Post-Western era explained

The post-Western era, considered by some to overlap with the post-American era,[1] [2] [3] is a conjectured time period starting around the 21st century or afterward in which the West is no longer dominant, and other civilizations (particularly Asian ones)[4] gain power.[5] [6] In the context of rising Asian powers (sometimes as part of a broader Global East) or a rising Global South, the terms Easternization and Southernization respectively are sometimes applied (analogous to Westernization).[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Proponents often argue in favor of a post-Western era by pointing out Western abuses of power during the colonial and post-colonial eras,[12] [13] while opponents argue that Western values and civilization are pivotal to human progress and an orderly world, and that a post-Western world might not honor them to the same extent as the West has.[14] [15]

Background

See also: Modern era.

Early Western era

See also: Age of Discovery.

History

Late Western era

See also: American imperialism, Pax Americana and Liberal international order.

Western countries initially believed that a post-Western era could be averted or be achieved with most countries following Western values by creating global prosperity and cooperation through a common market system and economic globalization across the world, but later found that various non-Western nations did not want to fully Westernize or adopt Western values while benefitting from such systems.[16]

Early post-Western era

The Russo-Ukrainian War was noted to have demonstrated the emergence of some features of a post-Western world order during its major escalation in the 2020s, as the West was unable to rally Global South nations to support Ukraine despite Western solidarity, in what was seen as various countries prioritizing their own interests and a blow to the rules-based world order.[17] [18] [19] [20] The COVID-19 pandemic and the fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban in the early 2020s have also been identified as possible starting points for a post-American era.[21] The Israel–Hamas war that started in 2023 created further doubts about the West maintaining leadership of the world order, as Southern countries alleged a double standard by the West resulting in the genocide of Gazans.[22] [23] [24]

Transition to the post-Western era

The West

See also: American decline. In some sense, Europe itself has been argued to be increasingly post-Western, as it has successfully integrated a previously fractious and conflict-ridden group of countries into the European Union and into institutions that command respect for certain values such as democracy. With the acceptance in the rest of the world of Western systems, Europe has become increasingly open to mixing with and acknowledging its influences from other civilizations.[25] [26]

The West has a significantly aging population, with the cost of care associated with the elderly along with decreasing standards of living for those on a median income and other negative economic factors creating the possibility of a decline in Western military and economic power.[27] Opposition by some in the West to various forms of globalization, which are perceived to have spurred on economic inequality and primarily be for the benefit of a global elite, has also created a decline in desire within the West to fully engage with the rules-based order.[28]

Some debate has emerged within the West around how it should manage its relations with other parts of the world to best transition into a post-Western era, with some calling for the West to maintain internal solidarity around its values,[29] while others call for the West to less stringently uphold its values in its foreign relations so as to better integrate with and potentially influence the increasingly influential non-Western nations.[30]

The non-West

Various factors are said to indicate the decline of Western power and potentially Western values around the world. Asia's youth population has grown significantly relative to the West, with countries such as China acquiring more technological capabilities that can influence the world and potentially be used to reduce individuals' abilities to express their individual rights and/or share power with other individuals in a democratic form of government (see Techno-nationalism).[31]

South–South cooperation has become more discussed, with the developing world trading more within itself than with OECD countries since 2013.[32] By 2050, one projection shows that the world's economic center of gravity may lie between India and China.[33]

Authoritarian non-Western nations have increasingly sought to reshape global institutions to reduce human rights enforcement upon themselves.

India has come to exemplify a kind of neutral, self-interested model among non-Western countries during the Russo-Ukrainian War, demonstrating a desire to move towards a multipolar world where it can work with multiple partners. It has also shown a decreasing interest in full democracy and pluralism, as seen in the rise of Hindu nationalism and increasing attacks upon political opponents of the Indian government.[34]

Civilizational exceptionalism has increasingly been used as a rationale by non-Western countries to carve out space for themselves on the world stage and to justify domestic authoritarianism.[35]

Impact on global issues

Climate change

See also: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions. Some post-Western advocates believe that non-Western countries can do a better job than the West in terms of addressing climate change, referencing climate change's origins in various actions taken by the West.[36] Western voices have debated how to address climate change in an era where the West is less likely to lead or be able to create cooperation with non-Western countries.[37]

Christianity

See also: Judeo-Christian ethics and Postchristianity.

Christianity's decline in the West has been argued by some to be contributing to what they see as the West's declining ability to enforce its values both within itself and in the wider world.[38] [39]

Christianity's strong historical identification with the West has also become increasingly relevant, as Christians seek to modify their promotion of the religion in a way which can better reach non-Western peoples, and as the religion increasingly grows in the Global South in a form that comes in some conflict with Western-style Christianity.[40] [41] [42] Over time, more Western Christians have come to the conclusion that the spread of Christianity need not be strongly paired with Western culture or values to be successful or beneficial.[43] There has also been some debate around how Western Christians should engage with or protect non-Western Christians, particularly in the context of religious repression of non-Western Christians.[44]

Sport

See also: Sportswashing and Traditional Sports and Games. Though many modern sports came from the West and originally dispersed through the world via colonialism, there is now an increasing tendency of former colonies to dominate these sports' organizational apparatuses.[45] For example, India has been noted for becoming the dominant power in world cricket, a sport which it had been introduced to during British rule, through its ability to use its large population and market to earn vast revenues through the Indian Premier League and the commercial appeal of the T20 format.[46] [47]

See also

Notes and References

  1. https://asletoje.no/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Normative-Power-in-Europe-after-the-Post-Cold-War.pdf Normative Power Europe: Introductory Observations on a Controversial Notion
  2. Not yet post-Asia: Paradoxes of identity and knowledge in transitional times Intellect . 2024-04-11 . intellectdiscover.com . 10.1386/ac.25.2.125_7.
  3. Book: Brummer, Chris . Minilateralism: How Trade Alliances, Soft Law and Financial Engineering are Redefining Economic Statecraft . 2014-04-07 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-05314-4 . en.
  4. Web site: Stuenkel . Oliver . The Post-Western World and the Rise of a Parallel Order . 2023-11-16 . thediplomat.com . en-US.
  5. Book: Serfaty . Simon . A World Recast: An American Moment in a Post-Western Order . 2012 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 978-1-4422-1589-4 .
  6. Book: 10.1163/9789004309982 . Post-Western Revolution in Sociology . 2016 . Roulleau-Berger . Laurence . 978-90-04-30998-2 .
  7. Book: Ritzer, George . Globalization: A Basic Text . 2010 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-4051-3271-8 . en.
  8. News: Campbell . Kurt . 2016-08-12 . 'Easternisation: War and Peace in the Asian Century', by Gideon Rachman . Financial Times . 2023-11-19.
  9. Mahler . Anne Garland . "Global South." Oxford Bibliographies in Literary and Critical Theory, ed Eugene O'Brien. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. .
  10. Web site: The South in "Global IR": Worlding Beyond the "Non-West" in the Case of Brazil . 2023-11-19 .
  11. Book: Phillips . Andrew . International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean . Sharman . J. C. . 2015-04-23 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-316-29997-5 . en.
  12. Web site: The Emerging World Order is Post-Western and Pre-Plural . 2023-11-16 . Institut Montaigne . en.
  13. Web site: Marshall . Yannick Giovanni . The future is post-Western . 2023-11-16 . Al Jazeera . en.
  14. Web site: Aybet . Gülnur . 2017-04-29 . Making the most of a post-Western world . 2023-11-16 . Daily Sabah . en-US.
  15. Book: Stuenkel . Oliver . Post-Western World: How Emerging Powers Are Remaking Global Order . 2017 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-5095-0458-9 .
  16. Web site: With the end of four centuries of Western dominance, what will the world order be in the 21st century? . 2023-11-17 . Brookings . en-US.
  17. News: Henley . Jon . correspondent . Jon Henley Europe . 2023-02-22 . War in Ukraine defining new world order, says thinktank . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-11-18 . 0261-3077.
  18. Web site: The war in Ukraine and the Emergence of the Post-Western World: A View from Brazil . 2023-11-18 . Institut Montaigne . en.
  19. Web site: Leonard . Timothy Garton Ash, Ivan Krastev, Mark . 2023-02-22 . United West, divided from the rest: Global public opinion one year into Russia's war on Ukraine . 2023-11-18 . ECFR . en-GB.
  20. Web site: Bradley . Sorcha . published . The Week UK . 2023-02-22 . Ukraine and a post-Western world: are we entering a new era in global politics? . 2023-11-18 . theweek . en.
  21. Web site: Le Monde . 23 August 2021 . The Taliban's Return to Power Is a Scathing Illustration of the Post-American World that Is Taking Shape . 13 May 2024 . German Marshall Fund of the United States.
  22. News: 2023-11-16 . The West Never Had a Chance at Winning Over the World . en . Bloomberg.com . 2023-11-19.
  23. Web site: 2023-11-10 . Opinion: Gaza and 'the graveyard for children': the moral decline of Western politics . 2023-11-19 . South China Morning Post . en.
  24. Web site: Shapiro . Julien Barnes-Dacey, Jeremy . 2023-11-27 . The West Should Give Up the Battle of Narratives . 2023-11-21 . Foreign Policy . en-US.
  25. Delanty . Gerard . 2003 . The Making of a Post-western Europe: a Civilizational Analysis . Thesis Eleven . en . 72 . 1 . 8–25 . 10.1177/0725513603072001002 . 144134560 . 0725-5136.
  26. Book: Browning . Christopher . The Struggle for the West: A Divided and Contested Legacy . Lehti . Marko . 2009-09-29 . Routledge . 978-1-135-25978-5 . en.
  27. Book: Burrows . Mathew . The Difficult Transition to a Post-Western Order . 55–66 . resrep03678.13 . Global Risks 2035: The Search for a New Normal . Global Risks 2035 . 2016 . Atlantic Council . 978-1-61977-466-7 .
  28. Ikenberry . G. John . The end of liberal international order? . International Affairs . 2018 . 94 . 1 . 7–23 . 10.1093/ia/iix241 . free .
  29. Wæver . Ole . A Post-Western Europe: Strange Identities in a Less Liberal World Order . Ethics & International Affairs . 2018 . 32 . 1 . 75–88 . 10.1017/S0892679418000114 . 149182426 .
  30. Book: Flockhart . Trine . Kupchan . Charles A. . Lin . Christina . Nowak . Bartlomiej E. . Quirk . Patrick W. . Xiang . Lanxin . Liberal Order in a Post-Western World . 2014 . German Marshall Fund of the United States . resrep18958 .
  31. News: 2018-09-08 . Techno-nationalism could determine the 21st Century . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-11-17.
  32. Manning . Robert A. . 2013 . US Strategy in a Post-Western World . Survival . en . 55 . 5 . 115–132 . 10.1080/00396338.2013.841815 . 154972575 . 0039-6338.
  33. Book: Asia in Post-Western Age . 2014-09-15 . KW Publishers Pvt Ltd . 978-93-85714-29-0 . en.
  34. Web site: 2022-05-03 . India is creating a new world order Chris Ogden . 2023-11-19 . IAI TV - Changing how the world thinks . en-GB.
  35. Haug . Sebastian . Roychoudhury . Supriya . Civilizational exceptionalism in international affairs: making sense of Indian and Turkish claims . International Affairs . 6 March 2023 . 99 . 2 . 531–549 . 10.1093/ia/iiac317 . free .
  36. Book: Nair . Chandran . Dismantling Global White Privilege: Equity for a Post-Western World . 2022 . Berrett-Koehler Publishers . 978-1-5230-0001-2 .
  37. News: Leonard . Mark . Governing a Post-Western World by Mark Leonard . Project Syndicate . 5 July 2023 .
  38. Web site: fad-admin . 2003-10-08 . Western Civilization, Our Tradition . 2023-11-18 . Intercollegiate Studies Institute . en-US.
  39. News: Meacham . Jon . Meacham: The End of Christian America . Newsweek . 3 April 2009 .
  40. Danzig . David . Christianity in a 'Post-Western' Era . Commentary . 1961 . 31 . 1 . 46– .
  41. Book: 10.1093/0195177282.003.0001 . The Changing Face of Christianity . 2005 . Sanneh . Lamin . 3–18 . 978-0-19-517728-2 .
  42. Book: Sanneh . Lamin O. . Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity . 2007 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-804084-2 .
  43. Sanneh . Lamin . Prospects for Post-Western Christianity in Asia and Elsewhere . The Brown Journal of World Affairs . 2006 . 12 . 2 . 117–128 . 24590623 .
  44. Sanneh . Lamin . Persecuted Post-Western Christianity and the Post-Christian West . The Review of Faith & International Affairs . March 2009 . 7 . 1 . 21–28 . 10.1080/15570274.2009.9523377 . 143019007 . free .
  45. Book: 10.1007/978-3-031-22825-4_23 . The Circus Comes to Town: Formula 1, Globalization, and the Uber-Sport Spectacle . The History and Politics of Motor Racing . Global Culture and Sport Series . 2023 . Bustad . Jacob J. . Andrews . David L. . 595–617 . 978-3-031-22824-7 .
  46. Rumford . Chris . More than a game: globalization and the post-Westernization of world cricket . Global Networks . April 2007 . 7 . 2 . 202–214 . 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2007.00165.x .
  47. Gupta . Amit . The IPL and the Indian domination of global cricket . Sport in Society . December 2011 . 14 . 10 . 1316–1325 . 10.1080/17430437.2011.620373 . 144943832 .

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