specifically exempted from the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 and 2004.[77]

Sports and athletics

Prasterone is banned from use in athletic competition. It is a prohibited substance under the World Anti-Doping Code of the World Anti-Doping Agency,[78] which manages drug testing for Olympics and other sports.

Research

Anabolic uses

A meta-analysis of intervention studies shows that prasterone supplementation in elderly men can induce a small but significant positive effect on body composition that is strictly dependent on prasterone conversion into its bioactive metabolites such as androgens or estrogens.[85] Evidence is inconclusive in regards to the effect of prasterone on strength in the elderly.[86] In middle-aged men, no significant effect of prasterone supplementation on lean body mass, strength, or testosterone levels was found in a randomized placebo-controlled trial.[87]

Cancer

There is no evidence prasterone is of benefit in treating or preventing cancer.[44]

Cardiovascular disease

A review in 2003 found the then-extant evidence sufficient to suggest that low serum levels of DHEA-S may be associated with coronary heart disease in men, but insufficient to determine whether prasterone supplementation would have any cardiovascular benefit.[88]

Prasterone may enhance G6PD mRNA expression, confounding its inhibitory effects.[89]

Lupus

There is some evidence of short-term benefit in those with systemic lupus erythematosus but little evidence of long-term benefit or safety.[90] Prasterone was under development for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States and Europe in the 1990s and 2000s and reached phase III clinical trials and preregistration for this indication, respectively, but ultimately development was not continued past 2010.[91]

Memory

Prasterone supplementation has not been found to be useful for memory function in normal middle aged or older adults.[92] It has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, but there is no evidence that it is effective or ineffective. More research is needed to determine its benefits.[93]

Mood

A few small, short term clinical studies have found that prasterone improves mood but its long-term efficacy and safety, and how it compares to antidepressants, was unknown as of 2015.[94] [95]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Intrarosa . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 26 June 2023 . 10 September 2023.
  2. Web site: Intrarosa (Theramex Australia Pty Ltd) . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 28 July 2023 . 10 September 2023.
  3. https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspar/auspar-intrarosa
  4. Web site: Anvisa . Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency . 31 March 2023 . RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial . Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 . 3 August 2023 . 15 August 2023 . . pt-BR . 4 April 2023.
  5. Web site: Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Intrarosa . . 23 October 2014 . 29 May 2022 . 31 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531045451/https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00466&lang=en . live .
  6. Web site: Intrarosa- prasterone insert . DailyMed . 22 November 2021 . 29 May 2022 . 31 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531045451/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ada639d4-bac0-2ad0-e053-2a95a90afce7 . live .
  7. Book: Oddens BJ, Vermeulen A. Androgens and the Aging Male. 15 November 1996. CRC Press. 978-1-85070-763-9. 5–. 17 July 2017. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013439/https://books.google.com/books?id=efEnI1VdmtsC&pg=PA5. live.
  8. Book: Devillers J . Endocrine Disruption Modeling. 27 April 2009. CRC Press. 978-1-4200-7636-3. 339–.
  9. Book: Cupp MJ, Tracy TS . Dietary Supplements: Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology. 10 December 2002 . Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-59259-303-3. 123–147. 4 March 2018. 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013431/https://books.google.com/books?id=vuqPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123. live.
  10. Rutkowski K, Sowa P, Rutkowska-Talipska J, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Rutkowski R . Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): hypes and hopes . Drugs . 74 . 11 . 1195–1207 . July 2014 . 25022952 . 10.1007/s40265-014-0259-8 . 26554413.
  11. Prough RA, Clark BJ, Klinge CM . Novel mechanisms for DHEA action . Journal of Molecular Endocrinology . 56 . 3 . R139–R155 . April 2016 . 26908835 . 10.1530/JME-16-0013 . free .
  12. Arlt W . Dehydroepiandrosterone and ageing . Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism . 18 . 3 . 363–380 . September 2004 . 15261843 . 10.1016/j.beem.2004.02.006 .
  13. Alkatib AA, Cosma M, Elamin MB, Erickson D, Swiglo BA, Erwin PJ, Montori VM . A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA treatment effects on quality of life in women with adrenal insufficiency . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 94 . 10 . 3676–3681 . October 2009 . 19773400 . 10.1210/jc.2009-0672 . free .
  14. 35254428 . 2022 . Should Dehydroepiandrosterone be Administered to Women? . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 107 . 6 . 1679–1685 . 10.1210/clinem/dgac130 . 9113789 . Wierman ME, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K .
  15. 35744033 . 2022 . New Innovations for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: An Up-to-Date Review . Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) . 58 . 6 . 770 . 10.3390/medicina58060770 . free . 9230595 . Benini V, Ruffolo AF, Casiraghi A, Degliuomini RS, Frigerio M, Braga A, Serati M, Torella M, Candiani M, Salvatore S .
  16. Book: Lobo RA. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects. 5 June 2007. Academic Press. 978-0-08-055309-2. 821–828. 17 July 2017. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013439/https://books.google.com/books?id=gywV9hkcyOMC&pg=PA821. live.
  17. Web site: Gynodian Depot . Drugs.com . 17 July 2017 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135419/https://www.drugs.com/international/gynodian-depot.html . live .
  18. Book: Horsky J, Presl J . Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media . 978-94-009-8195-9. 146–.
  19. Book: Platt D. Geriatrics 3: Gynecology · Orthopaedics · Anesthesiology · Surgery · Otorhinolaryngology · Ophthalmology · Dermatology. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-3-642-68976-5. 6–. 17 July 2017. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013433/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwzpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6. live.
  20. Book: Campbell S . The Management of the Menopause & Post-Menopausal Years: The Proceedings of the International Symposium held in London 24–26 November 1975 Arranged by the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of London . 6 December 2012 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-94-011-6165-7 . 395–.
  21. Book: Bagatell C, Bremner WJ . Androgens in Health and Disease . 27 May 2003 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-1-59259-388-0 . 277– . 17 July 2017 . 14 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013454/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDcBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA277 . live.
  22. Frigo P, Eppel W, Asseryanis E, Sator M, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, Lang C, Huber J . The effects of hormone substitution in depot form on the uterus in a group of 50 perimenopausal women--a vaginosonographic study . Maturitas . 21 . 3 . 221–225 . April 1995 . 7616871 . 10.1016/0378-5122(94)00893-c.
  23. 36444726 . 2023 . Current challenges in the pharmacological management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy . 24 . 1 . 23–28 . 10.1080/14656566.2022.2152326 . Salvatore S, Benini V, Ruffolo AF, Degliuomini RS, Redaelli A, Casiraghi A, Candiani M.
  24. 36470539 . 2023 . Drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: Hormonal and non-hormonal therapy . Life Sciences . 312 . 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121255 . Pan M, Zhou J, Pan X, Wang J, Qi Q, Wang L.
  25. 37543737 . 2023 . Casiano Evans, Elizabeth A. . Hobson, Deslyn T. G. . Aschkenazi, Sarit O. . Alas, Alexandriah N. . Balgobin, Sunil . Balk, Ethan M. . Dieter, Alexis A. . Kanter, Gregory . Orejuela, Francisco J. . Sanses, Tatiana V. D. . Rahn, David D. . Nonestrogen Therapies for Treatment of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review . Obstetrics and Gynecology . 142 . 3 . 555–570 . 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005288.
  26. Marina L, Sojat AS, Maseroli E, Spaggiari G, Pandurevic S, Santi D . Hormonal profile of menopausal women receiving androgen replacement therapy: a meta-analysis . J Endocrinol Invest . 43 . 6 . 717–735 . June 2020 . 32016915 . 10.1007/s40618-020-01192-x.
  27. Web site: Prasterone vaginal - Bayer/Endoceutics . AdisInsight . Springer Nature Switzerland AG . 17 July 2017 . 4 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073347/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032054 . live .
  28. Web site: 17 November 2016 . NTRAROSA (prasterone) Vaginal Inserts, ENDOCEUTICS INC Prescribing Information . 29 November 2022 . FDA . 31 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210331024157/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/208470s000lbl.pdf . live .
  29. Web site: Prasterone Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. 17 July 2017. 4 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013724/https://www.drugs.com/international/mylis.html. live.
  30. Web site: Prasterone vaginal - Kanebo . AdisInsight . Springer Nature Switzerland AG . 17 July 2017 . 4 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073504/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800005333 . live .
  31. Book: Elks J . The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. 14 November 2014. Springer. 978-1-4757-2085-3. 641–.
  32. Book: Blunt JW, Munro MH . Dictionary of Marine Natural Products with CD-ROM. 19 September 2007. CRC Press. 978-0-8493-8217-8. 1075–.
  33. Book: Kleemann A, Engel J, Kutscher B, Reichert D . Pharmaceutical Substances, 5th Edition, 2009: Syntheses, Patents and Applications of the most relevant APIs. 14 May 2014. Thieme. 978-3-13-179525-0. 2441–2442.
  34. Book: Negwer M, Scharnow HG. Organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms: (an international survey). 2001. Wiley-VCH. 978-3-527-30247-5. 1831. 3β-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one hydrogen sulfate = (3β)-3-(Sulfooxy)androst-5-en-17-one. R: Sodium salt (1099-87-2). S: Astenile, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sodium, DHA-S, DHEAS, KYH 3102, Mylis, PB 005, Prasterone sodium sulfate, Teloin. 17 July 2017. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013506/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmpqAAAAMAAJ. live.
  35. Jianqiu Y . 1992 . Clinical Application of Prasterone Sodium Sulfate . Chinese Journal of New Drugs . 5 . 015 .
  36. Sakaguchi M, Sakai T, Adachi Y, Kawashima T, Awata N . The biological fate of sodium prasterone sulfate after vaginal administration. I. Absorption and excretion in rats . Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics . 15 . 2 . 67–73 . February 1992 . 1403604 . 10.1248/bpb1978.15.67 . free .
  37. Sakai T, Sakaguchi M, Adachi Y, Kawashima T, Awata N . 1992 . The Biological Fate of Sodium Prasterone Sulfate after Vaginal Administration II: Distribution after Single and Multiple Administration to Pregnant Rats . 薬物動態 . 7 . 1. 87–101 . 10.2133/dmpk.7.87.
  38. Book: Brotherton J . Sex Hormone Pharmacology. 1976. Academic Press. 978-0-12-137250-7. 19,336.
  39. Chang DM, Lan JL, Lin HY, Luo SF . Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of women with mild-to-moderate systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Arthritis and Rheumatism . 46 . 11 . 2924–2927 . November 2002 . 12428233 . 10.1002/art.10615 . free .
  40. Rabkin JG, McElhiney MC, Rabkin R, McGrath PJ, Ferrando SJ . Placebo-controlled trial of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for treatment of nonmajor depression in patients with HIV/AIDS . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 163 . 1 . 59–66 . January 2006 . 16390890 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.59 .
  41. Brooke AM, Kalingag LA, Miraki-Moud F, Camacho-Hübner C, Maher KT, Walker DM, Hinson JP, Monson JP . Dehydroepiandrosterone improves psychological well-being in male and female hypopituitary patients on maintenance growth hormone replacement . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 91 . 10 . 3773–3779 . October 2006 . 16849414 . 10.1210/jc.2006-0316 . free .
  42. Villareal DT, Holloszy JO . DHEA enhances effects of weight training on muscle mass and strength in elderly women and men . American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism . 291 . 5 . E1003–E1008 . November 2006 . 16787962 . 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2006 . 8929382 .
  43. Tang J, Chen LR, Chen KH . The Utilization of Dehydroepiandrosterone as a Sexual Hormone Precursor in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: An Overview . Pharmaceuticals . 15 . 1 . December 2021 . 46 . 35056103 . 8781653 . 10.3390/ph15010046 . free.
  44. Book: . American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies . 2009 . 978-0-944235-71-3 . Ades TB . 729–33 . DHEA . 2nd . https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/729 .
  45. Web site: DHEA: Side effects and safety . WebMD . 24 July 2012. 24 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120724115346/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-331-DHEA.aspx?activeIngredientId=331&activeIngredientName=DHEA. live.
  46. Book: McKeag D, Moeller JL . ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine . 2007. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 978-0-7817-7028-6 . 616–.
  47. Pepping J . DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone . American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy . 57 . 22 . 2048–2056 . November 2000 . 11098305 . 10.1093/ajhp/57.22.2048 . free .
  48. Book: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER,, Bruns DE . Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book . 14 October 2012 . Elsevier Health Sciences . 978-1-4557-5942-2 . 1856–.
  49. Labrie F, Martel C, Bélanger A, Pelletier G . Androgens in women are essentially made from DHEA in each peripheral tissue according to intracrinology . The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 168 . 9–18 . April 2017 . 28153489 . 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.007 . 2620899 .
  50. Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA . The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation . Endocrine Reviews . 36 . 5 . 526–563 . October 2015 . 26213785 . 4591525 . 10.1210/er.2015-1036 .
  51. Schwartz AG, Pashko LL . Dehydroepiandrosterone, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and longevity . Ageing Research Reviews . 3 . 2 . 171–187 . April 2004 . 15177053 . 10.1016/j.arr.2003.05.001 . 11871872 .
  52. Mortola JF, Yen SS . The effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone on endocrine-metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 71 . 3 . 696–704 . September 1990 . 2144295 . 10.1210/jcem-71-3-696 .
  53. Book: Alesci S, Manoli I, Blackman MR . Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) . Coates PM, Paul MC, Blackman M, Blackman MR, Cragg GM, Levine M, White JD, Moss J . https://books.google.com/books?id=Sfmc-fRCj10C&pg=PA169 . Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements . 29 December 2004 . CRC Press . 978-0-8247-5504-1 . 169–.
  54. Book: Josephy E, Radt F . Elsevier's Encyclopaedia of Organic Chemistry: Series III: Carboisocyclic Condensed Compounds. 1 December 2013. Springer. 978-3-662-25863-7. 2608–.
  55. Book: NSCA-National Strength & Conditioning Association. NSCA'S Essentials of Tactical Strength and Conditioning. 27 January 2017. Human Kinetics. 978-1-4504-5730-9. 130–.
  56. Book: Thieme D, Hemmersbach P. Doping in Sports. 18 December 2009. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-3-540-79088-4. 137–. 12 April 2018. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013435/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hIC-caIn8C&pg=PA137. live.
  57. Parr MK, Opfermann G, Geyer H, Westphal F, Sönnichsen FD, Zapp J, Kwiatkowska D, Schänzer W . Seized designer supplement named "1-Androsterone": identification as 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one and its urinary elimination . Steroids . 76 . 6 . 540–547 . May 2011 . 21310167 . 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.001 . 4942690 .
  58. WHO Chronicle . 24 . 3 . 119–142 . International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances . 1970 . 5439245 . 1 April 2023 . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401073741/https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/international-nonproprietary-names-(inn)/pl23.pdf?sfvrsn=ca3c0852_7&download=true . live .
  59. WHO Chronicle . 32 . 3 Supplement . 1–18 . International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances . 1 April 2023 . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401073738/https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/international-nonproprietary-names-(inn)/pl39.pdf?sfvrsn=cb90bc9f_7&download=true . live .
  60. Hoyme U, Baumueller A, Madsen PO . The influence of pH on antimicrobial substances in canine vaginal and urethral secretions . Urological Research . 6 . 1 . 35–42 . 1978 . 25506 . 10.1007/bf00257080 . 8266978 .
  61. Book: Kopera H, Dhont M, Dienstl F, Gambrell RD, Gordan GS, Heidenreich J, Lachnit-Fixon U, Lauritzen C, Lebech PE, Sitruk-Ware RL, Utian WH . Effects, side-effects, and dosage schemes of various sex hormones in the peri- and post-menopause . Keep PA, Serr DM, Greenblatt RB . Female and Male Climacteric. 1979. 43–67. Springer . 10.1007/978-94-011-9720-5_6. 978-94-011-9722-9 .
  62. Mattson LA, Cullberg G, Tangkeo P, Zador G, Samsioe G . Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone enanthate to oophorectomized women--effects on sex hormones and lipid metabolism . Maturitas . 2 . 4 . 301–309 . December 1980 . 6453267 . 10.1016/0378-5122(80)90032-8 .
  63. Book: Muller. European Drug Index: European Drug Registrations, Fourth Edition. 19 June 1998. CRC Press. 978-3-7692-2114-5. 566–.
  64. Book: Randolph Jr CW, James G . From Hormone Hell to Hormone Well: Straight Talk Women (and Men) Need to Know to Save Their Sanity, Health, and—Quite Possibly—Their Lives. 1 January 2010. Health Communications, Incorporated. 978-0-7573-9759-2. 72–.
  65. Book: Dunford M, Doyle JA. Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. 7 February 2014. Cengage Learning. 978-1-285-75249-5. 442–. 4 March 2018. 14 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230114013458/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRAeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA442. live.
  66. Book: Blau S, Schultz D . Living With Lupus: The Complete Guide, 2nd Edition . 5 March 2009. Da Capo Press. 978-0-7867-2985-2. 138–.
  67. Voelker R . Relief for Painful Intercourse . JAMA . 317 . 1 . 18 . January 2017 . 28030684 . 10.1001/jama.2016.19077.
  68. Prasterone (Intrarosa) for Dyspareunia . JAMA . 318 . 16 . 1607–1608 . October 2017 . 29067420 . 10.1001/jama.2017.14981 . 43211499.
  69. Book: Morton IK, Hall JM . Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-94-011-4439-1. 92,96,230.
  70. Web site: Prasterone . Drugs.com . 17 July 2017 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806112210/https://www.drugs.com/international/prasterone.html . live .
  71. Web site: Prasterone . https://web.archive.org/web/20170212015927/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/53-43-0 . 12 February 2017. Drug Information Portal - Quick Access to Quality Drug Information . U.S. National Library of Medicine .
  72. Calfee R, Fadale P . Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young athletes . Pediatrics . 117 . 3 . e577–e589 . March 2006 . 16510635 . 10.1542/peds.2005-1429 . 6559714 . In 2004, a new Steroid Control Act that placed androstenedione under Schedule III of controlled substances effective January 2005 was signed. DHEA was not included in this act and remains an over-the-counter nutritional supplement. .
  73. Web site: Proponents Say DHEA Blunts Effects of Aging . Orlando Sentinel . 1 October 1996 . 19 July 2020 . 19 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719084458/http://www.newspapers.com/image/235171674/ . live .
  74. Web site: DHEA Supplement a Help or Harm . Kenosha (Wisconsin) News . 18 March 2012 . 19 July 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806145935/https://www.newspapers.com/image/599711258/?terms=dhea&match=1 . live .
  75. Web site: Personal Importation Scheme . Therapeutic Goods Administration . 17 July 2017 . 22 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141022051852/http://www.tga.gov.au/consumers/personal-importation-scheme.htm . live .
  76. Web site: DHEA listing in the Ingredient Database . Health Canada . 26 July 2004 . 17 July 2017 . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126205822/http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/ingredReq.do?id=4639&lang=eng . live .
  77. Web site: Drug Scheduling Actions – 2005 . . 17 July 2017 . 16 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216235259/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2005/fr1216.htm . dead .
  78. Web site: World Anti-Doping Agency . 17 July 2017 . 1 May 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170232/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/ . live .
  79. Web site: Russian Olympic Medal-Winning Swimmer Efimova Fails Doping Test – Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174328/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20140117/186628638/Russian-Olympic-Medal-Winning-Swimmer-Yefimova-Fails-Doping-Test.html . 1 February 2014 . 17 January 2014 . RIA Novosti .
  80. Web site: Memphis Grizzlies' O. J. Mayo suspended 10 games for violating NBA anti-drug program . 17 July 2017 . 1 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183459/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/jan/27/oj-mayo-suspended-10-games-violating-nba-anti-drug/ . dead .
  81. Web site: Fabio Maldonado plans to use DHEA for Fedor match, admits use in UFC . Rezende L . 28 April 2016 . Bloody Elbow . Vox Media, LLC . 17 July 2017 . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134527/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/4/28/11528482/mma-news-fabio-maldonado-plans-to-use-dhea-for-fedor-match-admits-use-in-ufc . live .
  82. Web site: Memphis Grizzlies' O. J. Mayo gets 10-game drug suspension . ESPN . 27 January 2011 . 17 July 2017 . 12 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120512124448/http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=6065824 . live .
  83. Web site: US 400m star LaShawn Merritt fails drug test . . 22 April 2010 . 17 July 2017 . 20 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020034024/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/8638727.stm . live .
  84. Web site: Doping . Ruiz RR, Rothenberg B . Austin American-Statesman . Austin, Texas . 22 September 2016 . C12 . The New York Times --> . 19 July 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806194659/https://www.newspapers.com/image/434929319/?terms=DHEA&match=1 . live .
  85. Corona G, Rastrelli G, Giagulli VA, Sila A, Sforza A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M . Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in elderly men: a meta-analysis study of placebo-controlled trials . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 98 . 9 . 3615–3626 . September 2013 . 23824417 . 10.1210/jc.2013-1358 . free .
  86. Baker WL, Karan S, Kenny AM . Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on muscle strength and physical function in older adults: a systematic review . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 59 . 6 . 997–1002 . June 2011 . 21649617 . 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03410.x . 7137809 .
  87. Wallace MB, Lim J, Cutler A, Bucci L . Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone vs androstenedione supplementation in men . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise . 31 . 12 . 1788–1792 . December 1999 . 10613429 . 10.1097/00005768-199912000-00014 . free .
  88. Thijs L, Fagard R, Forette F, Nawrot T, Staessen JA . Are low dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels predictive for cardiovascular diseases? A review of prospective and retrospective studies . Acta Cardiologica . 58 . 5 . 403–410 . October 2003 . 14609305 . 10.2143/AC.58.5.2005304 . 32786778 .
  89. Hecker PA, Leopold JA, Gupte SA, Recchia FA, Stanley WC . Impact of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease . American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology . 304 . 4 . H491–H500 . February 2013 . 23241320 . 3566485 . 10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2012 .
  90. Crosbie D, Black C, McIntyre L, Royle PL, Thomas S . Dehydroepiandrosterone for systemic lupus erythematosus . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2007 . 4 . CD005114 . October 2007 . 17943841 . 8864970 . 10.1002/14651858.CD005114.pub2 . Crosbie D .
  91. Web site: Prasterone - Genelabs . AdisInsight . Springer Nature Switzerland AG . 11 December 2017 . 15 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171015115918/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013229 . live .
  92. Evans JM, Malouf R, Huppert F, van Niekerk JK . Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function in healthy elderly people . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2006 . 4 . CD006221 . October 2006 . 17054283 . 8988513 . 10.1002/14651858.CD006221 . Malouf R . John Grimley Evans .
  93. Fuller SJ, Tan RS, Martins RN . Androgens in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease in aging men and possible therapeutic interventions . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease . 12 . 2 . 129–142 . September 2007 . 17917157 . 10.3233/JAD-2007-12202 .
  94. Pluchino N, Drakopoulos P, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Wenger JM, Petignat P, Genazzani AR . Neurobiology of DHEA and effects on sexuality, mood and cognition . The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 145 . 273–280 . January 2015 . 24892797 . 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.012 . 12382989 .
  95. Maric NP, Adzic M . Pharmacological modulation of HPA axis in depression - new avenues for potential therapeutic benefits . Psychiatria Danubina . 25 . 3 . 299–305 . September 2013 . 24048401 . 17 July 2017 . 9 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170809022513/http://www.hdbp.org/psychiatria_danubina/pdf/dnb_vol25_no3/dnb_vol25_no3_299.pdf . dead .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Prasterone".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.